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Henry of Marcy

April 28, 2023

Henry of Marcy, or Henri de Marsiac,[1] (c. 1136 –1 January 1189)[2] was a Cistercian abbot, first of Hautecombe in Savoy (1160–1177), and then of Clairvaux, from 1177 until 1179.[3] He was created Cardinal Bishop of Albano by Pope Alexander III at the Third Lateran Council in 1179.[4]

Cardinal

Henri de Marcy
Cardinal-Bishop
DioceseAlbano (1189-1197)
Elected11 March 1179
Other post(s)Abbot of Clairvaux (1177-1179)
Orders
Consecration6 May 1179
by Pope Alexander III
Created cardinalDecember 1182
by Pope Alexander III
RankCardinal Bishop
Personal details
Bornc. 1136
Chateau de Marcy, Burgundy
Died1 January 1189 (aged 52–53)
Arras, Flanders
BuriedArras
NationalityFrench (Burgundian)
ResidenceHautecombe (Savoy), Clairvaux, Rome, Verona
Occupationheretic hunter, diplomat, administrator, courtier
ProfessionCistercian monk, bishop

Henry was an important figure in the fight against the late twelfth-century movements of Catharism and Waldensianism and was prominent at the Third Lateran Council.[5] He supported the use of force to suppress heresy and a strong alliance between secular and ecclesiastic authority in the use of force.

Early life

Henry, the son of noble but by no means royal parents,[6] was named after his birthplace, Castro Marsiaco, or the Château de Marcy, near Cluny in Burgundy.[7] He joined the Cistercian order in 1155 or 1156, becoming a monk at Clairvaux, under Abbot Robert, the second abbot of Clairvaux (August 1153—April 1157). Four years after his profession as a monk, he was sent as the first abbot of the daughter house of Hautecombe in Savoy.[8]

Following the murder of Abbot Gerard of Clairvaux by one of his own monks, Henri was elected seventh Abbot of Clairvaux in 1177.[9] Shortly thereafter, in the same or the next year, having been ordered to preach the crusade,[10] Abbot Henri was able to persuade the abbey's principal patron, Henry I, Count of Champagne, to take the crusader's cross, which he did around Christmas (1177?). He announced his achievement with great pleasure to Pope Alexander III, who had for many years been at odds with Count Henri.[11]

In September 1177, Count Raymond V of Toulouse sent a letter to the Cistercian General Chapter, which was meeting at Citeux under the presidency of Abbot Alexander, for a mission to help him deal with the heresy of Catharism which was rampant in his domains and growing bolder.[12] He remarks that he had already asked the king of France to take part in his action. He was wielding the temporal sword, since the spiritual sword had no effect. He asked for their advice and their prayers.[13]

Dismayed at the advance of the albigensian (Cathar) heresy in Aquitaine and Languedoc, King Henry II of England and King Louis VII of France decided to organize a mission to preach the true faith to the heretics. The leaders, who were expected to preach personally, were Cardinal Peter of S. Crisogono, the papal legate,[14] the archbishop of Bourges, Archbishop Pons d'Arsac of Narbonne, Bishop Reginald of Bath and Wells, Bishop Jean des Bellesmains of Poitiers, Abbot Henri of Clairvaux, and many other ecclesiastics. The two kings also appointed Count Raymond of Toulouse, the vicount of Turenne, and Raymond of Castro Novo to assist the cardinal and his associates.[15] In a decree condemning certain heretics, Cardinal Petrus, the papal legate, remarked that the noblemen had been sent to rescue the bishop of Albi who was being held in the territory of Vicount Roger of Béziers on his order.[16] They were accompanied by Bishop Reginald fitz Jocelin of Bath and Wells and Abbot Henri of Marcy, whose mission, as assigned by the papal legate, was, according to Henri himself, to get Vicount Roger to release the bishop of Albi and eliminate heretical opinions in the entire territory. The party arrived at Castres, the residence of the vicount's family, and, when Roger refused to comply, they excommunicated him. The mission, however, did not succeed in liberating the bishop of Albi, controlling Vicount Roger, or converting the schismatics of Béziers or Castres.[17][3]

After his return from Toulouse, Henri attended the general synod of the Cistercian Order, and then hastened to Clairvaux.[18]

Abbot Henri presided over the transfer of the remains of Bernard of Clairvaux from his tomb to a newly constructed monument, erected at the orders of Henri.[19]

In 1178, on the death of Bishop Bertrand, Henri was elected bishop of Toulouse, but he wrote to Pope Alexander, begging to be released from the honor. He remarked that he was looking forward to seeing the pope face to face at the coming general council.[20] Peter of Celle also wrote the pope a letter, stating more forthrightly the reasons why Henri wished to decline the bishopric.[21]

Through the influence of Abbot Henri, King Henry II of England presented the abbey of Clairvaux with a new lead roof for the abbey church.[22]

Cardinal and papal legate

Abbot Henri attended Pope Alexander's Third Lateran Council, whose first session took place in the Lateran Basilica on 5 March 1179.[23] On 11 March, Henri was appointed Bishop of Albano. He was consecrated a bishop by Alexander III personally on the Sunday after Easter, 6 May 1179, in the church of S. Maria called Narcissae.[24] His earliest subscription as a cardinal to a papal document, a privilege granted to the canons of the cathedral of Concordia, came on 4 May 1179. His latest subscription for Pope Alexander took place on 8 December 1179. From 1180 to the Fall of 1182, he was in France, serving as papal legate against the Albigensian heretics.[25]

In 1180, the legate Cardinal Henri of Marcy presided over a synod held at Limoges, dealing with a conflict between two churches in the diocese of Bordeaux, which had persisted through much of the 12th century.[26] He held another synod at Nôtre Dame de Puy on 15 September 1181.[27] Since Pope Alexander died in Rome on 30 August 1181, Cardinal Henri did not attend the election of his successor, Pope Lucius III (Ubaldo Allucingoli), on 1 September 1181.

In 1181, the legate Henri, in association with Jean de Montlaur, the bishop of Maguelonne (later Montpellier), and Bernard, the bishop of Béziers (Biterrensis), deposed Pons d'Arsac, the bishop of Narbonne, as well as three archdeacons and the sacristan of the cathedral chapter.[28] The reasons for the deposition are unknown. The action was appealed to Rome, but, on 16 May 1183, Pope Lucius affirmed the decision of the bishops, evidently considering their reasons sufficient, and ordered the cathedral chapter of Narbonne to obey Henri's injunctions.[29]

At Bazas, he held a synod on 24 November 1181.[30] He held a synod at Limoges on 28 February 1182.[31] He was in Poitiers on 1 April 1182, where he signed a document.[27]

On 19 May 1182, Cardinal Henri, the Papal legate, was in Paris, and, with Bishop Maurice de Sully, consecrated the high altar of the newly completed choir of Notre-Dame de Paris.[32]

He was back in Italy by 23 November 1182, when he began subscribing documents for Pope Lucius at Velletri, where the papal court was living in exile from Rome.[33]

Suppression of the Cathars

In September 1177, Raymond V of Toulouse made a request to the Cistercian General Chapter for a legatine mission to help him deal with the heresy of Catharism which was rampant in his domains.[3] On 13 September 1177, the Cistercian General Chapter decided to send Henry to Languedoc at the head of a papal legation which included Peter of Pavia, Cardinal Priest of S. Crisogono; Jean des Bellesmains, Bishop of Poitiers; Pons d'Arsac, Archbishop of Narbonne; and Gerard, Archbishop of Bourges.[3][34] Roger of Howden may have accompanied him, as he is the source for the only account of the mission and he includes Henry's letter summarising their accomplishments. On the other hand, he also relied heavily on the letters between Henry and Pietro di San Chrysogono.

Henry encountered Peter Waldo in 1180, extracting from him a profession of orthodox Catholic faith.[35]

Henry returned to the Languedoc in 1181 and led a military attack on Roger's town of Lavaur, which Roger's wife Adelaide immediately surrendered to him without giving a fight.[36] Henry then went on to depose Pons d'Arsac from his see for being "useless and reprehensible."[37] The 1181 expedition received mention in Gaufred de Vigeois and the Chronicon Clarevallensis besides Roger of Howden's Chronicon.

Preaching the crusade

 
Philippe Auguste receiving messengers from the Pope calling him to the crusade.

Towards the end of his life, Cardinal Henri sought the papal crown. In October 1187, when the papal court had reached Ferrara, he became a candidate to succeed Pope Urban III.[38] He had two competitors in the election, Paolo Scolari and Alberto di Morra.[39] In a dramatic speech, Henri withdrew from the competition, announcing that he wanted to preach the crusade, and Alberto di Morra was elected.[40]

He subscribed for the new pope, Gregory VIII, from 31 October 1187 to 13 November 1187.[41] At that point he was appointed papal legate to France, to attempt to arrange a peace between Philip II and Henry II. He travelled to Flanders, to Count Philip, so as not to favor either king with private conversations.[42] He preached the Third Crusade, and was in Liège in March 1188.[43]

He did a great deal to mediate between the leaders of the Crusade before his death at Arras, bringing Henry II of England and Philip II of France to reconcile, as well as healing the rift between the Emperor Frederick I and Philip I, Archbishop of Cologne. It was at the Tag Gottes ("God's Day") held in Mainz on 27 March 1188 that he induced Frederick to join the Crusade. His letter to the notables of the German kingdom about the event is preserved.[44]

He died in Flanders in July, and was buried at Arras. The Cistercians celebrate his day on 14 July. The "Chronicon Clarevallense", however, states that he died on 1 January.[45] He is considered beatified.

Among his surviving works, his letters (Epistolae) and his De peregrinante civitate Dei are published in the Patrologia Latina.[46] They are individually analyzed and commented upon in the Histoire litteraire de la France Volume XIV.[47]

Notes

  1. ^ Also called Henry of Clairvaux, Henry of Albano, Henry of Hautecombe, Henry of Marsiac, Henri de Gaule, Henricus Albanensis, Henricus de Altacumba, Henricus de Marsiaco, Henricus Gallus, Henricus Claraevallensis, Henricus de Castro Marsiaco, Henricus de Marsiaco Claraevallensis, Henricus Cisterciensis.
  2. ^ S.M. Deutsch (1909). "Henry of Clairvaux". In Jackson, Samuel Macauley (ed.). New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. V: Goar-Innocent. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. p. 227. gives the date 1 January 1189, from the "Chronicon Clarevallense". Bruni, (1932), "ENRICO di Marcy, vescovo di Albano." Other data suggest the summer of 1188.
  3. ^ a b c d Graham-Leigh, The Southern French Nobility, 105.
  4. ^ Graham-Leigh, The Southern French Nobility, 105 n117.
  5. ^ Robinson, 181.
  6. ^ Histoire litteraire de la France XIV (1817), pp. 451-452, refuting the claimed royal descent, pointing out the confusion with Henry of Pisa, cardinal of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, who was also a Cistercian. The work cites the Cistercian Exordium Magnum Book II, chapter 30; J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CLXXXV (Paris 1855), p. 1040.
  7. ^ Dictionnaire.
  8. ^ Histoire litteraire de la France XIV (1817), p. 452. As abbot, he signed a charter in 1161. Kartusch, p. 190.
  9. ^ The older sources, Detutsch (1909), p. 227; Brixius (1912), p. 61; and Kartusch (1948), p, 190; give the date 1176.
  10. ^ "...cura, quam nobis apostolica delegavit auctoritas..."
  11. ^ J.P. Mighe (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV (Paris 1855), pp. 215-216, epistle I.
  12. ^ "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV, p. 453.
  13. ^ The text of his letter is quoted in: William Stubbs (ed.), The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury: The chronicle of the reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I Volume 1 (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts, 1879), pp. 270-271: "...Nunc igitur ad vestrum confugiens subsidium, humili cordis imploro affectu, quatinus ad extirpandum tantum infidelitatis malum manum consilii vestri et auxilii cum virtute orationis porrigatis... Quoniam igitur spiritualis gladii virtutem nil perficere posse cognoscimus ad tantam haeresis pravitatem extirpandam, oportet ut corporalis gladii animadversione compellatur."
  14. ^ Klaus Ganzer (1963). Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11.bis 13. Jahrhundert (in German). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. pp. 123–125.
  15. ^ Roger of Hoveden, in: W. Stubbs (ed.), Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene Vol. II (London: Longmans 1869), p. 151; reported under the year 1178: "...quod cum ad aures regis Franciae et regis Angliae perveniret, zerlo Christianae fidei accensi statuerunt, quod illuc irent in propriis personis, ut praedictos haereticos prorsus a finibus illis eliminarent. Elapso deinde aniquantulo temporis spatio, videbatur eis plus posse proficere, si viros sapientes illuc misissent, qui haereticos illos praedicatione et doctrina ad fidem Christianam converterent, quam si ipsi in propriis personis illuc ire properassent....Miserunt ergo illuc Petrum tituli Sancti Chrysogoni...." Also, "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France. Tome XIV, p. 453-454
  16. ^ "Roger of Hoveden, p. 156: "...qui de nostro consilio in terram Rogeri de Bediers pro liberatione venerabilis fratris nostri Albanensis (sic! Albiensis) episcopi venerant...."
  17. ^ Roger de Hoveden, pp. 165-166. "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France. Tome XIV, p. 454.
  18. ^ Angelo Manrique (1649), Annales Cisterciensium Tomus III, p. 65, column 1.
  19. ^ Angelo Manrique (1649), Annales Cisterciensium Tomus III (Lyon: L. Anisson), p. 60. "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France. Tome XIV, p. 454. Bernard had died on 20 August 1153, and had been made a saint by Pope Alexander III on 18 January 1174.
  20. ^ Denis de Sainte-Marthe (1785). Gallia christiana, in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa (in Latin). Vol. Tomus tertius decimus (13) (2nd ed.). Paris: Johannes-Baptista Coignard. pp. 18–19. Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV (Paris 1855), pp. 217-218, epistle III.
  21. ^ Petri abbatis Cellensis Opera omnia. Collecta in vnum (Paris: L. Billaine 1671), "Epistolarum Libri", pp. 158-160. "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France. Tome XIV, p. 454
  22. ^ Angelo Manrique (1649), Annales Cisterciensium Tomus III, p. 71, column 1.
  23. ^ C. J. Hefele, Histoire des conciles (in French) second edition (tr. H. Leclerc) Tome V, part 2 (Paris: Letouzey 1913), pp. 1086-1087.
  24. ^ J. Stevenson (ed.), "Chronica de Mailros" (Edinburgh 1835), p. 89: "Concilium magnum a domino ALexandro iij Romae celebratum est... v. idus Martii... Henricus abbas Clarevallis in eodem concilio electus est episcopus Albanensis ecclesiae, et a domino papa... consecratus est."
  25. ^ Kartusch, p. 190 with note 7. "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France. Tome XIV, p. 455.
  26. ^ J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII (Venice: A. Zatta 1767), pp. 467-472.
  27. ^ a b Hefele, p. 1112, note 2.
  28. ^ P. Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II, second edition (Berlin: Weidmann 1888), p. 448, no. 14775.
  29. ^ J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCI , p. 1170. The papal letter states that the cardinal was already back in Rome.
  30. ^ Hefele, p. 1112, note 3.
  31. ^ Hefele, p. 1112, note 4.
  32. ^ Victor Mortet (1889), Maurice de Sully, évêque de Paris (1160-1196): Étude sur l'administration épiscopale pendant la seconde moitié du XIIe siècle (Paris 1889), pp. 101-102: "Feria quarta Pentecostes, Henricus legatus altare S. Mariae Parisius consecrat una cum Mauricio praesule."
  33. ^ Kartusch, p. 191. Jaffé II, p. 444.
  34. ^ Cheyette, 308.
  35. ^ [1] 2 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine, [2][dead link], in the French language.
  36. ^ Graham-Leigh, The Southern French Nobility, 106.
  37. ^ Graham-Leigh, Hirelings and Shepherds, 1094.[page needed]
  38. ^ Watterich II, p. 684, quoting Albericus of Trois Fontaines, "Ibidem sanior pars cardinalium voluit dominum Henricum Albanensem quondam Clarevallis abbatem eligere, sed timens et praecavens dissensionis periculum prosiliit in medium, dicens: se crucis Domini servum ad praedicandam crucem per gentes et regna praeparatum."
  39. ^ William Stubbs (ed.), Epistolae Cantuarienses (London 1865) [Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I, Volume II (Rolls Series)], letter CXXXV, p. 108. Though ill, Scolari was present and voted; he began subscribing for Gregory VIII on 31 October; and he travelled to Pisa and was elected pope on 19 December 1187.
  40. ^ Robinson, 505.
  41. ^ Jaffé II, p. 528. Kartusch, p. 191, with note 12.
  42. ^ Kartusch, p. 192. "Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi", in: W. Stubbs (ed.) Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis. The Chronicle of the Reigns of Henry II. and Richard I., known commonly under the name of Benedict of Peterborough, Vol. II (London: Longmans 1867), p. 51: "...Henricum Albanensem episcopum cardinalem misit ad eos, ad pacem inter eos reformandam. Sed ipse ad neutrum illorum ante diem colloquii declinare voluit, ne suspectus hinc vel inde haberetur, sed in Flandriam perrexit ad Philippum comitem; et ibi moram fecit usque dum dies appropinquasset."
  43. ^ . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007., in French.
  44. ^ Kartusch, p. 192. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV (Paris 1855), pp. 249-252.
  45. ^ "Chronicon Clarevallense", in: J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CLXXXV (Paris 1855), p. 1252. The year, however, is uncertain. The entry comes before the entries for 1190, and under the entries for 1187. See: "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France. Tome XIV, p. 457.
  46. ^ J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV (Paris 1855), pp. 215-402.
  47. ^ "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France. Tome XIV, pp. 458-462.

Sources

  • Bruni, Gerardo (1932). "ENRICO di Marcy, vescovo di Albano." (in Italian) Enciclopedia Italiana (1932). [online at Treccani]
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "Heinrich von Clairvaux". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 673–674. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.
  • Cheyette, Fredric L. Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8014-3952-3
  • Congar, Y. M.-J. "Henri de Marcy, abbé de Clairvaux, cardinal-évêque d'Albano et légat pontifical." Analecta monastica, ed. J. Leclercq. Rome, 1958.
  • Graham-Leigh, Elaine. The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005. ISBN 1-84383-129-5
  • Kienzle, Beverly Mayne. Cistercians, Heresy and Crusade in Occitania, 1145–1229: Preaching in the Lord's Vineyard. 2001.
  • Robinson, I. S. The Papacy, 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Watterich, J. B. M. (1862). Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae: ab aequalibus conscriptae (in Latin). Vol. Tomus II. Leipzig: G. Engelmann.
  • Dictionnaire des noms, surnoms et pseudonymes latins de l'histoire littéraire du Moyen Age (1100 à 1530). (in French) ed. Alfred Franklin, Bibliothèque Mazarine. Paris: Librairie de Firmin-Didot et Cie, 1875.
  • "Henri, Abbé de Haute-Combe, puis de Clairvaux, et enfin Cardinal Evêque d'Albano." (in French) Histoire litteraire de la France. Tome XIV. Paris: Firmin Didot 1817. pp. 451–462.

For further reading

  • Graham-Leigh, Elaine. "Hirelings and Shepherds: Archbishop Berenguer of Narbonne (1191–1211) and the Ideal Bishop." The English Historical Review, Vol. 116, No. 469. (Nov., 2001), pp 1083–1102. [one passing reference]

April 28, 2023
henry, marcy, henri, marsiac, 1136, january, 1189, cistercian, abbot, first, hautecombe, savoy, 1160, 1177, then, clairvaux, from, 1177, until, 1179, created, cardinal, bishop, albano, pope, alexander, third, lateran, council, 1179, cardinalhenri, marcycardina. Henry of Marcy or Henri de Marsiac 1 c 1136 1 January 1189 2 was a Cistercian abbot first of Hautecombe in Savoy 1160 1177 and then of Clairvaux from 1177 until 1179 3 He was created Cardinal Bishop of Albano by Pope Alexander III at the Third Lateran Council in 1179 4 CardinalHenri de MarcyCardinal BishopDioceseAlbano 1189 1197 Elected11 March 1179Other post s Abbot of Clairvaux 1177 1179 OrdersConsecration6 May 1179by Pope Alexander IIICreated cardinalDecember 1182by Pope Alexander IIIRankCardinal BishopPersonal detailsBornc 1136 Chateau de Marcy BurgundyDied1 January 1189 aged 52 53 Arras FlandersBuriedArrasNationalityFrench Burgundian ResidenceHautecombe Savoy Clairvaux Rome VeronaOccupationheretic hunter diplomat administrator courtierProfessionCistercian monk bishopHenry was an important figure in the fight against the late twelfth century movements of Catharism and Waldensianism and was prominent at the Third Lateran Council 5 He supported the use of force to suppress heresy and a strong alliance between secular and ecclesiastic authority in the use of force Contents 1 Early life 2 Cardinal and papal legate 2 1 Suppression of the Cathars 3 Preaching the crusade 4 Notes 5 Sources 5 1 For further readingEarly life EditHenry the son of noble but by no means royal parents 6 was named after his birthplace Castro Marsiaco or the Chateau de Marcy near Cluny in Burgundy 7 He joined the Cistercian order in 1155 or 1156 becoming a monk at Clairvaux under Abbot Robert the second abbot of Clairvaux August 1153 April 1157 Four years after his profession as a monk he was sent as the first abbot of the daughter house of Hautecombe in Savoy 8 Following the murder of Abbot Gerard of Clairvaux by one of his own monks Henri was elected seventh Abbot of Clairvaux in 1177 9 Shortly thereafter in the same or the next year having been ordered to preach the crusade 10 Abbot Henri was able to persuade the abbey s principal patron Henry I Count of Champagne to take the crusader s cross which he did around Christmas 1177 He announced his achievement with great pleasure to Pope Alexander III who had for many years been at odds with Count Henri 11 In September 1177 Count Raymond V of Toulouse sent a letter to the Cistercian General Chapter which was meeting at Citeux under the presidency of Abbot Alexander for a mission to help him deal with the heresy of Catharism which was rampant in his domains and growing bolder 12 He remarks that he had already asked the king of France to take part in his action He was wielding the temporal sword since the spiritual sword had no effect He asked for their advice and their prayers 13 Dismayed at the advance of the albigensian Cathar heresy in Aquitaine and Languedoc King Henry II of England and King Louis VII of France decided to organize a mission to preach the true faith to the heretics The leaders who were expected to preach personally were Cardinal Peter of S Crisogono the papal legate 14 the archbishop of Bourges Archbishop Pons d Arsac of Narbonne Bishop Reginald of Bath and Wells Bishop Jean des Bellesmains of Poitiers Abbot Henri of Clairvaux and many other ecclesiastics The two kings also appointed Count Raymond of Toulouse the vicount of Turenne and Raymond of Castro Novo to assist the cardinal and his associates 15 In a decree condemning certain heretics Cardinal Petrus the papal legate remarked that the noblemen had been sent to rescue the bishop of Albi who was being held in the territory of Vicount Roger of Beziers on his order 16 They were accompanied by Bishop Reginald fitz Jocelin of Bath and Wells and Abbot Henri of Marcy whose mission as assigned by the papal legate was according to Henri himself to get Vicount Roger to release the bishop of Albi and eliminate heretical opinions in the entire territory The party arrived at Castres the residence of the vicount s family and when Roger refused to comply they excommunicated him The mission however did not succeed in liberating the bishop of Albi controlling Vicount Roger or converting the schismatics of Beziers or Castres 17 3 After his return from Toulouse Henri attended the general synod of the Cistercian Order and then hastened to Clairvaux 18 Abbot Henri presided over the transfer of the remains of Bernard of Clairvaux from his tomb to a newly constructed monument erected at the orders of Henri 19 In 1178 on the death of Bishop Bertrand Henri was elected bishop of Toulouse but he wrote to Pope Alexander begging to be released from the honor He remarked that he was looking forward to seeing the pope face to face at the coming general council 20 Peter of Celle also wrote the pope a letter stating more forthrightly the reasons why Henri wished to decline the bishopric 21 Through the influence of Abbot Henri King Henry II of England presented the abbey of Clairvaux with a new lead roof for the abbey church 22 Cardinal and papal legate EditAbbot Henri attended Pope Alexander s Third Lateran Council whose first session took place in the Lateran Basilica on 5 March 1179 23 On 11 March Henri was appointed Bishop of Albano He was consecrated a bishop by Alexander III personally on the Sunday after Easter 6 May 1179 in the church of S Maria called Narcissae 24 His earliest subscription as a cardinal to a papal document a privilege granted to the canons of the cathedral of Concordia came on 4 May 1179 His latest subscription for Pope Alexander took place on 8 December 1179 From 1180 to the Fall of 1182 he was in France serving as papal legate against the Albigensian heretics 25 In 1180 the legate Cardinal Henri of Marcy presided over a synod held at Limoges dealing with a conflict between two churches in the diocese of Bordeaux which had persisted through much of the 12th century 26 He held another synod at Notre Dame de Puy on 15 September 1181 27 Since Pope Alexander died in Rome on 30 August 1181 Cardinal Henri did not attend the election of his successor Pope Lucius III Ubaldo Allucingoli on 1 September 1181 In 1181 the legate Henri in association with Jean de Montlaur the bishop of Maguelonne later Montpellier and Bernard the bishop of Beziers Biterrensis deposed Pons d Arsac the bishop of Narbonne as well as three archdeacons and the sacristan of the cathedral chapter 28 The reasons for the deposition are unknown The action was appealed to Rome but on 16 May 1183 Pope Lucius affirmed the decision of the bishops evidently considering their reasons sufficient and ordered the cathedral chapter of Narbonne to obey Henri s injunctions 29 At Bazas he held a synod on 24 November 1181 30 He held a synod at Limoges on 28 February 1182 31 He was in Poitiers on 1 April 1182 where he signed a document 27 On 19 May 1182 Cardinal Henri the Papal legate was in Paris and with Bishop Maurice de Sully consecrated the high altar of the newly completed choir of Notre Dame de Paris 32 He was back in Italy by 23 November 1182 when he began subscribing documents for Pope Lucius at Velletri where the papal court was living in exile from Rome 33 Suppression of the Cathars Edit In September 1177 Raymond V of Toulouse made a request to the Cistercian General Chapter for a legatine mission to help him deal with the heresy of Catharism which was rampant in his domains 3 On 13 September 1177 the Cistercian General Chapter decided to send Henry to Languedoc at the head of a papal legation which included Peter of Pavia Cardinal Priest of S Crisogono Jean des Bellesmains Bishop of Poitiers Pons d Arsac Archbishop of Narbonne and Gerard Archbishop of Bourges 3 34 Roger of Howden may have accompanied him as he is the source for the only account of the mission and he includes Henry s letter summarising their accomplishments On the other hand he also relied heavily on the letters between Henry and Pietro di San Chrysogono Henry encountered Peter Waldo in 1180 extracting from him a profession of orthodox Catholic faith 35 Henry returned to the Languedoc in 1181 and led a military attack on Roger s town of Lavaur which Roger s wife Adelaide immediately surrendered to him without giving a fight 36 Henry then went on to depose Pons d Arsac from his see for being useless and reprehensible 37 The 1181 expedition received mention in Gaufred de Vigeois and the Chronicon Clarevallensis besides Roger of Howden s Chronicon Preaching the crusade Edit Philippe Auguste receiving messengers from the Pope calling him to the crusade Towards the end of his life Cardinal Henri sought the papal crown In October 1187 when the papal court had reached Ferrara he became a candidate to succeed Pope Urban III 38 He had two competitors in the election Paolo Scolari and Alberto di Morra 39 In a dramatic speech Henri withdrew from the competition announcing that he wanted to preach the crusade and Alberto di Morra was elected 40 He subscribed for the new pope Gregory VIII from 31 October 1187 to 13 November 1187 41 At that point he was appointed papal legate to France to attempt to arrange a peace between Philip II and Henry II He travelled to Flanders to Count Philip so as not to favor either king with private conversations 42 He preached the Third Crusade and was in Liege in March 1188 43 He did a great deal to mediate between the leaders of the Crusade before his death at Arras bringing Henry II of England and Philip II of France to reconcile as well as healing the rift between the Emperor Frederick I and Philip I Archbishop of Cologne It was at the Tag Gottes God s Day held in Mainz on 27 March 1188 that he induced Frederick to join the Crusade His letter to the notables of the German kingdom about the event is preserved 44 He died in Flanders in July and was buried at Arras The Cistercians celebrate his day on 14 July The Chronicon Clarevallense however states that he died on 1 January 45 He is considered beatified Among his surviving works his letters Epistolae and his De peregrinante civitate Dei are published in the Patrologia Latina 46 They are individually analyzed and commented upon in the Histoire litteraire de la France Volume XIV 47 Notes Edit Also called Henry of Clairvaux Henry of Albano Henry of Hautecombe Henry of Marsiac Henri de Gaule Henricus Albanensis Henricus de Altacumba Henricus de Marsiaco Henricus Gallus Henricus Claraevallensis Henricus de Castro Marsiaco Henricus de Marsiaco Claraevallensis Henricus Cisterciensis S M Deutsch 1909 Henry of Clairvaux In Jackson Samuel Macauley ed New Schaff Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Vol V Goar Innocent Grand Rapids MI Baker Book House p 227 gives the date 1 January 1189 from the Chronicon Clarevallense Bruni 1932 ENRICO di Marcy vescovo di Albano Other data suggest the summer of 1188 a b c d Graham Leigh The Southern French Nobility 105 Graham Leigh The Southern French Nobility 105 n117 Robinson 181 Histoire litteraire de la France XIV 1817 pp 451 452 refuting the claimed royal descent pointing out the confusion with Henry of Pisa cardinal of Ss Nereo ed Achilleo who was also a Cistercian The work cites the Cistercian Exordium Magnum Book II chapter 30 J P Migne ed Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CLXXXV Paris 1855 p 1040 Dictionnaire Histoire litteraire de la France XIV 1817 p 452 As abbot he signed a charter in 1161 Kartusch p 190 The older sources Detutsch 1909 p 227 Brixius 1912 p 61 and Kartusch 1948 p 190 give the date 1176 cura quam nobis apostolica delegavit auctoritas J P Mighe ed Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV Paris 1855 pp 215 216 epistle I Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV p 453 The text of his letter is quoted in William Stubbs ed The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury The chronicle of the reigns of Stephen Henry II and Richard I Volume 1 London Longman Brown Green Longmans amp Roberts 1879 pp 270 271 Nunc igitur ad vestrum confugiens subsidium humili cordis imploro affectu quatinus ad extirpandum tantum infidelitatis malum manum consilii vestri et auxilii cum virtute orationis porrigatis Quoniam igitur spiritualis gladii virtutem nil perficere posse cognoscimus ad tantam haeresis pravitatem extirpandam oportet ut corporalis gladii animadversione compellatur Klaus Ganzer 1963 Die Entwicklung des auswartigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11 bis 13 Jahrhundert in German Tubingen Max Niemeyer pp 123 125 Roger of Hoveden in W Stubbs ed Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene Vol II London Longmans 1869 p 151 reported under the year 1178 quod cum ad aures regis Franciae et regis Angliae perveniret zerlo Christianae fidei accensi statuerunt quod illuc irent in propriis personis ut praedictos haereticos prorsus a finibus illis eliminarent Elapso deinde aniquantulo temporis spatio videbatur eis plus posse proficere si viros sapientes illuc misissent qui haereticos illos praedicatione et doctrina ad fidem Christianam converterent quam si ipsi in propriis personis illuc ire properassent Miserunt ergo illuc Petrum tituli Sancti Chrysogoni Also Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV p 453 454 Roger of Hoveden p 156 qui de nostro consilio in terram Rogeri de Bediers pro liberatione venerabilis fratris nostri Albanensis sic Albiensis episcopi venerant Roger de Hoveden pp 165 166 Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV p 454 Angelo Manrique 1649 Annales Cisterciensium Tomus III p 65 column 1 Angelo Manrique 1649 Annales Cisterciensium Tomus III Lyon L Anisson p 60 Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV p 454 Bernard had died on 20 August 1153 and had been made a saint by Pope Alexander III on 18 January 1174 Denis de Sainte Marthe 1785 Gallia christiana in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa in Latin Vol Tomus tertius decimus 13 2nd ed Paris Johannes Baptista Coignard pp 18 19 Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV Paris 1855 pp 217 218 epistle III Petri abbatis Cellensis Opera omnia Collecta in vnum Paris L Billaine 1671 Epistolarum Libri pp 158 160 Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV p 454 Angelo Manrique 1649 Annales Cisterciensium Tomus III p 71 column 1 C J Hefele Histoire des conciles in French second edition tr H Leclerc Tome V part 2 Paris Letouzey 1913 pp 1086 1087 J Stevenson ed Chronica de Mailros Edinburgh 1835 p 89 Concilium magnum a domino ALexandro iij Romae celebratum est v idus Martii Henricus abbas Clarevallis in eodem concilio electus est episcopus Albanensis ecclesiae et a domino papa consecratus est Kartusch p 190 with note 7 Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV p 455 J D Mansi ed Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio editio novissima Tomus XXII Venice A Zatta 1767 pp 467 472 a b Hefele p 1112 note 2 P Jaffe Regesta pontificum Romanorum II second edition Berlin Weidmann 1888 p 448 no 14775 J P Migne ed Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCI p 1170 The papal letter states that the cardinal was already back in Rome Hefele p 1112 note 3 Hefele p 1112 note 4 Victor Mortet 1889 Maurice de Sully eveque de Paris 1160 1196 Etude sur l administration episcopale pendant la seconde moitie du XIIe siecle Paris 1889 pp 101 102 Feria quarta Pentecostes Henricus legatus altare S Mariae Parisius consecrat una cum Mauricio praesule Kartusch p 191 Jaffe II p 444 Cheyette 308 1 Archived 2 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine 2 dead link in the French language Graham Leigh The Southern French Nobility 106 Graham Leigh Hirelings and Shepherds 1094 page needed Watterich II p 684 quoting Albericus of Trois Fontaines Ibidem sanior pars cardinalium voluit dominum Henricum Albanensem quondam Clarevallis abbatem eligere sed timens et praecavens dissensionis periculum prosiliit in medium dicens se crucis Domini servum ad praedicandam crucem per gentes et regna praeparatum William Stubbs ed Epistolae Cantuarienses London 1865 Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I Volume II Rolls Series letter CXXXV p 108 Though ill Scolari was present and voted he began subscribing for Gregory VIII on 31 October and he travelled to Pisa and was elected pope on 19 December 1187 Robinson 505 Jaffe II p 528 Kartusch p 191 with note 12 Kartusch p 192 Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi in W Stubbs ed Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis The Chronicle of the Reigns of Henry II and Richard I known commonly under the name of Benedict of Peterborough Vol II London Longmans 1867 p 51 Henricum Albanensem episcopum cardinalem misit ad eos ad pacem inter eos reformandam Sed ipse ad neutrum illorum ante diem colloquii declinare voluit ne suspectus hinc vel inde haberetur sed in Flandriam perrexit ad Philippum comitem et ibi moram fecit usque dum dies appropinquasset Eglise imperiale De Frederic de Namur a Albert de Cuyck 2 Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 Retrieved 13 March 2007 in French Kartusch p 192 J P Migne ed Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV Paris 1855 pp 249 252 Chronicon Clarevallense in J P Migne ed Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CLXXXV Paris 1855 p 1252 The year however is uncertain The entry comes before the entries for 1190 and under the entries for 1187 See Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV p 457 J P Migne ed Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CCIV Paris 1855 pp 215 402 Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV pp 458 462 Sources EditBruni Gerardo 1932 ENRICO di Marcy vescovo di Albano in Italian Enciclopedia Italiana 1932 online at Treccani Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz 1990 Heinrich von Clairvaux In Bautz Friedrich Wilhelm ed Biographisch Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon BBKL in German Vol 2 Hamm Bautz cols 673 674 ISBN 3 88309 032 8 Cheyette Fredric L Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours Ithaca Cornell University Press 2001 ISBN 0 8014 3952 3 Congar Y M J Henri de Marcy abbe de Clairvaux cardinal eveque d Albano et legat pontifical Analecta monastica ed J Leclercq Rome 1958 Graham Leigh Elaine The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade Woodbridge The Boydell Press 2005 ISBN 1 84383 129 5 Kienzle Beverly Mayne Cistercians Heresy and Crusade in Occitania 1145 1229 Preaching in the Lord s Vineyard 2001 review Robinson I S The Papacy 1073 1198 Continuity and Innovation Cambridge University Press 1990 Watterich J B M 1862 Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae ab aequalibus conscriptae in Latin Vol Tomus II Leipzig G Engelmann Dictionnaire des noms surnoms et pseudonymes latins de l histoire litteraire du Moyen Age 1100 a 1530 in French ed Alfred Franklin Bibliotheque Mazarine Paris Librairie de Firmin Didot et Cie 1875 Henri Abbe de Haute Combe puis de Clairvaux et enfin Cardinal Eveque d Albano in French Histoire litteraire de la France Tome XIV Paris Firmin Didot 1817 pp 451 462 For further reading Edit Graham Leigh Elaine Hirelings and Shepherds Archbishop Berenguer of Narbonne 1191 1211 and the Ideal Bishop The English Historical Review Vol 116 No 469 Nov 2001 pp 1083 1102 one passing reference Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Henry of Marcy amp oldid 1145008625, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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