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Health politics

December 18, 2023

Health politics or politics of health is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the analysis of social and political power over the health status of individuals.[1][2]

Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders campaigning for extended US medicare coverage in 2017.

Health politics, incorporating broad perspectives from medical sociology to international relations, is interested not only in the understanding of politics as government/ governance, but also politics as civil society and as a process of power contestation. It views this wider understanding of politics to take place throughout levels of society - from the individual to the global. As such the politics of health is not constrained to a particular area of society, such as state government, but rather is a dynamic, ongoing social process that takes place ubiquitously throughout our levels of society.[3]

Overview edit

 
A memorial to the Great Famine (Ireland), a famine event in Ireland that faced elongated suffering from the UK's domestic policy failures at the time under the Prime Ministers Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell.

Health politics is a joint discipline between public health and politics although, like many other interdisciplinary fields such as sociology, phenomenology or public policy, often incorporates approaches and methodologies of other related fields of study such as intersectionality.[4] It sits to realize the political nature of health, healthcare, and the wider public health and medical contexts that sit within it.[5][6]

A bibliometric search for 'politics of health' on PubMed found the earliest entry to be Schmidt's 1977 article "National Blood Policy, 1977: a study in the politics of health"[7] that was set within the United States.

Foucault, through his work in biopolitics, offers insight into health politics through his essay (English translation by Lynch, 2014) "The politics of health in the eighteenth century".[8]

Central contestations edit

Apolitical study of health and healthcare edit

A key issue that health politics engages with is the apolitical nature of health within academia, health professions, and wider society.[9][10] As an interdisciplinary area of study, it is seen as underresearched with literature focusing on the social and cultural determinants of health at the lack of political ones.[11][12]

By integrating analysis on social power and politics within health and healthcare systems, a better understanding of barriers in health inequality and inequity can be gained.[13]

It critiques public health for professionalizing health and healthcare systems to an extent that it removes it from public engagement, depoliticizing it in the process.[14] This then transfers power away from the public body and into the medical profession and industry such that they can 'determine what health is and therefore, how political it is (or, more usually, is not)'.[1] Combining political science with the study of public health, health politics aims to understand the unique interplay of politics within this policy domain to locate the politics of health.[15]

"Among professionals in public health, the political system is commonly viewed as a subway's third rail: avoid touching it, lest you get burned. Yet it is this third rail that provides power to the train, and achieving public health goals depends on a sustained, constructive engagement between public health and political systems".[16]

Here, public health's problems and issues are explicitly political as the world's health bodies and organizations are supported by national governments - making their solutions equally as political as well.[17][18] "If public health is the field that diagnoses and strives to cure social ills, then understanding political causes and cures for health problems should be an intrinsic part of the field".[19]

Concepts edit

Medical and health professionals as political agents edit

The delivery, planning, and research into health and healthcare, within the modern age of nation-states, is a highly state-orientated enterprise. The bureaucracy in its provision and regulation throughout countries across the world is often one of the most highly centralised activities of government and political actors. More than other areas in society, health politics intersects numerous socially, morally, and culturally crucial as well as sensitive issues that societies face that shape the health and well-being of everyone.[20] Because of this, medical and health professionals can be seen as political agents as a bridge between medical science and society.[21] How this agency takes place, through conformity or deviance (e.g. protesting against government policy), creates unique health politics landscapes and provides a perspective of looking at political power beyond the state.[22]

Political determinants of health edit

Main article: Social determinants of health

The political determinants of health (PDOH) are a conceptual framework that visualises and frames the political factors that shape and control the health and wellbeing of people.[23] This places a sociological lens upon areas like medicine - treating it as a social science as much as an applied science to understand its political nature.[24]

Here, it is predominantly a critique of the social determinants of health in its perceived failure to incorporate political factors within its framework or its having a limited conceptualisation of what politics can entail.[25] PDOH outlines that politics is not merely an institutional process, of government acting upon an individual. Rather, politics is a multifaceted contestation of social power (e.g. the ability to enact change upon someone else) that takes place throughout the social determinants of health.[26] Although government agencies and policy are important, seeing political contestation and politics as power operating across levels of analysis offers to seek out the cause of the causes.[27]

PDOH is set within the social determinants of health, but acknowledges that political processes and contestation over power form a unique social phenomenon that require a distinct conceptualisation to appreciate their impact upon health and healthcare.[28] Rather than stopping at social determinants like sexual orientation, educational level, or food insecurity it encourages an explicit exploration of the causes of these determinants such as Neoliberal market failures,[24] homophobia, or poverty.[29][11]

Perspectives edit

Comparative health politics edit

Comparative health politics takes influence from comparative politics, a major sub-field of politics. It focuses on the interactions of health politics within a country or comparing countries, as opposed to international health politics.[30][31] This field of study explores how political culture, class relationships, to economic resources shape the implementation of health policy and wider social determinants of health, often taking the form of comparative case studies.[32]

Global health politics edit

Global health politics is interested in the statal and extra-statal space of politics in health that takes place on a global level.[33] It views the space of nation-states as increasingly being blurred, such as through processes like globalisation, that makes the distinction of domestic and international health politics increasingly insensitive to shifting political contexts.[34]

LGBT health politics edit

LGBT or gender and sexual minorities (GSMs)[a], through a complex history and ongoing discriminations, have a distinct sub-field within health politics. From the stonewall riots to the politics involved around HIV,[35] GSMs' health status has been deeply influenced by the politics of any given time and geopolitical location.[36][37][38]

Marxist health politics edit

Using theories generated by Marx and Marxist scholars, a Maxist health politics centres on class conflict and the failures of capitalism and capitalistic processes and actors in the persistence of health inequalities and inequity.[39][40]

"We have understanding only of inorganic capital and know nothing about human capital. In a wholly capitalist economy, where the loss of human life is considered only as a private loss for the family but as no economic loss for society, the economy of people becomes, of course, completely superfluous".[41]

Political epidemiology edit

This interdisciplinary field takes influence from epidemiology in creating a scientific study of the political factors that influence and shape the health of human populations.[42] It has a distinct leaning on natural science methodology through a positivist approach, involving methodology like statistical analysis or case studies.[43]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The terms used to describe the queer community are complex and has a politics of its own in terms of identity and recognition. Unless interacting with members of this community who can be asked what term is best, revert to using the most inclusive term.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Bambra, Clare; Fox, Debbie; Scott-Samuel, Alex (2005-06-01). "Towards a politics of health". Health Promotion International. 20 (2): 187–193. doi:10.1093/heapro/dah608. ISSN 0957-4824. PMID 15722364.
  2. ^ Greer, Scott L.; Bekker, Marleen; de Leeuw, Evelyne; Wismar, Matthias; Helderman, Jan-Kees; Ribeiro, Sofia; Stuckler, David (2017). "Policy, politics and public health". European Journal of Public Health. 27 (suppl_4): 40–43. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckx152. ISSN 1101-1262. PMID 29028231.
  3. ^ Navarro, Vicente (2004). The political and social contexts of health. Amityville: Baywood Publishers. ISBN 0-89503-296-1. OCLC 54753157.
  4. ^ Gkiouleka, Anna; Huijts, Tim; Beckfield, Jason; Bambra, Clare (2018). "Understanding the micro and macro politics of health: Inequalities, intersectionality & institutions - A research agenda". Social Science & Medicine. 200: 92–98. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.025. ISSN 1873-5347. PMID 29421476.
  5. ^ Ghilardi, Giampaolo; Campanozzi, Laura Leondina; Ciccozzi, Massimo; Ricci, Giovanna; Tambone, Vittoradolfo (2020-04-25). "The political nature of medicine". The Lancet. 395 (10233): 1340–1341. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30168-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 32334696.
  6. ^ Oliver, Thomas R. (2006). "The Politics of Public Health Policy". Annual Review of Public Health. 27 (1): 195–233. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123126. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 16533115.
  7. ^ Schmidt, P. J. (1977). "National Blood Policy, 1977: a study in the politics of health". Progress in Hematology. 10: 151–172. ISSN 0079-6301. PMID 337358.
  8. ^ Foucault, Michel (2014). "The politics of health in the eighteenth century". Foucault Studies: 113–127. doi:10.22439/fs.v0i18.4654. ISSN 1832-5203.
  9. ^ Oliver, Thomas R. (2006-04-01). "The politics of public health policy". Annual Review of Public Health. 27 (1): 195–233. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123126. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 16533115.
  10. ^ Ghilardi, Giampaolo; Campanozzi, Laura Leondina; Ciccozzi, Massimo; Ricci, Giovanna; Tambone, Vittoradolfo (2020-04-25). "The political nature of medicine". The Lancet. 395 (10233): 1340–1341. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30168-9. hdl:11581/436713. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 32334696. S2CID 216095807.
  11. ^ a b Navarro, Vincent (2008). "Politics and health: a neglected area of research". European Journal of Public Health. 18 (4): 354–355. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckn040. PMID 18524802.
  12. ^ Navarro, Vicente (2009). "What We Mean by Social Determinants of Health". International Journal of Health Services. 39 (3): 423–441. doi:10.2190/HS.39.3.a. ISSN 0020-7314. JSTOR 45131149. PMID 19771949. S2CID 29669253.
  13. ^ Gore, Radhika; Parker, Richard (2019-04-03). "Analysing power and politics in health policies and systems". Global Public Health. 14 (4): 481–488. doi:10.1080/17441692.2019.1575446. ISSN 1744-1692. PMID 30773135. S2CID 73471859.
  14. ^ Burden, Barry C.; Fletcher, Jason M.; Herd, Pamela; Jones, Bradley M.; Moynihan, Donald P. (2016). "How Different Forms of Health Matter to Political Participation". The Journal of Politics. 79 (1): 166–178. doi:10.1086/687536. ISSN 0022-3816. PMC 5831556. PMID 29503463.
  15. ^ Carpenter, Daniel (2012-06-15). "Is Health Politics Different?". Annual Review of Political Science. 15 (1): 287–311. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050409-113009. ISSN 1094-2939.
  16. ^ Hunter, Edward L. (2016). "Politics and Public Health—Engaging the Third Rail". Journal of Public Health Management and Practice. 22 (5): 436–441. doi:10.1097/PHH.0000000000000446. PMC 4974059. PMID 27479306.
  17. ^ Gore, Radhika; Parker, Richard (2019). "Analysing power and politics in health policies and systems". Global Public Health. 14 (4): 481–488. doi:10.1080/17441692.2019.1575446. ISSN 1744-1706. PMID 30773135.
  18. ^ Bambra, Clare; Smith, Katherine E.; Pearce, Jamie (2019). "Scaling up: The politics of health and place". Social Science & Medicine. 232: 36–42. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.036. ISSN 1873-5347. PMID 31054402.
  19. ^ Greer, Scott L.; Bekker, Marleen; de Leeuw, Evelyne; Wismar, Matthias; Helderman, Jan-Kees; Ribeiro, Sofia; Stuckler, David (2017-10-01). "Policy, politics and public health". European Journal of Public Health. 27 (suppl_4): 40–43. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckx152. ISSN 1101-1262. PMID 29028231.
  20. ^ Carpenter, Daniel (2012-06-15). "Is Health Politics Different?". Annual Review of Political Science. 15 (1): 287–311. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050409-113009. ISSN 1094-2939. S2CID 145343654.
  21. ^ Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians (2005). "Doctors in society. Medical professionalism in a changing world". Clinical Medicine. 5 (6 Suppl 1): S5–40. ISSN 1470-2118. PMID 16408403.
  22. ^ Rose, Nikolas; Miller, Peter (1992). "Political Power beyond the State: Problematics of Government". The British Journal of Sociology. 43 (2): 173–205. doi:10.2307/591464. ISSN 0007-1315. JSTOR 591464.
  23. ^ Mackenbach, J. P. (2014-02-01). "Political determinants of health". The European Journal of Public Health. 24 (1): 2. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt183. ISSN 1101-1262. PMID 24465018.
  24. ^ a b Viens, A. M. (2019-09-01). "Neo-Liberalism, Austerity and the Political Determinants of Health". Health Care Analysis. 27 (3): 147–152. doi:10.1007/s10728-019-00377-7. ISSN 1573-3394. PMID 31297702. S2CID 195878311.
  25. ^ Mishori, Ranit (2019). "The Social Determinants of Health? Time to Focus on the Political Determinants of Health!". Medical Care. 57 (7): 491–493. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000001131. ISSN 0025-7079. PMID 31107399. S2CID 159038344.
  26. ^ Dawes, Daniel E. (2020). The political determinants of health. David R. Williams. Baltimore, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-4214-3789-7. OCLC 1112138636.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^ Kickbusch, I. (2015-01-08). "The political determinants of health--10 years on". BMJ. 350 (jan08 2): h81. doi:10.1136/bmj.h81. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 25569203. S2CID 42695432.
  28. ^ McKee, Martin (2017-06-20). "Grenfell Tower fire: why we cannot ignore the political determinants of health". BMJ. 357: j2966. doi:10.1136/bmj.j2966. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 28634211. S2CID 206915985.
  29. ^ Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts (2021). "What Influences Health?". www.publichealthwm.org. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  30. ^ Sparer, Michael S. (2011-02-01). "Comparative Health Politics: The United States and the United Kingdom - Editor's Note". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 36 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1215/03616878-1191081. ISSN 0361-6878. PMID 21638932.
  31. ^ Moran, Michael (1999). Governing the health care state : a comparative study of the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-4296-8. OCLC 42072238.
  32. ^ Fox, Daniel M. (1986-12-31). Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400855803. ISBN 978-1-4008-5580-3.
  33. ^ McInnes, Colin; Lee, Kelley; Youde, Jeremy (2018). The Oxford handbook of global health politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-045680-1. OCLC 1022284075.
  34. ^ Stoeva, Preslava (2016). "International Relations and the Global Politics of Health: A State of the Art?" (PDF). Global Health Governance. 10 (3): 97–109.
  35. ^ Batza, Katie (2018). Before AIDS : gay health politics in the 1970s. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9499-6. OCLC 1027218496.
  36. ^ Epstein, Steven (2003). "Sexualizing Governance and Medicalizing Identities: The Emergence of 'State-Centered' LGBT Health Politics in the United States". Sexualities. 6 (2): 131–171. doi:10.1177/1363460703006002001. ISSN 1363-4607. S2CID 145688250.
  37. ^ Martos, Alexander J.; Wilson, Patrick A.; Meyer, Ilan H. (2017-07-10). Prestage, Garrett (ed.). "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape". PLOS ONE. 12 (7): e0180544. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1280544M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180544. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5503273. PMID 28692659.
  38. ^ Kollman, Kelly; Waites, Matthew (2009). "The global politics of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender human rights: an introduction". Contemporary Politics. 15 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/13569770802674188. ISSN 1356-9775. S2CID 143318027.
  39. ^ Navarro, Vicente (1977). "Social Class, Political Power, and the State and Their Implications in Medicine". International Journal of Health Services. 7 (2): 255–292. doi:10.2190/WPNY-UR3N-0DH9-JTA4. ISSN 0020-7314. JSTOR 45140170. PMID 856745. S2CID 21195798.
  40. ^ Collyer, Fran (2015). The Palgrave handbook of social theory in health, illness, and medicine. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 405–423. ISBN 978-1-137-35562-1. OCLC 903139893.
  41. ^ Stampar, Andrija (2006-08-01). "On Health Politics". American Journal of Public Health. 96 (8): 1382–1385. doi:10.2105/AJPH.96.8.1382. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1522119. PMID 16864750.
  42. ^ Porta, Miquel (2014). A dictionary of epidemiology. Sander Greenland, Miguel Hernán, Isabel dos Santos Silva, John M. Last, International Epidemiological Association (6 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-939004-5. OCLC 878109125.
  43. ^ Taylor, S. (2009-11-01). "Political epidemiology: Strengthening socio-political analysis for mass immunisation – lessons from the smallpox and polio programmes". Global Public Health. 4 (6): 546–560. doi:10.1080/17441690701727850. ISSN 1744-1692. PMC 9491142. PMID 19367477. S2CID 33803095.

Further reading edit

  • Bekker P. M. Marleen and all (2018). Public health and politics: how political science can help us move forward.
  • Carme Borrell, Albert Espelt, Maica Rodríguez‐Sanz and Vicente Navarro (2007). Politics and health.
  • Clare Bambra, Debbie Fox and Alex Scott-Samuel (2006). A politics of health glossary.
  • Race, Kane (2009). Pleasure Consuming Medicine: The Queer Politics of Drugs. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822345015.
  • Radhika Gore and Richard Parker (2019). Analysing power and politics in health policies and systems.

External links edit

December 18, 2023
health, politics, politics, health, interdisciplinary, field, study, concerned, with, analysis, social, political, power, over, health, status, individuals, elizabeth, warren, bernie, sanders, campaigning, extended, medicare, coverage, 2017, incorporating, bro. Health politics or politics of health is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the analysis of social and political power over the health status of individuals 1 2 Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders campaigning for extended US medicare coverage in 2017 Health politics incorporating broad perspectives from medical sociology to international relations is interested not only in the understanding of politics as government governance but also politics as civil society and as a process of power contestation It views this wider understanding of politics to take place throughout levels of society from the individual to the global As such the politics of health is not constrained to a particular area of society such as state government but rather is a dynamic ongoing social process that takes place ubiquitously throughout our levels of society 3 Contents 1 Overview 2 Central contestations 2 1 Apolitical study of health and healthcare 3 Concepts 3 1 Medical and health professionals as political agents 3 2 Political determinants of health 4 Perspectives 4 1 Comparative health politics 4 2 Global health politics 4 3 LGBT health politics 4 4 Marxist health politics 4 5 Political epidemiology 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksOverview edit nbsp A memorial to the Great Famine Ireland a famine event in Ireland that faced elongated suffering from the UK s domestic policy failures at the time under the Prime Ministers Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell Health politics is a joint discipline between public health and politics although like many other interdisciplinary fields such as sociology phenomenology or public policy often incorporates approaches and methodologies of other related fields of study such as intersectionality 4 It sits to realize the political nature of health healthcare and the wider public health and medical contexts that sit within it 5 6 A bibliometric search for politics of health on PubMed found the earliest entry to be Schmidt s 1977 article National Blood Policy 1977 a study in the politics of health 7 that was set within the United States Foucault through his work in biopolitics offers insight into health politics through his essay English translation by Lynch 2014 The politics of health in the eighteenth century 8 Central contestations editApolitical study of health and healthcare edit A key issue that health politics engages with is the apolitical nature of health within academia health professions and wider society 9 10 As an interdisciplinary area of study it is seen as underresearched with literature focusing on the social and cultural determinants of health at the lack of political ones 11 12 By integrating analysis on social power and politics within health and healthcare systems a better understanding of barriers in health inequality and inequity can be gained 13 It critiques public health for professionalizing health and healthcare systems to an extent that it removes it from public engagement depoliticizing it in the process 14 This then transfers power away from the public body and into the medical profession and industry such that they can determine what health is and therefore how political it is or more usually is not 1 Combining political science with the study of public health health politics aims to understand the unique interplay of politics within this policy domain to locate the politics of health 15 Among professionals in public health the political system is commonly viewed as a subway s third rail avoid touching it lest you get burned Yet it is this third rail that provides power to the train and achieving public health goals depends on a sustained constructive engagement between public health and political systems 16 Here public health s problems and issues are explicitly political as the world s health bodies and organizations are supported by national governments making their solutions equally as political as well 17 18 If public health is the field that diagnoses and strives to cure social ills then understanding political causes and cures for health problems should be an intrinsic part of the field 19 Concepts editMedical and health professionals as political agents edit The delivery planning and research into health and healthcare within the modern age of nation states is a highly state orientated enterprise The bureaucracy in its provision and regulation throughout countries across the world is often one of the most highly centralised activities of government and political actors More than other areas in society health politics intersects numerous socially morally and culturally crucial as well as sensitive issues that societies face that shape the health and well being of everyone 20 Because of this medical and health professionals can be seen as political agents as a bridge between medical science and society 21 How this agency takes place through conformity or deviance e g protesting against government policy creates unique health politics landscapes and provides a perspective of looking at political power beyond the state 22 Political determinants of health edit Main article Social determinants of health The political determinants of health PDOH are a conceptual framework that visualises and frames the political factors that shape and control the health and wellbeing of people 23 This places a sociological lens upon areas like medicine treating it as a social science as much as an applied science to understand its political nature 24 Here it is predominantly a critique of the social determinants of health in its perceived failure to incorporate political factors within its framework or its having a limited conceptualisation of what politics can entail 25 PDOH outlines that politics is not merely an institutional process of government acting upon an individual Rather politics is a multifaceted contestation of social power e g the ability to enact change upon someone else that takes place throughout the social determinants of health 26 Although government agencies and policy are important seeing political contestation and politics as power operating across levels of analysis offers to seek out the cause of the causes 27 PDOH is set within the social determinants of health but acknowledges that political processes and contestation over power form a unique social phenomenon that require a distinct conceptualisation to appreciate their impact upon health and healthcare 28 Rather than stopping at social determinants like sexual orientation educational level or food insecurity it encourages an explicit exploration of the causes of these determinants such as Neoliberal market failures 24 homophobia or poverty 29 11 Perspectives editComparative health politics edit Comparative health politics takes influence from comparative politics a major sub field of politics It focuses on the interactions of health politics within a country or comparing countries as opposed to international health politics 30 31 This field of study explores how political culture class relationships to economic resources shape the implementation of health policy and wider social determinants of health often taking the form of comparative case studies 32 Global health politics edit Global health politics is interested in the statal and extra statal space of politics in health that takes place on a global level 33 It views the space of nation states as increasingly being blurred such as through processes like globalisation that makes the distinction of domestic and international health politics increasingly insensitive to shifting political contexts 34 LGBT health politics edit LGBT or gender and sexual minorities GSMs a through a complex history and ongoing discriminations have a distinct sub field within health politics From the stonewall riots to the politics involved around HIV 35 GSMs health status has been deeply influenced by the politics of any given time and geopolitical location 36 37 38 Marxist health politics edit Using theories generated by Marx and Marxist scholars a Maxist health politics centres on class conflict and the failures of capitalism and capitalistic processes and actors in the persistence of health inequalities and inequity 39 40 We have understanding only of inorganic capital and know nothing about human capital In a wholly capitalist economy where the loss of human life is considered only as a private loss for the family but as no economic loss for society the economy of people becomes of course completely superfluous 41 Political epidemiology edit This interdisciplinary field takes influence from epidemiology in creating a scientific study of the political factors that influence and shape the health of human populations 42 It has a distinct leaning on natural science methodology through a positivist approach involving methodology like statistical analysis or case studies 43 See also editHealth economics Human rights Medicalization Medical industrial complex Privatization Political science Public health Political economy World Health OrganizationNotes edit The terms used to describe the queer community are complex and has a politics of its own in terms of identity and recognition Unless interacting with members of this community who can be asked what term is best revert to using the most inclusive term References edit a b Bambra Clare Fox Debbie Scott Samuel Alex 2005 06 01 Towards a politics of health Health Promotion International 20 2 187 193 doi 10 1093 heapro dah608 ISSN 0957 4824 PMID 15722364 Greer Scott L Bekker Marleen de Leeuw Evelyne Wismar Matthias Helderman Jan Kees Ribeiro Sofia Stuckler David 2017 Policy politics and public health European Journal of Public Health 27 suppl 4 40 43 doi 10 1093 eurpub ckx152 ISSN 1101 1262 PMID 29028231 Navarro Vicente 2004 The political and social contexts of health Amityville Baywood Publishers ISBN 0 89503 296 1 OCLC 54753157 Gkiouleka Anna Huijts Tim Beckfield Jason Bambra Clare 2018 Understanding the micro and macro politics of health Inequalities intersectionality amp institutions A research agenda Social Science amp Medicine 200 92 98 doi 10 1016 j socscimed 2018 01 025 ISSN 1873 5347 PMID 29421476 Ghilardi Giampaolo Campanozzi Laura Leondina Ciccozzi Massimo Ricci Giovanna Tambone Vittoradolfo 2020 04 25 The political nature of medicine The Lancet 395 10233 1340 1341 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 20 30168 9 ISSN 0140 6736 PMID 32334696 Oliver Thomas R 2006 The Politics of Public Health Policy Annual Review of Public Health 27 1 195 233 doi 10 1146 annurev publhealth 25 101802 123126 ISSN 0163 7525 PMID 16533115 Schmidt P J 1977 National Blood Policy 1977 a study in the politics of health Progress in Hematology 10 151 172 ISSN 0079 6301 PMID 337358 Foucault Michel 2014 The politics of health in the eighteenth century Foucault Studies 113 127 doi 10 22439 fs v0i18 4654 ISSN 1832 5203 Oliver Thomas R 2006 04 01 The politics of public health policy Annual Review of Public Health 27 1 195 233 doi 10 1146 annurev publhealth 25 101802 123126 ISSN 0163 7525 PMID 16533115 Ghilardi Giampaolo Campanozzi Laura Leondina Ciccozzi Massimo Ricci Giovanna Tambone Vittoradolfo 2020 04 25 The political nature of medicine The Lancet 395 10233 1340 1341 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 20 30168 9 hdl 11581 436713 ISSN 0140 6736 PMID 32334696 S2CID 216095807 a b Navarro Vincent 2008 Politics and health a neglected area of research European Journal of Public Health 18 4 354 355 doi 10 1093 eurpub ckn040 PMID 18524802 Navarro Vicente 2009 What We Mean by Social Determinants of Health International Journal of Health Services 39 3 423 441 doi 10 2190 HS 39 3 a ISSN 0020 7314 JSTOR 45131149 PMID 19771949 S2CID 29669253 Gore Radhika Parker Richard 2019 04 03 Analysing power and politics in health policies and systems Global Public Health 14 4 481 488 doi 10 1080 17441692 2019 1575446 ISSN 1744 1692 PMID 30773135 S2CID 73471859 Burden Barry C Fletcher Jason M Herd Pamela Jones Bradley M Moynihan Donald P 2016 How Different Forms of Health Matter to Political Participation The Journal of Politics 79 1 166 178 doi 10 1086 687536 ISSN 0022 3816 PMC 5831556 PMID 29503463 Carpenter Daniel 2012 06 15 Is Health Politics Different Annual Review of Political Science 15 1 287 311 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 050409 113009 ISSN 1094 2939 Hunter Edward L 2016 Politics and Public Health Engaging the Third Rail Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 22 5 436 441 doi 10 1097 PHH 0000000000000446 PMC 4974059 PMID 27479306 Gore Radhika Parker Richard 2019 Analysing power and politics in health policies and systems Global Public Health 14 4 481 488 doi 10 1080 17441692 2019 1575446 ISSN 1744 1706 PMID 30773135 Bambra Clare Smith Katherine E Pearce Jamie 2019 Scaling up The politics of health and place Social Science amp Medicine 232 36 42 doi 10 1016 j socscimed 2019 04 036 ISSN 1873 5347 PMID 31054402 Greer Scott L Bekker Marleen de Leeuw Evelyne Wismar Matthias Helderman Jan Kees Ribeiro Sofia Stuckler David 2017 10 01 Policy politics and public health European Journal of Public Health 27 suppl 4 40 43 doi 10 1093 eurpub ckx152 ISSN 1101 1262 PMID 29028231 Carpenter Daniel 2012 06 15 Is Health Politics Different Annual Review of Political Science 15 1 287 311 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 050409 113009 ISSN 1094 2939 S2CID 145343654 Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians 2005 Doctors in society Medical professionalism in a changing world Clinical Medicine 5 6 Suppl 1 S5 40 ISSN 1470 2118 PMID 16408403 Rose Nikolas Miller Peter 1992 Political Power beyond the State Problematics of Government The British Journal of Sociology 43 2 173 205 doi 10 2307 591464 ISSN 0007 1315 JSTOR 591464 Mackenbach J P 2014 02 01 Political determinants of health The European Journal of Public Health 24 1 2 doi 10 1093 eurpub ckt183 ISSN 1101 1262 PMID 24465018 a b Viens A M 2019 09 01 Neo Liberalism Austerity and the Political Determinants of Health Health Care Analysis 27 3 147 152 doi 10 1007 s10728 019 00377 7 ISSN 1573 3394 PMID 31297702 S2CID 195878311 Mishori Ranit 2019 The Social Determinants of Health Time to Focus on the Political Determinants of Health Medical Care 57 7 491 493 doi 10 1097 MLR 0000000000001131 ISSN 0025 7079 PMID 31107399 S2CID 159038344 Dawes Daniel E 2020 The political determinants of health David R Williams Baltimore Maryland ISBN 978 1 4214 3789 7 OCLC 1112138636 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Kickbusch I 2015 01 08 The political determinants of health 10 years on BMJ 350 jan08 2 h81 doi 10 1136 bmj h81 ISSN 1756 1833 PMID 25569203 S2CID 42695432 McKee Martin 2017 06 20 Grenfell Tower fire why we cannot ignore the political determinants of health BMJ 357 j2966 doi 10 1136 bmj j2966 ISSN 1756 1833 PMID 28634211 S2CID 206915985 Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts 2021 What Influences Health www publichealthwm org Retrieved 2021 11 06 Sparer Michael S 2011 02 01 Comparative Health Politics The United States and the United Kingdom Editor s Note Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law 36 1 1 4 doi 10 1215 03616878 1191081 ISSN 0361 6878 PMID 21638932 Moran Michael 1999 Governing the health care state a comparative study of the United Kingdom the United States and Germany Manchester UK Manchester University Press ISBN 0 7190 4296 8 OCLC 42072238 Fox Daniel M 1986 12 31 Health Policies Health Politics The British and American Experience 1911 1965 Princeton Princeton University Press doi 10 1515 9781400855803 ISBN 978 1 4008 5580 3 McInnes Colin Lee Kelley Youde Jeremy 2018 The Oxford handbook of global health politics Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 045680 1 OCLC 1022284075 Stoeva Preslava 2016 International Relations and the Global Politics of Health A State of the Art PDF Global Health Governance 10 3 97 109 Batza Katie 2018 Before AIDS gay health politics in the 1970s Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0 8122 9499 6 OCLC 1027218496 Epstein Steven 2003 Sexualizing Governance and Medicalizing Identities The Emergence of State Centered LGBT Health Politics in the United States Sexualities 6 2 131 171 doi 10 1177 1363460703006002001 ISSN 1363 4607 S2CID 145688250 Martos Alexander J Wilson Patrick A Meyer Ilan H 2017 07 10 Prestage Garrett ed Lesbian gay bisexual and transgender LGBT health services in the United States Origins evolution and contemporary landscape PLOS ONE 12 7 e0180544 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1280544M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0180544 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5503273 PMID 28692659 Kollman Kelly Waites Matthew 2009 The global politics of lesbian gay bisexual and transgender human rights an introduction Contemporary Politics 15 1 1 17 doi 10 1080 13569770802674188 ISSN 1356 9775 S2CID 143318027 Navarro Vicente 1977 Social Class Political Power and the State and Their Implications in Medicine International Journal of Health Services 7 2 255 292 doi 10 2190 WPNY UR3N 0DH9 JTA4 ISSN 0020 7314 JSTOR 45140170 PMID 856745 S2CID 21195798 Collyer Fran 2015 The Palgrave handbook of social theory in health illness and medicine Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan pp 405 423 ISBN 978 1 137 35562 1 OCLC 903139893 Stampar Andrija 2006 08 01 On Health Politics American Journal of Public Health 96 8 1382 1385 doi 10 2105 AJPH 96 8 1382 ISSN 0090 0036 PMC 1522119 PMID 16864750 Porta Miquel 2014 A dictionary of epidemiology Sander Greenland Miguel Hernan Isabel dos Santos Silva John M Last International Epidemiological Association 6 ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 939004 5 OCLC 878109125 Taylor S 2009 11 01 Political epidemiology Strengthening socio political analysis for mass immunisation lessons from the smallpox and polio programmes Global Public Health 4 6 546 560 doi 10 1080 17441690701727850 ISSN 1744 1692 PMC 9491142 PMID 19367477 S2CID 33803095 Further reading editBekker P M Marleen and all 2018 Public health and politics how political science can help us move forward Carme Borrell Albert Espelt Maica Rodriguez Sanz and Vicente Navarro 2007 Politics and health Clare Bambra Debbie Fox and Alex Scott Samuel 2006 A politics of health glossary Race Kane 2009 Pleasure Consuming Medicine The Queer Politics of Drugs Durham NC Duke University Press ISBN 9780822345015 Radhika Gore and Richard Parker 2019 Analysing power and politics in health policies and systems External links editJournal of Health Politics Policy and Law Journal of Policy Politics amp Nursing Practice Politics of Health Group Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Health politics amp oldid 1187944728, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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