Hegang
Hegang 鹤岗市 | |
|---|---|
Hegang in 2013 | |
Location of Hegang City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey) | |
Hegang Location of the city centre in Heilongjiang | |
| Coordinates (Hegang government): 47°21′00″N 130°17′53″E / 47.3501°N 130.2980°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Heilongjiang |
| County-level divisions | 8 |
| Settled | 1906 |
| Municipal seat | Xiangyang District |
| Area | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 14,679.88 km2 (5,667.93 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 4,574.9 km2 (1,766.4 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 4,574.9 km2 (1,766.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 280 m (920 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 891,271 |
| • Density | 61/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 545,404 |
| • Urban density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 545,404 |
| • Metro density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 154100 - 154200 |
| Area code | 0468 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HL-04 |
| License plate prefixes | 黑H |
| GDP (2007) | CNY 19.6 billion |
| - per capita | CNY 17,818 |
| Climate | Dwb |
| Website | www |
| Hegang | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
"Hegang", as written in Chinese | |||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 鹤岗 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 鶴崗 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡥᡝᡤᠠᠩ | ||||||
| Romanization | Heg'ang | ||||||
| Russian name | |||||||
| Russian | Хэган | ||||||
Hegang (Chinese: 鹤岗; pinyin: Hègǎng, also known as Heli and Xingshan), is a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China, situated in the southeastern section of the Lesser Khingan Range, facing Jiamusi across the Songhua River to the south and Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast across the Amur River to the north. Hegang is one of the principal coal-producing cities in China. Hegang covers an administrative area of 14,679.88 km2 (5,667.93 sq mi) and according to the 2020 Chinese census, has a population of 891,271 inhabitants, of whom 545,404 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 6 urban districts.
History Edit
Early history Edit
The region of Hegang was a desolate and uninhabited area until the late 1890s. In 1906, the area of Hegang City was under the administration of Tangyuan County under the Qing Dynasty. Since then, the government has been encouraging people to farm in the region. In 1914, a coalfield was discovered in Haoli, and Heilongjiang Government approved to set up Xinghua Mines (興華煤礦) which is jointly invested by merchants including Shen Songnian (沈松年). The area was also renamed Xingshan (興山) after the Xinghua Coal Mine. The Hegang mines were founded in 1916 by a Chinese entrepreneur with Russian capital. Hegang has witnessed rapid economic growth thanks to its rich coal resources. In 1926 a railway was built between Hegang and Jiamusi, some 30 miles to the south on the Songhua River. A coal carrier fleet was privately financed in 1930 by General Zhang Xueliang. In August 1932, Hegang mines were occupied by the Japanese as the Japanese Empire advanced through Manchuria. The mines were further developed during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. On August 11, 1945, Hegang was occupied by the Soviet Red Army, and was relegated to the Communist Force. Since several major coal mines in southern Manchuria were controlled by Kuomintang Forces, Hegang became one of the main coal-producing area of Communist Force in the Chinese Civil-War, playing an important role in guaranteeing the acquisition of weapons and other war materials. Hegang was renamed in 1949, and set up as a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang.[2]
People's Republic Edit
After 1949 the city experienced further rapid growth. The mines were extended and modernized, and their annual output increased dramatically. Most of the coal is high-quality coking coal that is also used to make coal gas; apart from a small quantity consumed in Jiamusi, the bulk of it is shipped by rail to Anyang, Henan and to other industrial cities such as Anshan and Benxi in Liaoning. By the late 1950s the coal industry employed more than 80 percent of the working population. Although the mines continued to be developed and output increased, Hegang's industrial activity was beginning to diversify, especially after a large thermal-power-generating installation was constructed by the early 1970s.[3]
By 2021 the city's mining industry was in decline.[4]
Geography Edit
Hegang is located in the northeast part of Heilongjiang province, spanning from latitude 47° 04′−48° 9′ N to longitude 129° 40′−132° 31' E. Bordering prefecture-level cities are:
- Jiamusi (SE)
- Yichun (W)
The region also faces Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast across the Amur River with an international border of 235 kilometres (146 mi). Lesser Khingan Mountains crosses the city. The total administrative area of Hegang is 14,648 square kilometres (5,656 sq mi). Amur river and Songhua river are the main rivers in Hegang.
Climate Edit
Hegang has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb/Dwa),[5] with long, bitterly cold, but dry winters, and humid and warm summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −16.6 °C (2 °F) in January to 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 3.8 °C (38.8 °F). Close to 2/3 of the annual precipitation falls in the months of June thru August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −38.5 to 37.7 °C.
| Climate data for Hegang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 1.5 (34.7) | 7.7 (45.9) | 19.0 (66.2) | 29.4 (84.9) | 33.5 (92.3) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.7 (99.9) | 34.9 (94.8) | 31.8 (89.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 14.3 (57.7) | 4.8 (40.6) | 37.7 (99.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) | −6.9 (19.6) | 1.0 (33.8) | 11.5 (52.7) | 19.4 (66.9) | 23.9 (75.0) | 26.6 (79.9) | 25.0 (77.0) | 19.9 (67.8) | 10.6 (51.1) | −2.1 (28.2) | −11.2 (11.8) | 8.8 (47.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −16.9 (1.6) | −12.6 (9.3) | −4.3 (24.3) | 5.8 (42.4) | 13.6 (56.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 21.9 (71.4) | 20.2 (68.4) | 14.2 (57.6) | 5.3 (41.5) | −6.8 (19.8) | −15.7 (3.7) | 3.6 (38.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −21.1 (−6.0) | −17.8 (0.0) | −9.7 (14.5) | 0.1 (32.2) | 7.7 (45.9) | 13.8 (56.8) | 17.6 (63.7) | 16.0 (60.8) | 9.1 (48.4) | 0.4 (32.7) | −10.8 (12.6) | −19.5 (−3.1) | −1.2 (29.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −38.5 (−37.3) | −32.6 (−26.7) | −26.1 (−15.0) | −13.0 (8.6) | −4.5 (23.9) | 5.0 (41.0) | 10.1 (50.2) | 7.1 (44.8) | −2.4 (27.7) | −15.7 (3.7) | −26.5 (−15.7) | −32.7 (−26.9) | −38.5 (−37.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.7 (0.19) | 5.5 (0.22) | 15.5 (0.61) | 28.3 (1.11) | 68.2 (2.69) | 118.3 (4.66) | 152.6 (6.01) | 154.8 (6.09) | 70.5 (2.78) | 31.7 (1.25) | 13.6 (0.54) | 9.1 (0.36) | 672.8 (26.51) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.1 | 4.1 | 5.7 | 7.6 | 11.8 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 15.0 | 11.1 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 109.1 |
| Average snowy days | 8.1 | 6.3 | 8.9 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.9 | 8.2 | 9.8 | 49.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63 | 57 | 52 | 50 | 56 | 71 | 77 | 78 | 69 | 58 | 60 | 65 | 63 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 172.6 | 200.5 | 237.4 | 215.8 | 219.3 | 197.2 | 194.2 | 196.1 | 209.3 | 189.7 | 154.4 | 145.6 | 2,332.1 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 62 | 69 | 64 | 53 | 47 | 42 | 41 | 45 | 56 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 54 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[6][7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[8] | |||||||||||||
Subdivisions Edit
The prefecture-level city of Hegang is divided into 6 districts and 2 counties. The information presented here uses the metric system and data from the 2010 Census.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | English Name | Hanzi | Pinyin | Area | Population | Density |
| 1 | Xingshan District | 兴山区 | Xīngshān Qū | 27 | 44,803 | 1,659 |
| 2 | Xiangyang District | 向阳区 | Xiàngyáng Qū | 9 | 110,916 | 12,324 |
| 3 | Gongnong District | 工农区 | Gōngnóng Qū | 11 | 140,070 | 12,734 |
| 4 | Nanshan District | 南山区 | Nánshān Qū | 30 | 119,047 | 3,968 |
| 5 | Xing'an District | 兴安区 | Xīng'ān Qū | 27 | 74,396 | 2,755 |
| 6 | Dongshan District | 东山区 | Dōngshān Qū | 4,575 | 175,239 | 38 |
| 7 | Luobei County | 萝北县 | Luóběi Xiàn | 6,761 | 220,131 | 33 |
| 8 | Suibin County | 绥滨县 | Suíbīn Xiàn | 3,344 | 174,063 | 52 |
Economy Edit
In 2010, Hegang's GDP grew 16.1% to RMB 25.1 billion, ranking tenth among 13 prefectures and prefecture-level cities in the province.[9] Agriculture and animal husbandry are considered two pillars of the city's primary industry. Heavy industry dominates the city's industrial sector. Other major industries in the city include agricultural products processing, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, dairy and related products, forestry industries, and the production and supply of electricity.[10]
Mining accidents Edit
Two major mining accidents have occurred near the city. In September 2008, there was a fire at Fuhua Coal Mine, owned by Fuhua Mining Co., Ltd. It was caused by spontaneous combustion of coal. 31 miners died (19 deaths, 12 missing).[11] In November 2009, there was a gas explosion at Xinxing coal mine, owned by Heilongjiang Longmay Mining Holding Group. Out of 528 workers, 420 miners were rescued and over 100 miners died. Of the 60 hospitalised survivors, they had broken bones, gas poisoning or respiratory injuries.[12][13][14][15]
Education Edit
By the end of 2019, Hegang had one full-time higher education school with 2,926 students and 915 graduates. There are 7 specialized secondary schools, with 5,629 students and 1,464 graduates. There are 50 general secondary schools, with 37,982 students and 14,886 graduates. There are 36 primary schools with 29,771 students and 4,427 graduates. There is 1 special education school with 191 students. There are 144 kindergartens, with 12,045 children in attendance.
Transport Edit
The Yichun-Hegang Highway, the Jiamusi-Hegang Highway and the Hegang-Luobei Highway form a comprehensive highway network within the city. It takes less than four hours to drive from Hegang to Harbin, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang Province. Luobei Port, which is within a one-hour drive from Hegang, is a major port on the Amur River. Jiamusi Airport, a one-hour drive from Hegang, operates flights to Beijing, Dalian and other major cities domestically.
Sister cities Edit
- Birobidzhan, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia
Notable people Edit
- Qin Yuhai - Chinese politician and photographer. He was a former Mayor of Hegang (1997-1998).[16]
- Li Yunfeng - Chinese athlete, coach, and politician
- Liu Jiayu - Chinese athlete
References Edit
- ^ "China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^ Hegang - China culture 2011-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Office of the Hegang Almanac Compilation Committee (1990). 鹤岗市志 [History of Hegang]. Heilongjiang People's Press. ISBN 978-7-207-01737-6.
- ^ "Coal, Once a Boon, Turns Chinese Rustbelt City Into a Bust". Sixth Tone. Caixin. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ Climate map of Asia Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ 鹤岗 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ 2010年鹤岗市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (in Chinese (China)). Heilongjiang People's Government. 2011-04-18.
- ^ Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks
- ^ "Two mining mishaps claim 56 lives". chinadaily.com.cn. September 22, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- ^ Duncan, Maxim (November 21, 2009). "China mine explosion death toll reaches 92". reuters.com. Retrieved May 5, 2020.(92 deaths)
- ^ "Danger all in a day's work for China mine rescuers". terradaily.com. November 25, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2020. (107 deaths)
- ^ "China mine blast death toll passes 100". chinaeconomicreview.com. November 22, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2020.(104 deaths)
- ^ Chan, John (November 23, 2009). "Chinese mine explosion kills more than 100". wsws.org. Retrieved May 5, 2020.(104 deaths)
- ^ "Senior Henan Legislator Falls under Scrutiny of Anti-Corruption Watchdog". caixinglobal.com. September 22, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
Further reading Edit
- With nothing to lose, loners build future in China's hollowed-out north (January 12, 2020)
- The Twilight of Chinese Coal (January 16, 2020)
External links Edit
- Official website