Heinkel He 70 Blitz
The Heinkel He 70 Blitz ("lightning") was a German mail plane and fast passenger monoplane aircraft of the 1930s designed by Heinkel Flugzeugwerke, which was later used as a bomber and for aerial reconnaissance. It had a brief commercial career before it was replaced by larger types. The He 70 had set eight world speed records by the beginning of 1933.
| He 70 | |
|---|---|
| Role | Mail plane, Passenger |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Heinkel Flugzeugwerke |
| First flight | 1 December 1932 |
| Introduction | 1933 |
| Retired | 1954 Spanish Air Force[1] |
| Primary users | Deutsche Luft Hansa Luftwaffe Royal Hungarian Air Force |
| Number built | 324 |
Design and development edit
The Heinkel He 70 Blitz (Lightning) was designed in the early 1930s as a mailplane for Deutsche Lufthansa in response to a request for an aircraft faster than the Lockheed Model 9 Orion (used by Swissair) to service short routes.
It was a cantilever low-wing monoplane, with an aerodynamically efficient elliptical wing and retractable undercarriage, and a single, nose-mounted engine.
To meet the demanding speed requirements, care was taken to minimize drag, with flush rivets giving a smooth surface, and fully retractable main landing gear. The tail wheel was not retractable. It was powered by a 470 kW (630 hp) BMW VI V-12 engine cooled with ethylene glycol rather than water. This allowed a smaller radiator to be used, which also retracted at high speed to further reduce drag. The pilot and radio operator were seated in tandem, followed by a cabin seating four passengers in pairs facing each other.[2]
The first prototype flew on 1 December 1932,[3] and proved to have excellent performance, setting eight world records for speed over distance, and reaching a maximum speed of 377 km/h (234 mph).[4]
Operational history edit
Luft Hansa operated He 70s between 1934 and 1937 for a fast service which connected Berlin with Frankfurt, Hamburg and Cologne, as well as between Cologne and Hamburg.
He 70s were flown internationally from Stuttgart to Seville between 1934 and 1936. The route was part of the South America mail service provided by Luft Hansa which continued via Bathurst, The Gambia to Natal, Brazil, using Junkers Ju 52/3m and Dornier Wal flying boats.[5]
Remaining aircraft were transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1937.
Military use edit
The Luftwaffe operated He 70s from 1935, initially as a light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. As soon as purpose built designs became available, it was relegated to use as a liaison and courier aircraft.
Twenty-eight aircraft were sent in the late 1930s to Spain with the German-manned Legion Condor, where they were used during the Spanish Civil War as fast reconnaissance aircraft. There they were known as the Rayo, Spanish for "lightning".
A single example was bought by Rolls-Royce for use as an engine testbed: it continued in use until 1944.
He 170 edit
The He 70K (later given the RLM number: He 170) was a fast reconnaissance airplane export variant used by the Hungarian air force. Powered by a Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major radial engine, the engines were built under license in Hungary as the WM-K-14, but the airframe manufacture and final assembly took placein Germany.[6] The new engines raised the top speed of the aircraft from 360 to 435 km/h (224 to 270 mph).[7] 18 were used by the Royal Hungarian Air Force from 1937 to 1942.
Weaknesses edit
A major weakness of the He 70 in military use was the fire risk. Parts of the airframe were made out of an extremely flammable magnesium alloy called "Elektron", though the majority of the monocoque fuselage was Duralumin. Elektron is very light yet strong, but burns readily when ignited and is difficult to extinguish. Moreover, each wing contained a non-self-sealing 210-litre (47-imperial-gallon) fuel tank, which may have further added to the aircraft's reputation for catching fire. Other problems included poor defensive armament, short range and poor view from the cabin, all of which led to the Hungarian He 170A fleet being prematurely retired and replaced with obsolescent Heinkel He 46 parasol-wing monoplanes, until Focke-Wulf Fw 189 "Uhu" medium altitude observation aircraft could be introduced.
Influence edit
While the He 70 saw only limited service in training capacities during World War II, it was the Luftwaffe's first Schnellbomber and served as the antecedent for some of the bombers involved in the Battle of Britain.
German designs edit
The He 70 is known mainly as the ancestor to the Heinkel He 111, which had similar elliptical wings and streamlined fuselage in a twin-engined configuration. The He 111, which began service with the Luftwaffe in 1936, went on to become the most numerous bomber type of the Luftwaffe – with just over 5,600 examples produced during the war in total[8] – in the early years of World War II.
The He 70 was essentially scaled down to produce the He 112 fighter which lost out on competition against the Messerschmitt Bf 109, but was nonetheless built in small numbers.
Japanese designs edit
An He 70 was exported to Japan for study and inspired the Aichi D3A ("Val") carrier-launched light bomber.[9] This aircraft shared the He 70's distinctive, low-mounted elliptical wing.
British designs edit
Beverley Shenstone, R.J. Mitchell's aerodynamic advisor denied that the Spitfire wing was copied from the He 70. Shenstone said:
It has been suggested that we at Supermarine had cribbed the wing shape from that of the He 70 transport. This was not so. The elliptical wing had been used on other aircraft and its advantages were well known. Our wing was much thinner than that of the Heinkel and had a quite different section. In any case, it would have been simply asking for trouble to have copied a wing shape from an aircraft designed for an entirely different purpose.[10]
The Günther brothers had already used an elliptical wing for the Bäumer Sausewind sports aircraft[citation needed] before they joined Heinkel.
Shenstone said that the He 70's influence on the Spitfire design was limited to use as a benchmark for aerodynamic smoothness.
Variants edit
- He 70a
- First prototype.[11]
- He 70b
- Second prototype with the crew of 2 and 4 seats for passengers.
- He 70c
- Third prototype armed with machine gun for trials of versions for light bomber, reconnaissance and courier duties.
- He 70d
- Fourth prototype built in 1934 for Luft Hansa, powered by BMW VI 7,3 engine.
- He 70e
- Fifth prototype built in 1934 for Luftwaffe as light bomber, powered by BMW VI 7,3 engine.
- He 70A
- Passenger version for Luft Hansa.
- He 70D
- Passenger version for Luft Hansa, 12 examples built.
- He 70E
- Light bomber version for Luftwaffe, later converted to F version.
- He 70F
- Reconnaissance / courier version for Luftwaffe.
- He 70F-1
- Long-range reconnaissance version.
- He 70F-2
- Similar to the He 70F-1
- He 70G
- Passenger version built for Luft Hansa, after 1937 converted to F version.
- He 70G-1
- One aircraft fitted with a 810 hp (600 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel piston engine.
- He 70K (He 170A)
- Military variant equipped with a licence-built 746 kW (1,000 hp) WM-K-14 radial engine.
- He 270 V1 (W.Nr. 1973, D-OEHF)
- Prototype with DB-601Aa inline engine.
Operators edit
Civil operators edit
- Deutsche Luft Hansa received the first two prototypes in 1933 and 1934, and three He 70Ds in 1934 and 10 He 70Gs in 1935.
- Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service received one aircraft for testing.
- Swissair received a few Heinkel He 70s for express transalpine flights between Zürich and Milan in 1934.
- Rolls-Royce acquired one He 70G from the RLM in exchange for four Kestrel engines. It was used as an engine testbed.
Military operators edit
- The Royal Hungarian Air Force received 18 He 170A aircraft from Germany, powered with licence-built engines.
- Ejército del Aire received 11 of the 30 aircraft that had served with the Legion Condor.
Specifications (He 70F-2) edit
Data from The Beautiful Blitz[12]
General characteristics
- Crew: three (pilot, radio operator and gunner)
- Length: 11.7 m (38 ft 5 in)
- Wingspan: 14.8 m (48 ft 7 in)
- Height: 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in)
- Wing area: 36.5 m2 (393 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 2,360 kg (5,203 lb)
- Gross weight: 3,386 kg (7,465 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 3,500 kg (7,716 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × BMW VI 7.3 Z V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 550 kW (740 hp)
- Propellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch metal propeller
Performance
- Maximum speed: 360 km/h (220 mph, 190 kn) at sea level
- Cruise speed: 295 km/h (183 mph, 159 kn)
- Range: 1,820 km (1,130 mi, 980 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
- Time to altitude:
- 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 2 minutes 30 seconds
- 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in 15 minutes
Armament
- Guns: 1 × 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 15 machine gun in the rear cockpit
- Bombs: 6 × 50 kg (110 lb) or 24 x 10 kg (22 lb) bombs internally
See also edit
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Airspeed Envoy
- Boeing Monomail
- Breese-Dallas Model 1
- General Aviation/Clarke GA-43
- Junkers Ju 60
- Kharkiv KhAI-1
- Lockheed Model 9 Orion
- Manshū Hayabusa
- Northrop Delta
- Polikarpov/Rafaelyants PR-12
- Tairov OKO-1
- Vultee V-1
Related lists
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ "Historical Listings: Spain, (SPN) 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine." World Air Forces. Retrieved: 10 June 2011.
- ^ Smith and Kay 1972, p.232
- ^ Smith and Kay 1972, p.234
- ^ Donald 1999, p.494.
- ^ "Transatlantic". Flight. 1934-12-10. pp. 1349–1350. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
- ^ Leo W.G. Niehorster. "The Royal Hungarian Army 1920 - 1945". World War II Armed Forces. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
- ^ Rickard, J. (November 23, 2009). "Heinkel He 170". historyofwar.org. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
- ^ Regnat, Karl-Heinz (2004). Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2.
- ^ Mark Peattie, Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941, p. 94
- ^ Price 1977, pp. 33–34.
- ^ "Landing Wheels Vanish Into Wings During Take Off" Popular Science, June 1933
- ^ Green and Swanborough Air International January 1991, p. 28.
Bibliography edit
- Donald, David (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Civil Aircraft. London:Aurum Publishing. 1999. ISBN 1-85410-642-2.
- Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "The Beautiful Blitz". Air International, January 1991, Vol 40 No 1. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. pp. 25–33. ISSN 0306-5634.
- Nowarra, Heinz. Heinkel He111 A Documentary History. Jane's Publishing Co Ltd. 1980. ISBN 0-7106-0046-1.
- Smith, J.R. and Kay, A.L. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam. 1972. ISBN 0-85177-836-4.
- Price, Alfred. Spitfire: A Documentary History. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1977. ISBN 0-354-01077-8.
- Townend, David, R. Thunderbolt & Lightning—The History of Aeronautical Namesakes. AeroFile Publications. 2009. ISBN 978-0-9732020-2-1.
- Green, William. "Warplanes of the Second World War – Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft, Volume Nine" Macdonald: London, 1967.