The act built on prior U.S. efforts of developing a national networking infrastructure, starting with the technological foundation of the ARPANET in the 1960s and continuing through the funding of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFnet) in the 1980s. The renewed effort became known in popular language as building the Information superhighway.[2][5] It also included the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and spurred many significant technological developments, such as the Mosaicweb browser,[6] and the creation of a high-speedfiber opticcomputer network.
Development and passageedit
Senator Al Gore developed the Act[1] after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network[7] submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science Leonard Kleinrock, one of the creators of the ARPANET, which is regarded as the earliest precursor network of the Internet.[8]
The bill was enacted on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII)[9] which Gore referred to as the "Information superhighway". President George H. W. Bush predicted that the Act would help "unlock the secrets of DNA," open up foreign markets to free trade, and a promise of cooperation between government, academia, and industry.[10]
Gore reiterated the role of government financing in American success in a 1996 speech when he, as vice president, said, "That's how it has worked in America. Government has supplied the initial flicker—and individuals and companies have provided the creativity and innovation that kindled that spark into a blaze of progress and productivity that's the envy of the world."[13]
CNN interviewedit
Following a 1999 CNN interview, then-Vice President Gore became the subject of some controversy and ridicule when his claim that he "took the initiative in creating the Internet"[14] was widely quoted out of context or misquoted, with comedians and the popular media taking his expression as a claim that he had personally invented the Internet.[15][16]George W. Bush, Gore's opponent in the 2000 presidential election, mocked Gore's claim during his acceptance speech before the Republican National Convention that year.[17]
The meaning of the statement, which referred to his legislative support of the early Internet, was widely reaffirmed by notable Internet pioneers, such as Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, who stated, "No one in public life has been more intellectually engaged in helping to create the climate for a thriving Internet than the Vice President".[18]
President's Information Technology Advisory Committeeedit
PITAC was started in 1991 under the High Performance Computing Act of 1991. On May 28, 2003, President George W. Bush extended the committee.[19]
^Kleinrock, Leonard; Kahn, Bob; Clark, David; et al. (1988). Toward a National Research Network. doi:10.17226/10334. ISBN978-0-309-58125-7. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
^Kleinrock, Leonard; Cerf, Vint; Kahn, Bob; et al. (2003-12-10). "A Brief History of the Internet". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
^Chapman, Gary; Rotenberg, Marc (1993). "The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
^Bush, George H.W. (9 December 1991). "Remarks on Signing the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991". bushlibrary.tamu.edu. George Bush Presidential Library. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
^. livinginternet.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
^Perine, Keith (23 October 2000). "The Early Adopter – Al Gore and the Internet – Government Activity". findarticles.com. The Industry Standard. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
^"Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech". Cs.washington.edu. February 14, 1996. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
^"Transcript: Vice President Gore on CNN's 'Late Edition'". CNN. CNN. 9 March 1999. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
^"Internet of Lies". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
^Kessler, Glenn (4 November 2013). "A cautionary tale for politicians: Al Gore and the 'invention' of the Internet". Washington Post - Fact Checker. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
^Transcript of George W. Bush's Acceptance Speech. ABC News. 2000-08-04. Retrieved 2015-01-30.
^Kahn, Bob; Cerf, Vint; et al. (2000-09-29). "Al Gore and the Internet". Retrieved 2007-06-02.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
High Performance Computing Act of 1991
Creating a Giant Computer Highway, via NYTimes.com
, via EFF.org
, via EFF.org
Summary of Gore Bill, via NITRD.gov
S. 272: High Performance Computing Act of 1991, via THOMAS
December 15, 2023
high, performance, computing, 1991, hpca, congress, promulgated, 102nd, united, states, congress, december, 1991, often, referred, gore, bill, created, introduced, then, senator, gore, development, national, information, infrastructure, funding, national, rese. The High Performance Computing Act of 1991 HPCA is an Act of Congress promulgated in the 102nd United States Congress as Pub L 102 194 on December 9 1991 Often referred to as the Gore Bill 1 it was created and introduced by then Senator Al Gore and led to the development of the National Information Infrastructure and the funding of the National Research and Education Network NREN 1 2 3 High Performance Computing Act of 1991Long titleAn Act to provide for a coordinated Federal program to ensure continued United States leadership in high performance computing Acronyms colloquial HPCANicknamesGore BillEnacted bythe 102nd United States CongressEffectiveDecember 9 1991CitationsPublic law102 194Statutes at Large105 Stat 1594CodificationTitles amended15 U S C Commerce and TradeU S C sections created15 U S C ch 81 5501Legislative historyIntroduced in the Senate as S 272 by Al Gore D TN on January 24 1991Committee consideration by Senate Commerce Science and Transportation Subcommittee and Subcommittee on Science Technology and SpacePassed the Senate on September 11 1991 passed Passed the House on November 20 1991 passed with amendmentSenate agreed to House amendment on November 22 1991 agreed Signed into law by President George H W Bush on December 9 1991The funding allocation was approximately 600 million 4 Contents 1 Background 2 Development and passage 3 Results 4 CNN interview 5 President s Information Technology Advisory Committee 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksBackground editThe act built on prior U S efforts of developing a national networking infrastructure starting with the technological foundation of the ARPANET in the 1960s and continuing through the funding of the National Science Foundation Network NSFnet in the 1980s The renewed effort became known in popular language as building the Information superhighway 2 5 It also included the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and spurred many significant technological developments such as the Mosaic web browser 6 and the creation of a high speed fiber optic computer network Development and passage editSenator Al Gore developed the Act 1 after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network 7 submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science Leonard Kleinrock one of the creators of the ARPANET which is regarded as the earliest precursor network of the Internet 8 The bill was enacted on December 9 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure NII 9 which Gore referred to as the Information superhighway President George H W Bush predicted that the Act would help unlock the secrets of DNA open up foreign markets to free trade and a promise of cooperation between government academia and industry 10 Results editThe Gore Bill helped fund the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois where a team of programmers including Netscape founder Marc Andreessen created the Mosaic Web browser 6 11 in 1993 the commercial Internet s technological springboard credited as beginning the Internet boom of the 1990s Andreessen later remarked that If it had been left to private industry it wouldn t have happened at least not until years later 12 Gore reiterated the role of government financing in American success in a 1996 speech when he as vice president said That s how it has worked in America Government has supplied the initial flicker and individuals and companies have provided the creativity and innovation that kindled that spark into a blaze of progress and productivity that s the envy of the world 13 CNN interview editFollowing a 1999 CNN interview then Vice President Gore became the subject of some controversy and ridicule when his claim that he took the initiative in creating the Internet 14 was widely quoted out of context or misquoted with comedians and the popular media taking his expression as a claim that he had personally invented the Internet 15 16 George W Bush Gore s opponent in the 2000 presidential election mocked Gore s claim during his acceptance speech before the Republican National Convention that year 17 The meaning of the statement which referred to his legislative support of the early Internet was widely reaffirmed by notable Internet pioneers such as Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn who stated No one in public life has been more intellectually engaged in helping to create the climate for a thriving Internet than the Vice President 18 President s Information Technology Advisory Committee editPITAC was started in 1991 under the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 On May 28 2003 President George W Bush extended the committee 19 See also editHigh performance computingReferences edit a b c Computer History Museum Exhibits Internet History 1990s a b Information Superhighway Envisioned Legislation Pending to Establish National Computer Network Archived 2006 10 01 at the Wayback Machine NREN Technology Resources Al Gore Internet Hall of Fame internethalloffame org Retrieved 2021 06 25 FCLJ Vol 46 No 3 Blake and Tiedrich a b NCSA Mosaic September 10 1993 Demo Kleinrock Leonard Kahn Bob Clark David et al 1988 Toward a National Research Network doi 10 17226 10334 ISBN 978 0 309 58125 7 Retrieved 2007 06 01 Kleinrock Leonard Cerf Vint Kahn Bob et al 2003 12 10 A Brief History of the Internet Retrieved 2007 06 01 Chapman Gary Rotenberg Marc 1993 The National Information Infrastructure A Public Interest Opportunity Retrieved 2007 06 01 Bush George H W 9 December 1991 Remarks on Signing the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 bushlibrary tamu edu George Bush Presidential Library Retrieved 2008 01 16 Mosaic The First Global Web Browser livinginternet com Archived from the original on 2007 07 02 Retrieved 2007 06 01 Perine Keith 23 October 2000 The Early Adopter Al Gore and the Internet Government Activity findarticles com The Industry Standard Retrieved 2007 06 01 Vice President Al Gore s ENIAC Anniversary Speech Cs washington edu February 14 1996 Retrieved July 27 2009 Transcript Vice President Gore on CNN s Late Edition CNN CNN 9 March 1999 Retrieved 2007 06 02 Internet of Lies Snopes com Retrieved 2012 08 26 Kessler Glenn 4 November 2013 A cautionary tale for politicians Al Gore and the invention of the Internet Washington Post Fact Checker Retrieved 4 February 2014 Transcript of George W Bush s Acceptance Speech ABC News 2000 08 04 Retrieved 2015 01 30 Kahn Bob Cerf Vint et al 2000 09 29 Al Gore and the Internet Retrieved 2007 06 02 Office of the Press Secretary May 30 2003 Extension of the President s Information Technology Advisory Committee and the President s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Federal Register Washington D C Federal Government of the United States Archived from the original on November 22 2016 Retrieved April 9 2017 Alt URLExternal links edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article High Performance Computing Act of 1991 Creating a Giant Computer Highway via NYTimes com Early draft of Gore Bill via EFF org Introduction of Gore Bill via EFF org Summary of Gore Bill via NITRD gov S 272 High Performance Computing Act of 1991 via THOMAS Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title High Performance Computing Act of 1991 amp oldid 1152185720, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
