Phylogeny of the Dikarya and upper-level taxa in Kingdom Fungi.[1]
The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large-scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy.[1] It recognizes seven divisions within the Fungi, two of which—the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota—are contained within a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya. The cladogram depicts the major fungal taxa and their relationship to opisthokont and unikont organisms. The lengths of the branches in this tree are not proportional to evolutionary distances.
Sexual reproduction
Dikaryons shown in a Basidiomycete mitosis cycle. Note the two nuclei coming from two separate original fungi
The phylum Ascomycota or sac fungus is characterized by formation of meiotic spores called ascospores enclosed in a special sac called an ascus. The genetic components for sexual reproduction appear to be produced by all members of this group.[6]
The phylum Basidiomycota can be divided into three major lineages: mushrooms, rusts and smuts. Fusion of haploid nuclei (karyogamy) occurs in the basidia, club-shaped end cells. Shortly after formation of the diploid cell, meiosis occurs and the resulting four haploid nuclei migrate into four, usually external cells called basidiospores.
Adaptive function
Sexual reproduction has been proposed to have evolved in both the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota as an adaptation for repair of DNA damage via homologous recombination under stressful conditions.[6]
^ abcdeHibbett, D.S.; et al. (March 2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–47. CiteSeerX10.1.1.626.9582. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.
^Hibbett, DS; Blackwell, M; James, TY; Spatafora, JW; Taylor, JW; Vilgalys, R (July 2018). "Phylogenetic taxon definitions for Fungi, Dikarya, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota". IMA Fungus. 9 (2): 291–298. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.05. PMC6317587. PMID 30622884.
^Lutzoni, F.; et al. (2004). "Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1446–80. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446. PMID 21652303.
^James, T.Y.; et al. (2006). (PDF). Nature. 443 (7113): 818–22. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..818J. doi:10.1038/nature05110. PMID 17051209. S2CID 4302864. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-11.
^Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. S2CID 6557779.
^ abWallen RM, Perlin MH (2018). "An Overview of the Function and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction in Dikaryotic Fungi". Front Microbiol. 9: 503. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00503. PMC5871698. PMID 29619017.
External links
AFTOL classification at Dave Hibbett's site
January 31, 2023
dikarya, subkingdom, fungi, that, includes, divisions, ascomycota, basidiomycota, both, which, general, produce, dikaryons, filamentous, unicellular, always, without, flagella, most, called, higher, fungi, also, include, many, anamorphic, species, that, would,. Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota both of which in general produce dikaryons may be filamentous or unicellular but are always without flagella The Dikarya are most of the so called higher fungi but also include many anamorphic species that would have been classified as molds in historical literature 1 Phylogenetically the two divisions regularly group together 3 4 In a 1998 publication Thomas Cavalier Smith referred to this group as the Neomycota 5 DikaryaAmanita pantherina from the BasidiomycotaScientific classificationKingdom FungiSubkingdom DikaryaHibbett T Y James amp Vilgalys 2007 1 DivisionsAscomycotaBasidiomycotaEntorrhizomycotaSynonyms 1 2 Carpomycetaceae Bessey 1907 Neomycota Caval Sm 1998 Dikaryomycota W B Kendr 1985 Contents 1 Phylogeny 2 Sexual reproduction 2 1 Ascomycota 2 2 Basidiomycota 2 3 Adaptive function 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksPhylogeny EditUnikonta AmoebozoaOpisthokonta Holozoa Animalia Holomycota NucleariidsFungi MicrosporidiaChytridiomycotaNeocallimastigomycotaBlastocladiomycotaZoopagomycotinaKickxellomycotinaEntomophthoromycotinaMucoromycotinaGlomeromycota Dikarya AscomycotaBasidiomycotaPhylogeny of the Dikarya and upper level taxa in Kingdom Fungi 1 The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy 1 It recognizes seven divisions within the Fungi two of which the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota are contained within a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya The cladogram depicts the major fungal taxa and their relationship to opisthokont and unikont organisms The lengths of the branches in this tree are not proportional to evolutionary distances Sexual reproduction Edit Dikaryons shown in a Basidiomycete mitosis cycle Note the two nuclei coming from two separate original fungi Ascomycota Edit Ascomycota life cycle and morphology The phylum Ascomycota or sac fungus is characterized by formation of meiotic spores called ascospores enclosed in a special sac called an ascus The genetic components for sexual reproduction appear to be produced by all members of this group 6 Basidiomycota Edit Basidiomycota life cycle and morphology The phylum Basidiomycota can be divided into three major lineages mushrooms rusts and smuts Fusion of haploid nuclei karyogamy occurs in the basidia club shaped end cells Shortly after formation of the diploid cell meiosis occurs and the resulting four haploid nuclei migrate into four usually external cells called basidiospores Adaptive function Edit Sexual reproduction has been proposed to have evolved in both the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota as an adaptation for repair of DNA damage via homologous recombination under stressful conditions 6 See also Edit Fungi portalList of fungal ordersReferences Edit a b c d e Hibbett D S et al March 2007 A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi Mycological Research 111 5 509 47 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 626 9582 doi 10 1016 j mycres 2007 03 004 PMID 17572334 S2CID 4686378 Hibbett DS Blackwell M James TY Spatafora JW Taylor JW Vilgalys R July 2018 Phylogenetic taxon definitions for Fungi Dikarya Ascomycota and Basidiomycota IMA Fungus 9 2 291 298 doi 10 5598 imafungus 2018 09 02 05 PMC 6317587 PMID 30622884 Lutzoni F et al 2004 Assembling the fungal tree of life progress classification and evolution of subcellular traits American Journal of Botany 91 10 1446 80 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1446 PMID 21652303 James T Y et al 2006 Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six gene phylogeny PDF Nature 443 7113 818 22 Bibcode 2006Natur 443 818J doi 10 1038 nature05110 PMID 17051209 S2CID 4302864 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 06 11 Cavalier Smith T 1998 A revised six kingdom system of life Biological Reviews 73 3 203 66 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185X 1998 tb00030 x PMID 9809012 S2CID 6557779 a b Wallen RM Perlin MH 2018 An Overview of the Function and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction in Dikaryotic Fungi Front Microbiol 9 503 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2018 00503 PMC 5871698 PMID 29619017 External links EditAFTOL classification at Dave Hibbett s site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dikarya amp oldid 1092893206, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
