Cheirolepidiaceae (also spelled Cheirolepidaceae) is an extinct family of conifers. They first appeared in the Triassic, and were widespread during most of the Mesozoic era. They are united by the possession of a distinctive pollen type assigned to the form genus Classopollis. The name Frenelopsidaceae (as a separate family) or "frenelopsids" has been used for a group of Cheirolepidiaceae with jointed stems, thick internode cuticles, sheathing leaf bases and reduced free leaf tips. The leaf morphology has been noted as being similar to that of halophyteSalicornia. Several members of the family appear to have been adapted for semi-arid and coastal settings, with a high tolerance of saline conditions.[1] Cheirolepidiaceae disappeared from most regions of the world during the Cenomanian-Turonian stages of the Late Cretaceous, but reappeared in South America during the Maastrichtian, the final stage of the Cretaceous, increasing in abundance after the K-Pg extinction and being a prominent part of the regional flora during the Paleocene, before going extinct.[2]
The habit of cheirolepidaceous confers is likely to have varied widely, from large trees (some with trunks over 3 metres (9.8 ft) thick at their base) to shrubs.[3][4] Their architecture is poorly known, though some are thought to have had decurrent spreading crowns, while others had conical crowns. Many seem to have plagiotropic lateral branches that developed in whorls.[4]
The relationships of Cheirolepidiaceae to other conifers are uncertain. A close relationship with Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae has been proposed, based on the similarities of their reproductive structures,[5] though other studies have suggested that they may fall outisde the crown group of modern conifers among various voltzialean lineages.[6]
At least some species of Cheirolepidiaceae have been suggested to have been pollinated by insects, due to the construction of the reproductive organs and the fact that insects have been found associated with Classopolis pollen grains.[7][8]
The family name Hirmeriellaceae is a junior synonym of Cheirolepidiaceae.[9] Some authors have suggested Hirmeriellaceae is the valid name for the family, due to nomenclatural issues with the original Cheirolepis genus, which is a junior homonym of a member of Asteraceae, with Cheirolepidium suggested to be an invalid replacement. Both genera are likely synonyms of Hirmeriella.[10]
^Escapa, Ignacio; Leslie, Andrew (2017). "A new Cheirolepidiaceae (Coniferales) from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia (Argentina): Reconciling the records of impression and permineralized fossils". American Journal of Botany. 104 (2): 322–334. doi:10.3732/ajb.1600321. ISSN 1537-2197. PMID 28213347.
^Barreda, Viviana D.; Cúneo, Nestor R.; Wilf, Peter; Currano, Ellen D.; Scasso, Roberto A.; Brinkhuis, Henk (2012-12-17). Newsom, Lee A. (ed.). "Cretaceous/Paleogene Floral Turnover in Patagonia: Drop in Diversity, Low Extinction, and a Classopollis Spike". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e52455. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052455. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC3524134. PMID 23285049.
^Taylor, T (2009), "Conifers", Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Elsevier, pp. 805–871, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373972-8.00021-8, ISBN978-0-12-373972-8, retrieved 2023-02-08
^ abSteart, David C.; Needham, John; Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Philippe, Marc; Krieger, Jonathan; Stevens, Lil; Spencer, Alan R. T.; Hayes, Peta A.; Kenrick, Paul (2023-04-12). "New evidence of the architecture and affinity of fossil trees from the Jurassic Purbeck Forest of southern England". Botany Letters: 1–18. doi:10.1080/23818107.2023.2197973. ISSN 2381-8107.
^Jin, Peihong; Zhang, Mingzhen; Du, Baoxia; Li, Aijing; Sun, Bainian (February 2023). "A new species of Pararaucaria from the Lower Cretaceous of Shandong province (Eastern China): Insights into the Evolution of the Cheirolepidiaceae cone". Cretaceous Research: 105475. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105475.
^Andruchow-Colombo, Ana; Escapa, Ignacio H; Aagesen, Lone; Matsunaga, Kelly K S (2023-08-04). "In search of lost time: tracing the fossil diversity of Podocarpaceae through the ages". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boad027. hdl:11336/227952. ISSN 0024-4074.
^Ren D, Labandeira CC, Santiago-Blay JA, Rasnitsyn A, Shih CK, Bashkuev A, Logan MA, Hotton CL, Dilcher D. (2009). Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies. Science, 326 (5954), 840-847.doi:10.1126/science.1178338
^Peñalver, Enrique; Arillo, Antonio; Pérez-de la Fuente, Ricardo; Riccio, Mark L.; Delclòs, Xavier; Barrón, Eduardo; Grimaldi, David A. (July 2015). "Long-Proboscid Flies as Pollinators of Cretaceous Gymnosperms". Current Biology. 25 (14): 1917–1923. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.062.
^Herendeen, P., 2015. Report of the nomenclature committee on fossils. 9. Taxon (64) 6: 1306-1312
^Doweld, Alexander B. (October 2020). "The controversial nomenclature of the fossil plant names Cheirolepis , Cheirolepidium and Hirmeriella (Cheirolepidaceae/Cheirolepidiaceae/Hirmeriellaceae)". Taxon. 69 (5): 1092–1098. doi:10.1002/tax.12287. ISSN 0040-0262. S2CID 225425644.
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cheirolepidiaceae, also, spelled, cheirolepidaceae, extinct, family, conifers, they, first, appeared, triassic, were, widespread, during, most, mesozoic, they, united, possession, distinctive, pollen, type, assigned, form, genus, classopollis, name, frenelopsi. Cheirolepidiaceae also spelled Cheirolepidaceae is an extinct family of conifers They first appeared in the Triassic and were widespread during most of the Mesozoic era They are united by the possession of a distinctive pollen type assigned to the form genus Classopollis The name Frenelopsidaceae as a separate family or frenelopsids has been used for a group of Cheirolepidiaceae with jointed stems thick internode cuticles sheathing leaf bases and reduced free leaf tips The leaf morphology has been noted as being similar to that of halophyte Salicornia Several members of the family appear to have been adapted for semi arid and coastal settings with a high tolerance of saline conditions 1 Cheirolepidiaceae disappeared from most regions of the world during the Cenomanian Turonian stages of the Late Cretaceous but reappeared in South America during the Maastrichtian the final stage of the Cretaceous increasing in abundance after the K Pg extinction and being a prominent part of the regional flora during the Paleocene before going extinct 2 CheirolepidiaceaeTemporal range Late Triassic Paleocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NLeafy shoot of Tomaxellia showing details of epidermis and stomataScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade GymnospermaeDivision PinophytaClass PinopsidaOrder PinalesFamily CheirolepidiaceaeTurutanova Ketova 1963GeneraSee textSynonymsHirmeriellaceaePararaucaria coneThe habit of cheirolepidaceous confers is likely to have varied widely from large trees some with trunks over 3 metres 9 8 ft thick at their base to shrubs 3 4 Their architecture is poorly known though some are thought to have had decurrent spreading crowns while others had conical crowns Many seem to have plagiotropic lateral branches that developed in whorls 4 The relationships of Cheirolepidiaceae to other conifers are uncertain A close relationship with Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae has been proposed based on the similarities of their reproductive structures 5 though other studies have suggested that they may fall outisde the crown group of modern conifers among various voltzialean lineages 6 At least some species of Cheirolepidiaceae have been suggested to have been pollinated by insects due to the construction of the reproductive organs and the fact that insects have been found associated with Classopolis pollen grains 7 8 The family name Hirmeriellaceae is a junior synonym of Cheirolepidiaceae 9 Some authors have suggested Hirmeriellaceae is the valid name for the family due to nomenclatural issues with the original Cheirolepis genus which is a junior homonym of a member of Asteraceae with Cheirolepidium suggested to be an invalid replacement Both genera are likely synonyms of Hirmeriella 10 Genera edit Agathoxylon wood in part Brachyoxylon wood Classopollis pollen Classostrobus pollen cones Dicheiropollis pollen Frenelopsis foliage Hirmeriella whole plant Pararaucaria ovulate cones Pseudofrenelopsis foliage Watsoniocladus foliage Brachyphyllum foliage in part Tomaxiella foliage and ovulate cone Kachaikestrobus ovulate cones Alvinia ovulate cones Pseudohirmeriella ovulate cones References edit Escapa Ignacio Leslie Andrew 2017 A new Cheirolepidiaceae Coniferales from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia Argentina Reconciling the records of impression and permineralized fossils American Journal of Botany 104 2 322 334 doi 10 3732 ajb 1600321 ISSN 1537 2197 PMID 28213347 Barreda Viviana D Cuneo Nestor R Wilf Peter Currano Ellen D Scasso Roberto A Brinkhuis Henk 2012 12 17 Newsom Lee A ed Cretaceous Paleogene Floral Turnover in Patagonia Drop in Diversity Low Extinction and a Classopollis Spike PLOS ONE 7 12 e52455 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0052455 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3524134 PMID 23285049 Taylor T 2009 Conifers Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants Elsevier pp 805 871 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 373972 8 00021 8 ISBN 978 0 12 373972 8 retrieved 2023 02 08 a b Steart David C Needham John Strullu Derrien Christine Philippe Marc Krieger Jonathan Stevens Lil Spencer Alan R T Hayes Peta A Kenrick Paul 2023 04 12 New evidence of the architecture and affinity of fossil trees from the Jurassic Purbeck Forest of southern England Botany Letters 1 18 doi 10 1080 23818107 2023 2197973 ISSN 2381 8107 Jin Peihong Zhang Mingzhen Du Baoxia Li Aijing Sun Bainian February 2023 A new species of Pararaucaria from the Lower Cretaceous of Shandong province Eastern China Insights into the Evolution of the Cheirolepidiaceae cone Cretaceous Research 105475 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2023 105475 Andruchow Colombo Ana Escapa Ignacio H Aagesen Lone Matsunaga Kelly K S 2023 08 04 In search of lost time tracing the fossil diversity of Podocarpaceae through the ages Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society doi 10 1093 botlinnean boad027 hdl 11336 227952 ISSN 0024 4074 Ren D Labandeira CC Santiago Blay JA Rasnitsyn A Shih CK Bashkuev A Logan MA Hotton CL Dilcher D 2009 Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms Eurasian Long Proboscid Scorpionflies Science 326 5954 840 847 doi 10 1126 science 1178338 Penalver Enrique Arillo Antonio Perez de la Fuente Ricardo Riccio Mark L Delclos Xavier Barron Eduardo Grimaldi David A July 2015 Long Proboscid Flies as Pollinators of Cretaceous Gymnosperms Current Biology 25 14 1917 1923 doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 05 062 Herendeen P 2015 Report of the nomenclature committee on fossils 9 Taxon 64 6 1306 1312 Doweld Alexander B October 2020 The controversial nomenclature of the fossil plant names Cheirolepis Cheirolepidium and Hirmeriella Cheirolepidaceae Cheirolepidiaceae Hirmeriellaceae Taxon 69 5 1092 1098 doi 10 1002 tax 12287 ISSN 0040 0262 S2CID 225425644 nbsp This article about a prehistoric conifer is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This article related to a Triassic plant is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This article related to a Jurassic plant is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This article related to a Cretaceous plant is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cheirolepidiaceae amp oldid 1213122909, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
