fbpx
Wikipedia

Health and appearance of Michael Jackson

October 15, 2023

Michael Jackson was an American entertainer who spent over four decades in the public eye, first as a child star with the Jackson 5 and later as a solo artist. From the mid-1980s, Jackson's appearance began to change dramatically. The changes to his face, particularly his nose, triggered widespread speculation of extensive cosmetic surgery, and his skin tone became much lighter.[1][2] He was diagnosed with the skin disorder vitiligo, which results in white patches on the skin and sensitivity to sunlight. To treat the condition, he used fair-colored makeup[3] and likely skin-bleaching prescription creams[4] to cover up the uneven blotches of color caused by the illness. The creams would have further lightened his skin. The lighter skin resulted in criticism that he was trying to appear white.[2][5] Jackson said he had not purposely bleached his skin and that he was not trying to be anything he was not.[6]

Michael Jackson in 1984 (left) and 1993 (right)

Jackson and some of his siblings said they had been physically and psychologically abused by their father Joe Jackson. In 2003, Joe admitted to whipping them as children, but he emphatically rejected the longstanding abuse allegations.[7][8] The whippings deeply traumatized Jackson and may have led to the onset of further health problems later in his life. Physicians speculated that he had body dysmorphic disorder.[9]

At some point during the 1990s, it appeared that Jackson had become dependent on prescription drugs, mainly painkillers and strong sedatives. The drug use was later linked to second- and third-degree burns he had suffered years before. Jackson gradually became dependent on these drugs, and his health deteriorated. He went into rehabilitation in 1993.[10]

While preparing for a series of comeback concerts scheduled to begin in July 2009, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication after suffering cardiac arrest on June 25, 2009. His personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in his death and sentenced to four years in prison.

Skin color

 
Jackson in 1988, in the middle of his skin transformation from light brown to pale

Jackson's skin had been medium-brown during his youth, but from the mid-1980s gradually grew paler. The change drew widespread media coverage, including speculation that he had been bleaching his skin.[1][2][5] Jackson's dermatologist, Arnold Klein, said he observed in 1983 that Jackson had vitiligo,[11] a condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment. He also identified discoid lupus erythematosus in Jackson. He diagnosed Jackson with lupus that year,[11] and with vitiligo in 1986.[12]

Vitiligo's drastic effects on the body can cause psychological distress. Jackson used fair-colored makeup,[3] and possibly skin-bleaching prescription creams,[4] to cover up the uneven blotches of color caused by the illness. The creams would have further lightened his skin, and, with the application of makeup, he could appear very pale.[13] The cause of vitiligo is unknown,[14] but it is believed to be due to genetic susceptibility triggered by an environmental factor such that an autoimmune disease occurs.[14][15]

Jackson's physical changes gained widespread media coverage and provoked criticism from the public.[2][5][16] Some African-American psychologists argued Jackson was "a lousy role model for black youth". Dennis Chestnut said Jackson had given "black youth a feeling that they can achieve", but might encourage them to believe they had to be esoteric and idiosyncratic to be successful. Halford Fairchild said Jackson and other African-American celebrities would try "to look more like white people in order to get in films and on television".[17] Jackson has also been confronted with the reaction of the people around him. Filmmaker John Landis, who directed two music videos for Jackson, said when Jackson showed him his bleached chest, he told him the doctor who had done it was a criminal.[18]

 
Jackson shielded from the sun by an umbrella in 2006.

However, in 1993, Jackson told Oprah Winfrey "there, as I know of, there is no such thing as skin bleaching. I've never seen it, I don't know what it is." He said he had a hereditary skin disorder (vitiligo), and would use make-up to even out the uneven skin tone. "It is something I cannot help," said Jackson. "When people make up stories that I don't want to be who I am, it hurts me. It's a problem for me. I can't control it. But what about all the millions of people who sit in the sun to become darker, to become other than what they are. Nobody says nothing about that."[6] Winfrey's interview with Jackson was watched by an average of 62 million viewers at any given moment.[19] It also started a public discourse on the topic of vitiligo, then a relatively unknown condition.[16][20][21][22]

Jackson publicly said that he was proud to be black.[18] He also wrote a letter to photographer William Pecchi Jr. in 1988 which reads: "Maybe I look at the world through rose colored glasses but I love people all over the world. That is why stories of racism really disturb me. [...] Because in truth I believe ALL men are created equal, I was taught that and will always believe it. I just can't conceive of how a person could hate another because of skin color. I love every race on the planet earth. Prejudice is the child of ignorance. Naked we come into the world and naked we shall go out. And a very good thing too, for it reminds me that I am naked under my shirt, whatever its color."[23]

Shortly following Jackson's death, tubes of Benoquin and hydroquinone were found in Jackson's home. Both creams are commonly used to treat vitiligo; David Sawcer said some patients with vitiligo remove dark areas of skin when most of their skin has become pale.[24] Darkening depigmented skin is also extremely difficult.[25] Depigmentation causes a permanent and extreme sensitivity to the sun.[26] Vitiligo patients are at risk to contract melanoma, and an annual cancer check-up is recommended.[27] Jackson also covered his skin disorder with clothing wearing long sleeves and long pants. In the music video for "Remember the Time", all dancers and actors except for Jackson are lightly dressed following the example set by ancient Egyptians.[28] Jackson usually avoided wearing patterned clothing to avoid attention to the disorder.[29]

Jackson's autopsy confirmed that he had vitiligo.[30][31] His skin was found to have reduced (though not absent) melanocytes, the cells active in skin pigmentation.[32] Vitiligo occurs in three different patterns. Segmental depigmentation means only one side of the body is affected, whereas generalized depigmentation means many parts of the body are affected.[33] Jackson's autopsy report states a "focal depigmentation of the skin"[34] (i.e., the depigmentation occurs on one or a few areas of the body).[33]

In Jackson's case, there were five affected areas.[34] When Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo in the mid-1980s, he started to learn more about the disease. He would often call his dermatologist's nurse and future wife Debbie Rowe to get medical information as well as emotional support.[35] Jackson's autopsy did not confirm or refute the claim that he had lupus.[30][31]

Cosmetic procedures

Nose surgeries

Media reports state Jackson had extensive surgery on his nose.[36] Jackson contradicted those reports in his 1988 autobiography Moonwalk, saying he only had had two rhinoplasties.[37] Shortly after Jackson's death Klein stated that he had rebuilt Jackson's nose because its cartilage had totally collapsed and that he had been 'exquisitely sensitive to pain'.[38] Medical records show that Klein administered Jackson Demerol during procedures.[39] Jackson had told Patrick Treacy that he had had a facial hypersensitivity caused by a botched cosmetic surgery.[40] Jackson's second wife Debbie Rowe, who had met Jackson while she had been working for Klein, said she had been designated to help him through procedures.[41]

In 2017, British broadcaster Sky canceled the airing of an episode of Urban Myths which cast Joseph Fiennes to portray Jackson with heavy white makeup and a constructed nose. The cancelation came after Jackson's family had expressed concerns in public.[42]

Facial structure

Surgeons speculated he also had a forehead lift, cheekbone surgery and altered his lips.[43] Jackson however, said that he had a dimple created in his chin attributing the other changes in the structure of his face to puberty, a strict vegetarian diet, weight loss, a change in hair style and stage lighting.[37] He also denied allegations that he had altered his eyes.[44] In the unedited version of the documentary Living With Michael Jackson, Jackson was asked about his cheeks; he answered: "These cheekbones? No. My father has the same thing. We have Indian blood."[45]

Physical health

See also: Dangerous World Tour

Burns and scalp surgery

 
Jackson in 1985

In early 1984,[46] Jackson's hair caught fire during a commercial shoot. Jackson stated the fire had been caused by sparks of magnesium flash bombs exploding only two feet away from either side of his head, totally disregarding safety regulations.[47] Later that day the hospital announced that Jackson was in stable condition and doing well. A spokesman said the patient had suffered second-degree burns on his skull and would be transferred to Brotman Medical Center's special burn unit.[46]

Jackson said he had suffered third-degree burns on the back of his head that had almost gone through his skull, and that it had caused him a lot of problems.[48] Over a period of several years balloon implants had been inserted to stretch the affected area and cut out the scars in order to restore his hair.[49] In November 1993, Jackson announced the cancellation of the remaining Dangerous Tour due to a dependence on painkillers which had been prescribed after a recent constructive scalp surgery.[50] The efforts to restore his hair failed and Jackson finally decided to wear a wig.[49]

Dehydration

In August 1993, two shows of Jackson's Dangerous Tour in Thailand had to be canceled due to dehydration.[51] Following these cancellations Coca-Cola, rival of Jackson's sponsor Pepsi, ran a controversial advertisement in Bangkok's English-language newspapers posing "Dehydrated? There's always a Coke".[52] On August 27, 1993, Jackson "returned to the concert stage".[53] A few days later Jackson complained of nausea and a severe headache.[51] His physician stated Jackson had had a migraine a few weeks before and that the dehydration might have intensified it. Jackson underwent a MRI scan which was entirely normal.[54]

A specialist confirmed Forecast's diagnosis of "late-onset migraine," and medication was prescribed for Jackson.[55] Jackson consumed a lot of water,[56] preventing dehydration[57] and voice problems.[58] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance. Medics cited irregular beats, gastro-intestinal inflammation, dehydration, and kidney and liver irregularities.[59]

In June 2003 Jackson had been briefly hospitalized before a deposition in a copyright matter. A physician had stated Jackson was weak, dizzy and dehydrated. He had been treated with intravenous fluids and a tranquilizer. A lawyer for Jackson stated Jackson "sometimes became nervous and failed to eat when faced with depositions". An emergency physician and Jackson's personal physician had provided affidavits regarding Jackson's health. The deposition was postponed.[60]

Orthopedic problems

In June 1990, Jackson was admitted to a Santa Monica hospital with chest pains.[61] According to Mark Zatzkis, "laboratory and X-ray tests of Jackson's heart and lungs revealed no abnormalities"; the pains "were caused by bruised ribs suffered during a vigorous dance practice".[62] The first concert in Santiago de Chile, scheduled for October 21, 1993, was canceled due to lumbar problems; two days later, Jackson performed at Estadio Nacional.[63] Another concert in Lima, Peru, scheduled for October 26, 1993, was canceled due to a torn muscle suffered during a show in Brazil.[64]

Jackson suffered a back injury in June 1999 after one of the stages collapsed during a concert in Munich, Germany.[65] On March 10, 2005, Jackson appeared late in court after having received treatment in a hospital[66] due to a back problem.[67] The judge ordered him to appear in court under the penalty of arrest and forfeiture of his bail.[66] Jackson appeared in court wearing a T-shirt, a blazer, pajama bottoms and slippers.[68]

On March 21, Jackson arrived in court accompanied by a doctor. It is believed that he suffered from back problems again. A conversation between the judge and the lawyers regarding the matter was sealed.[67] During the trial, Jackson occasionally needed help to get to his seat.[69] On June 5, 2005, Jackson was taken to the emergency room at the Santa Ynez Valley Cottage Hospital to seek treatment of a back pain. Jackson's spokeswoman, Raymone Bain, said "stress contributed to the back problem".[70]

Viral infections and voice problems

On March 12, 1988, Jackson canceled a show in St. Louis, which was rescheduled to March 14; on March 13, Jackson performed in St. Louis although he was fighting a cold. The cold progressed to laryngitis; the show on March 14 was also canceled.[71] Three shows in Tacoma, scheduled from October 31 to November 2, 1988, had to be canceled on his physician's advice because Jackson had the flu.[72] Two shows in Los Angeles were canceled due to swollen vocal cords;[73] three shows in Los Angeles scheduled for November 20, 21 and 22 were also canceled; these five concerts were rescheduled for January 1989.[74]

In August 1992, a concert in London, England had to be postponed due to a viral infection. Four days later, Jackson performed in Cardiff, Wales.[75] In September 1992, a concert in Gelsenkirchen, Germany was canceled because Jackson was ill with the flu.[76] In October 1992, a concert in Istanbul and another in Izmir, Turkey had to be canceled due to loss of voice caused by a cold.[77][78] His private doctor attended to Jackson in Istanbul. According to organizers, Jackson's "vocal cords were irritated".[79] These concerts were supposed to be the last three shows of the tour's European leg. Jackson was seen by a throat specialist in London and was advised to seek further treatment in Los Angeles.[77]

People around Jackson took precautions to keep him healthy. One of the measures was that Jackson wore a surgical mask during air travel. Later he transformed it into a fashion accessory wearing a silk mask in black with jewel tones.[80] On February 15, 2005, Jackson was admitted to Marian Medical Center in Santa Maria with "flu-like symptoms".[81] According to Chuck Merrill, Jackson was in stable condition and would recover within a few days.[82] Jackson left the hospital on February 16, 2005. Todd Bailey said Jackson "continued to need care for some persistent viral symptoms, but otherwise he was in good spirits".[81] One week later, the jury selection for the child molestation trial resumed in Jackson's presence.[83]

Dental problems

In 1993, several concerts in Mexico City were canceled due to tooth problems.[50] Two abscessed molars were extracted.[84]

Ambulance transport and hospitalization

In 1992, an ambulance took Jackson back to his hotel after the show In Lausanne, Switzerland; another show in Basel was also canceled.[85] In 1999, Jackson was taken to a hospital with abrasions and bruises after a bridge, on which Jackson was standing during a charity concert in Munich, Germany, had been lowered too fast.[86]

Insomnia

Allan Metzger stated in his testimony for Murray's trial that Jackson began having recurring insomnia because each show often left him adrenalized and unable to sleep for days. Metzger would prescribe sleep medication for Jackson that helped him while he was working on We Are the World. However, during the 1996 HIStory World Tour, his insomnia became worse and his prescriptions were increased by different physicians.[87]

In his final months, Jackson's insomnia was still prevalent and he was dissatisfied with his lack of sleep. Nurse Lee stated she spent one night in Jackson's residence to monitor his nighttime routine. Jackson went to bed with classical music playing on a sound system and Donald Duck playing on a computer. That night Jackson slept only for three hours. He told Lee: "All I want is to be able to sleep. I want to be able to sleep eight hours. I know I'll feel better the next day."[88]

Klein recalled Jackson could not sleep one night when he was on tour in Hawaii. Finally Klein and his office slept in Jackson's room.[38] One of his lawyers said Jackson suffered from sleeplessness when he was under pressure: "He gets upset, he doesn't drink, he doesn't eat, he can't sleep. It gets to the point where he just can't stand it. He is exhausted with this kind of thing."[89]

Drug use

Painkillers

 
Jackson in 1997

In November 1993, Jackson announced that he was dependent on painkillers; he said he had recently undergone a scalp surgery, and the painkillers had been prescribed. In a taped statement Jackson said: "The pressure resulting from these false allegations, coupled with the incredible energy necessary for me to perform, caused so much distress that it left me physically and emotionally exhausted. I became increasingly more dependent on the painkillers."[50] His lawyers said Jackson would be treated for dependency overseas for one and a half months to two months.[90] In December 1993, Jackson returned to the United States.[91]

Jackson's dependency was questioned by the lawyer who represented the boy accusing Jackson of sexual abuse. In November 1993 two lawyers, who had seen Jackson a few days before he had canceled his tour, described their impressions in a sworn declaration. A plaintiff's lawyer in a copyright matter stated he had been "warned that the entertainer was taking painkillers because of recent oral surgery" before questioning him. The lawyer stated he had seen "no obvious effects of drug abuse".[92]

One of Jackson's lawyers stated she had seen him the day before and had concluded he had been 'unfit to give testimony' but 'seemed to be doing much better' the next day when he had given the deposition. Jackson's lawyer said these swings had continued over the next few days. She said she had been "deeply concerned" about Jackson's health.[93]

Propofol

Cherilyn Lee, a nurse who provided nutritional counseling to Jackson, said that on April 12, 2009, he had asked her for unspecified "products for sleep". On April 19, 2009, he told her the only medicine that would help was propofol.[94] Lee refused, telling him, "Michael, the only problem with you taking this medication ... is you're going to take it and you're not going to wake up."[88]

Jackson dismissed the warning, telling her he had been given the drug before and that he had been told it was safe.[95] After Jackson's death Lee said in an interview: "He wasn't looking to get high or feel good and sedated from drugs. This was a person who was not on drugs. This was a person who was seeking help, desperately, to get some sleep, to get some rest."[88]

Patrick Treacy, a cosmetic surgeon who had treated Jackson while he had been living in Ireland in 2006,[49][96] stated that he had never seen any drugs in the house and had never been asked for narcotics. Jackson had always insisted on the presence of an anesthetist when Propofol had been administered.[97]

Sexuality

See also: FBI files on Michael Jackson
 
Jackson in 1977

There have been many public rumors regarding Jackson's sexuality. People wondered whether he was homosexual or heterosexual. Some thought he was asexual.[98] In the early 1980s, media reports stated that Jackson had never had a school chum or a steady girlfriend.[99] Jackson later stated he had been too embarrassed to approach girls in school although he had liked them. He stated he had become romantically involved with actresses Tatum O'Neal and Brooke Shields.[100] Shields later denied saying she had given him permission to say she is his girlfriend.[101]

In 1993, Oprah Winfrey asked him if he was a virgin. Jackson refused to answer, saying that would be something very private. Winfrey later admitted that the question had been embarrassing.[102] Later in 1993 Jackson was accused of having sexually abused a boy.[103] In 1994, Jackson married his first wife Lisa Marie Presley.[104] Presley said in an interview that the couple had sex.[105] In early 1996, Presley filed for divorce. At the end of that year, Jackson announced that his longtime friend Debbie Rowe,[106] who had been working as a nurse for Jackson's dermatologist,[38] was six months pregnant with his baby.

He denied reports stating Rowe had been inseminated artificially. They married one week later.[106] Rowe is the mother of two of Jackson's children. Jackson later said that many single mothers have children and fathers should have the same opportunity. He said Rowe had wanted to do that for him as a present.[107] In late 1999, she filed for divorce.[108] Speculations whether they had sex or not continue.[38]

Media reports state Jackson's third child was carried by a surrogate whose identity is unknown.[109] Jackson said he had signed a contractual agreement not to talk about her.[110] During a child molestation trial against Jackson in 2005, prosecutors showed the jury a collection of heterosexual pornographic magazines that had been found during a police raid in 2003.[111] The investigator who found the magazines testified they were legal.[67] Jackson was later acquitted.[112]

Mental health

Appearance

Jackson's physical changes attracted widespread media coverage and criticism from the public.[44] Some African-American psychologists argued that Jackson was a poor role model for black youth. Dennis Chestnut said Jackson had given "black youth a feeling that they can achieve", but might encourage them to believe they had to be esoteric and idiosyncratic to be successful. Halford Fairchild said Jackson and other African-American celebrities would try "to look more like white people in order to get in films and on television".[113] When Jackson was approached in 2003 about people thinking he was obsessed with cosmetic surgery because of his distressed childhood he replied: "Well, I know what's inside my head. That's all."[114]

In his interview in 1993, Jackson talked about the impact the speculations about his skin color had on him. "It is something I cannot help," said Jackson. "When people make up stories that I don't want to be who I am, it hurts me. It's a problem for me. I can't control it. But what about all the millions of people who sit in the sun to become darker, to become other than what they are. Nobody says nothing about that."[6] Jackson publicly said that he was proud to be black.[36] Jackson's paternity of his three children is questioned in public due to their light skin color.[115] Jackson's cosmetic surgeries are also regarded as an attempt to look white. Another theory says Jackson did not want to look like his father. People close to Jackson say he did not want to remove himself from the race.[116]

Eccentric lifestyle

In September 1986, the National Enquirer reported Jackson would sleep in an oxygen chamber in order to prolong his life. Later editor Nick Maier declared that the story was not true. He said a polaroid of Jackson lying in the chamber was provided by Jackson's press representative. Maier added: "Many celebrities try to create a buzz around themselves. And Michael Jackson did exactly that. In the end, that backfired…"[98] Jackson used his eccentric image to cover his skin condition before speaking about it in public.[117]

Depression

Jackson's daughter stated her father had depression and had been prescribed antidepressants.[118] Jackson stated he used to cry from loneliness as a child starting at the age of eight or nine.[119] Jackson said his acne had a bad effect on his personality and depressed him. He hadn't looked at people when he had been talking and hadn't wanted to go out, but stated he had learned to feel better about himself and things had changed.[120]

Jackson stated in his biography he had one of the most difficult periods in his life when he was making Off the Wall. He felt isolated having only very few close friends. He used to walk through his neighborhood hoping to meet somebody he could talk to and who might become a friend. "Success definitely brings on loneliness", he added. "I've learned to cope better with these things and now I don't get nearly as depressed as I used to".[121]

Childhood

 
Jackson as a teenager in 1974

In his memoir, Jackson described the relationship with his father Joe as "turbulent". He stated he would not know his father Joseph and had never been able "to have a real closeness with him". He said Joseph found it hard to relate to his children beyond family business.[122] He stated that he and his siblings had been physically abused by his father with a belt or a switch. Jackson said he had fought back and had hidden himself under tables.[123]

In his 1993 interview with Oprah Winfrey, Jackson said there had been times when he had been so scared of his father that he would get sick and start to regurgitate when Joe had come to see him.[124] In 2003, his father admitted having whipped Jackson with a switch and a belt.[125] In a speech held at Oxford University in March 2001, Jackson said that his father had never shown him love. He said he had forgiven his father and encouraged parents to spend more time with their children.[126] Jackson said that he would not have been so successful if Joseph had not been as strong.[127] He said he was thankful that his father had not tried to take his children's money.[122]

Jackson also said he missed a lot of his childhood. He said it was hard to watch other children playing while he was working.[128] Jackson said that he loved to perform but admitted there had been times when he had not wanted to.[129] In his mid 30s, Jackson said he was compensating for his lost childhood.[130] Later, he released a song, "Childhood", about it.[131]

Child abuse allegations

See also: 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson and Trial of Michael Jackson

In November 1993, Jackson's then lawyer Bertram Fields announced that his client would be treated for painkillers outside the U.S. He declined that Jackson wouldn't come back because of the child molestation allegations. He said: "He's not in a position to cooperate with his attorneys now preparing his defense. He was barely able to function on an intellectual level."[90]

Fields was criticized by others in Jackson's team for portraying Jackson as incompetent. Later he stated: "It was important to tell the truth. [The boy's lawyer] and the press took the position that Michael was trying to hide and that it was all a scam. But it wasn't." The lawyer resigned a few days later.[132] The week before, Jackson had given two depositions in a copyright issue. One of the plaintiffs' lawyers said: "[Jackson] didn't look tired at all. It was not obvious to me he was suffering addiction or we wouldn't use the testimony".[90]

Death

Main article: Death of Michael Jackson

Medical examination in February 2009

Due to an inquiry about a cancelation insurance for the upcoming tour, insurance carriers demanded a medical exam by a doctor they trusted. In February 2009, Jackson had an examination performed by David Slavit of New York. Later, the broker told an AEG senior vice president Jackson had only slight hay fever and had passed the exam "with flying colors". A second medical exam was supposed to take place on July 6, 2009.[133]

Health problems in June 2009

After Jackson's death, nurse Lee stated that she had received a frantic call on June 21, 2009, from an aide on Jackson's staff. The aide had reported that Jackson had been feeling ill. Lee reported overhearing Jackson complain that one side of his body was hot, the other side cold. She had believed that somebody had given him something that had affected his central nervous system. She had advised the aide to take him to the hospital.[88]

June 25, 2009

The autopsy report states that Jackson called his primary physician, cardiologist Conrad Murray, at around 1 am on June 25, 2009, and complained of being dehydrated and being unable to sleep. Murray went to Jackson's residence and administered medical care. The details and extent of the medical care were unknown when the autopsy report was written. Jackson slept for several hours while Murray was at his bedside. He found Jackson not breathing at approximately 12 pm. He pulled him onto the bedroom floor and began CPR.[31]

911 was called and paramedics arrived at 12:26 pm. The paramedics continued CPR and ACLS protocol including two rounds of epinephrine and atropine. Jackson was intubated and the CPR efforts continued. Jackson remained unresponsive, his pupils were fixed and dilated. Jackson was transported to UCLA Medical Center under Murray's advisement, who gave all medical orders throughout the transport. Upon arrival Jackson was asystolic. Central lines and an intra-aortic balloon pump were placed but Jackson remained without vital signs. Death was pronounced at 2:26 pm.[31]

Death investigation

 
Jackson's childhood home in July 2009

In the afternoon of June 25, 2009, Jackson's death was reported as an accidental versus natural death case to the Los Angeles County Department of Coroner by the LAPD. The coroner completed a body examination at the hospital in the late afternoon. Later that day, the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department-Air Bureau transported Jackson's body to the Coroner's Forensic Science Center.[31]

Two days after Jackson died, Murray told the police that he had arrived at Jackson's residence at 12:50 a.m. on June 25. He said doses of lorazepam and midazolam had not put Jackson to sleep throughout the night and so he had given him 25 milligrams of propofol at around 10:40 a.m.[134] He said the propofol had been diluted with lidocaine.[135]

Murray said he had administered the drug at Jackson's request, after which Jackson fell asleep. Murray stated at some point he had gone to the bathroom, and when he returned he had found Jackson not breathing and had started CPR. Murray said he had given Jackson propofol "virtually every day" for a little more than two months. He said Jackson had told him it would be the only thing that would help him sleep and that he had received it before.[134]

Murray stated he had feared Jackson had been becoming addicted. Three days before Jackson's death he had begun to reduce the use of propofol, and with Jackson's reluctant cooperation he had relied more on lorazepam and midazolam. According to Murray, Jackson had not needed propofol in the night of June 23, but the next night lorazepam and midazolam had not helped Jackson sleep.[134]

On June 29, the coroner's office issued a subpoena requesting all of Jackson's medical records. Murray only handed over few documents referring to sporadic medical care he had provided since 2006, but no records referring to treatments in Jackson's final months.[136] A few days later, the DEA confirmed they had joined the investigations into Jackson's death. A spokesperson said the agency would "routinely offer assistance to any agency regarding the Federal Controlled Substance act".[137]

Following Jackson's death, a police warrant issued against his attending physician, Conrad Murray, said that Jackson's many doctors had used nineteen distinct aliases while prescribing medications for Jackson.[138] Police found a CD mentioning the "Omar Arnold" alias when they raided the Las Vegas, Nevada home and office of Conrad Murray, Jackson's personal physician.[139] Use of pseudonyms by celebrities' doctors is common practice for maintaining the confidentiality of patients' medical history.[140]

Autopsy report

 
Jackson in 2003

Jackson's death was caused by an acute propofol intoxication with a benzodiazepine effect being a contributory factor in the death. The coroner determined Jackson's death a homicide based on the following reasons: "Circumstances indicate that propofol and the benzodiazepines were administered by another. The propofol was administered in a non-hospital setting without any appropriate medical indication. The standard of care for administering propofol was not met […]. Recommended equipment for patient monitoring, precision dosing, and resuscitation was not present. The circumstances do not support self-administration of propofol".

Jackson's autopsy report states one scar beside each of his nostrils, one scar behind each of his ears, plus cosmetic tattoos on his eyebrows, around his eyes and lips. It also states a "dark discoloration resembling a tattoo on the anterior half of the scalp". Jackson was uncircumcised. The report confirmed that he had vitiligo and states a "focal depigmentation of the skin"[31] (i.e., the depigmentation occurs on one or a few areas of the body).[33]

In Jackson's case, there were five affected areas. Two areas of his neck were found to have reduced (though not absent) melanocytes, the cells active in skin pigmentation. He had punctured wounds on his right neck, both arms,[H 1] both ankles and his right shoulder. Jackson had degenerative osteoarthritis of the lower lumbar spine facet joints and the distal interphalangeal joints of the right index and long fingers as well as the left little finger. He also had a chronic interstitial pneumonitis.[31]

Second autopsy

Jackson's family sought a second autopsy which was performed by a private pathologist on June 27, 2009. Reverend Jesse Jackson (no relation) said the family had a lot of questions. Former medical examiners said it is not unusual for families to ask for a second autopsy because they either distrust officials or want a second opinion. A New York pathologist said the family would have the results within one or two weeks. It was estimated that the official results for the toxicology results for Jackson could take four to six weeks.[141]

Trial of Conrad Murray

See also: People v. Murray

In 2011, Murray was tried for involuntary manslaughter. Prosecutors said [Murray]... "repeatedly acted with gross negligence, repeatedly denied appropriate care to his patient".[135] Records showed that Murray had spent nearly 90 minutes on the phone in the hours before Jackson died making or receiving 11 phone calls.[142] Murray's attorneys argued that Jackson administered the fatal dose himself when the defendant was not in the bedroom.[143] Christopher Rogers said in his testimony: "The theory that seems less reasonable to me is that Mr. Jackson woke up, and although he was under the influence of sedative medications, managed to give himself another dose."[144]

Records showed that 911 had been called at 12:21 p.m.[145] Paramedic Richard Sennef testified that Murray did not mention propofol when he asked him about Jackson's medications. According to Sennef Murray said: "No he's not taking anything. I just gave him a little bit of Lorazepam to help him sleep." Murray told Sennef he had treated Jackson for dehydration and exhaustion.[146] Paramedic Martin Blunt testified he saw three open vials of lidocaine on the floor of Jackson's bedroom when he and his colleague arrived. He said when his colleague had asked Murray what drugs Jackson had been given Murray did not mention lidocaine. Blunt said when they prepared to transport Jackson to the hospital he saw Murray putting three bottles into a black bag.[147]

Jackson had arrived at the emergency room of UCLA Medical Center at 1:13 p.m.[148] Emergency doctor Richelle Cooper testified she first called death at 12:57 p.m. based on the information provided by the paramedics at Jackson's residence.[149] She said that Jackson had been "clinically dead" when he had arrived[150] Cooper said Murray had told her Jackson had regularly taken Valium and Flomax and that he had given Jackson 2 mg of lorazepam via IV. That dose had been followed by another dose. After the second dose, Jackson went into arrest.[147]

Murray asked doctors "not to give up easily." Murray "looked devastated" and "sounded desperate". Thao Nguyen said she and her attending could not find a pulse. Murray said he had detected a pulse and the efforts continued. It was agreed if another attempt and resuscitation efforts with a balloon pump failed, then Jackson would be pronounced dead. After that final procedure, Jackson was pronounced dead. Nguyen said when she asked Murray if Jackson had taken any other sedatives or narcotics "his reply was negative". Murray had also been unable to tell Nguyen when Jackson had stopped breathing.[151] Cooper said: "Michael Jackson had died long before he became my patient. It is unlikely with that information [about the propofol] I could have done something that would have changed the outcome."[152] Murray was sentenced to serve four years in prison.[153]

The medical examiner, Rogers, testified in court that Jackson had been 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) and had weighed 136 lb (62 kg), which would be within a normal weight range, although he had been thin.[154] He also said that, in his opinion, Jackson "was healthier than the average person of his age"[144] and that the arteries around Jackson's heart were free of fat and cholesterol, which is unusual for a 50-year-old individual.[154] Toxicologist Dan Anderson testified that Demerol was not detected in Jackson's system. However, significant amounts of propofol, lidocaine, and lorazepam were present.[143] According to Nader Kamangar, a sleeping expert at UCLA, drugs such as demerol can cause insomnia. In the case of Jackson, insomnia could have been caused by "anxiety for performing" as well.[155]

Demerol injections

Shortly after Jackson's death, speculation about his use of demerol surfaced.[156] Murray's legal team argued that Jackson's insomnia had been caused by demerol and therefore he had needed propofol to get to sleep. Medical records showed that demerol had been administered to Jackson by his dermatologist.[157] An expert for the defense testified that insomnia and anxiety are side effects of demerol withdrawal. According to medical records, Klein had given Jackson botox and restylane to treat wrinkles and excessive perspiration. The expert said the demerol shots were 'stiff doses' that hadn't been needed for skin treatment injections.[158]

Records presented by the defense showed that Jackson had visited Klein's clinic at least 24 times between March 12 and June 22, 2009, receiving a total amount of 6,500 mg of demerol during those visits.[39] Murray said he had not known about the demerol shots. He said Jackson told him his insomnia was caused by "his creative mind always racing".[159] The expert testified he believed there was evidence that Jackson had been dependent on demerol, "possibly" addicted. During cross-examination he said he probably wouldn't diagnose Jackson as being addicted to demerol based strictly on the medical records.[157] The witness also said he was not a board-certified addiction specialist.[158] Demerol had not been found in Jackson's body at the autopsy.[157]

The theory established by the defense caused a discussion among experts whether propofol should be used to treat withdrawal symptoms.[159]

Aftermath

Jackson's death and the trial against Murray started a public discussion about the use and dangers of propofol.[160][161] Media reports stated that the American Association of Nurse Anesthetics had warned hospitals three days prior to Jackson's death to restrict access to propofol because some medical professionals had become addicted to the drug.[162] Propofol became known as the 'Michael Jackson Drug' among patients and many of them had reservations about it after Jackson's death. These concerns decreased.[163][164]

Following Jackson's death and increasing numbers of fatalities linked to the drug, the DEA stated they would consider labelling propofol a controlled substance.[165] In 2010 the agency recommended adding propofol to the List of Schedule IV drugs[166] but it was not successful.[166] In 2011, North Dakota classified propofol as a controlled substance.[167] North Dakota was joined by Alabama in 2012 and Georgia in 2016.[166] Also in 2011, Korea listed propofol as a psychotropic drug, making its use outside stipulated treatments illegal.[168]

In 2012, Missouri prison officials announced plans to use propofol for death executions. Pharmaceutical companies refused to provide propofol for such purposes.[169]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ "Punctured arms" presumably describes hypodermic needle wounds, while making no effort to distinguish phlebotomy from injection from intravenous therapy, all of which involve hypodermic needles; nor does it distinguish whether hypodermic use was medical or non-medical, medically supervised or unsupervised.

References

  1. ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 434–436
  2. ^ a b c d DeMello (2012). Faces around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 152. ISBN 978-1598846188. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  3. ^ a b Kolata, Gina (February 13, 1993). "Doctor Says Michael Jackson Has a Skin Disease". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Kreps, Daniel (March 29, 2010). "Search of Michael Jackson's Home Revealed Skin-Whitening Creams". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Radha Sarma Hegde (2011). Circuits of Visibility: Gender and Transnational Media Cultures. NYU Press. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0814744680. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c "The Michael Jackson Interview: Oprah Reflects". The Oprah Winfrey Show. September 16, 2009. p. 3. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  7. ^ "Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?". June 27, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2019 – via BBC News.
  8. ^ Duke, Alan (July 21, 2009). "Joe Jackson denies abusing Michael" (Press release). CNN. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  9. ^ Posner, Gerald. Deepak Chopra: How Michael Jackson Could Have Been Saved, The Daily Beast, July 2, 2009.
  10. ^ Campbell (1995), pp. 89–93
  11. ^ a b Rosenberg, Alyssa (February 2, 2016). "To understand Michael Jackson and his skin, you have to go beyond race". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  12. ^ Wilson, Jeff (February 12, 1993). "The Aftermath of Michael Jackson and Oprah: What About His Face?". Associated Press. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  13. ^ Taraborrelli 2009, pp. 434–436.
  14. ^ a b Ezzedine, K; Eleftheriadou, V; Whitton, M; van Geel, N (July 4, 2015). "Vitiligo". Lancet. 386 (9988): 74–84. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60763-7. PMID 25596811. S2CID 208791128.
  15. ^ "Questions and Answers about Vitiligo". Niams.nih.gov. June 2014. from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  16. ^ a b Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16
  17. ^ Hodges, Sam (September 24, 1987). "Jackson: Bad Role Model for Blacks? Psychologists Blast Singer's Revamped Look". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  18. ^ a b Hiatt, Brian; Greene, Andy; Knopper, Steve; Wild, David (2009). "What went wrong". Rolling Stone. No. Special Commemorative Issue Michael Jackson 1958–2009. p. 87.
  19. ^ "Jackson Interview High in Ratings". The New York Times. February 12, 1993. p. C32. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  20. ^ Lewis pp. 165–168
  21. ^ George, pp. 45–46
  22. ^ Williams, Corey (December 18, 2007). "'I'm a black man turning white on television'". Brisbane Times.
  23. ^ . Juliensauctions.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  24. ^ Watkins, Thomas; McCartney, Anthony (March 26, 2010). . Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010.
  25. ^ Rebecca Howard, Gadsden Times, Michael Jackson's skin condition destroys pigment (February 15, 1993).
  26. ^ "Medical Treatments - Treatments & Products". Avrf.org.
  27. ^ "Self Care and Sun Safety". Avrf.org.
  28. ^ Bush, Michael. The King Of Style. Insight Editions, 2012, p. 146.
  29. ^ Bush, p. 40.
  30. ^ a b Duke, Alan. "Autopsy reveals Michael Jackson's secrets". CNN. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g "Autopsy Report for Michael Jackson" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  32. ^ "Michael Jackson Autopsy Report". The Smoking Gun. July 16, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  33. ^ a b c "Vitiligo Signs and Symptoms". Avrf.org.
  34. ^ a b "Michael Jackson Autopsy Report". The Smoking Gun. June 12, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  35. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 570
  36. ^ a b Hiatt, Brian (June 3, 2009). "Michael Jackson: What Went Wrong". Rolling Stone. from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  37. ^ a b Jackson, pp. 229–230
  38. ^ a b c d "Interview with Michael Jackson's doctor". CNN. July 8, 2009. from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  39. ^ a b Duke, Alan (October 28, 2011). "Last defense witness called in trial of Michael Jackson's doctor". CNN. from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  40. ^ Treacy, Patrick; Kenny, Frances (2015). Behind The Mask. Dublin: Liberties Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-910742-04-4.
  41. ^ Mather, Kate; Gottlieb, Jeff (August 15, 2013). "Debbie Rowe: Jackson felt like Elephant Man, chose to 'depigment' skin". Los Angeles Times. from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  42. ^ "Michael Jackson Urban Myths episode cancelled after family's outrage over 'shameful portrayal'". ABC Australia. January 13, 2017. from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  43. ^ "Surgeon: Michael Jackson A 'Nasal Cripple'". ABC News. February 8, 2003. from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
  44. ^ a b Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. New York: Harmony Books. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.
  45. ^ Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. pp. 388–389. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  46. ^ a b "Singer Michael Jackson Hurt When His Hair Catches Fire". The New York Times. January 28, 1984. from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  47. ^ Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. New York: Harmony Books. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.
  48. ^ Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. New York: Harmony Books. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.
  49. ^ a b c Treacy, Patrick; Kenny, Frances (2015). Behind The Mask. Dublin: Liberties Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-910742-04-4.
  50. ^ a b c "Michael Jackson Ends Tour, Citing Addiction". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 14, 1993. from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
  51. ^ a b Brozan, Nadine (August 31, 1993). "Chronicle". The New York Times. from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  52. ^ Horovitz, Bruce (August 28, 2021). "Coke's Jab at Jackson May Pop the Top on Cola Wars: Superstar's 'Dehydration' Triggers Bangkok Ad". Los Angeles Times. from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
  53. ^ "Jackson Back on Stage; Inquiry Continues: Investigation: Singer resumes Bangkok concerts after two-day absence. Officials here are now looking into extortion claims". Los Angeles Times. August 28, 1993. from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  54. ^ Wallace, Charles P. (September 1, 1993). "Jackson's Brain Scan Normal After Migraine". Los Angeles Times. from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  55. ^ Branigan, William; Katz, Ian (September 1, 1993). "Jackson 'Sorry' For Canceling". The Washington Post. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  56. ^ Bush, p. 115.
  57. ^ "Dehydration: Symptoms, causes, and treatments". Medical News Today. December 20, 2017. from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  58. ^ . April 13, 2015. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  59. ^ "Irregular heartbeat may have caused Jackson's collapse". CNN. December 8, 1995. from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
  60. ^ "Doc: Jacko Attacko No Joke-o". BBC News. June 6, 2003. from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  61. ^ "Observer-Reporter - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  62. ^ "JACKSON'S CHEST PAINS CAUSED BY BRUISED RIBS". Orlando Sentinel. from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  63. ^ "Movistar Store". store.movistar.com. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  64. ^ "Michael Jackson no vino al Perú en 1993 por los escándalos sexuales". El Comercio. June 26, 2009. from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  65. ^ Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (June 3, 2014). Michael Jackson, Inc.: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of a Billion-Dollar Empire. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781476706382 – via Google Books.
  66. ^ a b Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. p. 122. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  67. ^ a b c Vineyard, Jennifer (March 21, 2005). "Jackson Sobs After Arriving Late To Court Again". MTV. from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  68. ^ Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. p. 123. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  69. ^ Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. p. 165. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  70. ^ Molloy, Tim. "Jackson at hospital again, for back pain". Chicago Tribune. from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  71. ^ "Williamson Daily News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  72. ^ "Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  73. ^ "Articles about Concert Cancellations by Date - Page 3 - latimes". Los Angeles Times. from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  74. ^ "Pop & Rock". Los Angeles Times. December 2, 1988. from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  75. ^ "Ocala Star-Banner - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  76. ^ Ralf Wilhelm. . Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
  77. ^ a b "Daily News - Google News Archive Search". News.google.com. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  78. ^ "The Vindicator - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  79. ^ "New Straits Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  80. ^ Bush, p. 112, 115.
  81. ^ a b "Jackson Recovering, Leaves Hospital". Billboard. from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  82. ^ Broder, John M. (February 16, 2005). "National Briefing - West: California: Jackson Trial Delayed". The New York Times. from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
  83. ^ "Jackson case resumes with jury selection". CNN. February 23, 2005. from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  84. ^ "Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  85. ^ Bradley, Simon. "Swiss fans mourn "irreplaceable" Jackson - SWI". Swissinfo.ch. from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  86. ^ DW (June 28, 1999). "Nach dem Auftritt in die Klinik". Die Welt. from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019 – via www.welt.de.
  87. ^ "Michael Jackson's insomnia problems went way back, doctor says". ABC News. September 19, 2013.
  88. ^ a b c d "Michael Jackson "Desperately" Sought Sedative, Nutritionist Says". Rolling Stone. Associated Press. June 30, 2009. from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
  89. ^ Peterson, Todd (May 23, 2003). "Jackson Suffers a Legal 'Reaction'". People. from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  90. ^ a b c Hamilton, William; Cros, Jessica (November 16, 1993). "Jackson Treated Overseas for Addiction". The Washington Post. from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  91. ^ "Michael Jackson back in U.S. to face charges". Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  92. ^ Newton, Jim (November 19, 1993). "2 Descriptions of Jackson's Health Differ Sharply : Litigation: An attorney who took a deposition from him last week in a civil case says he was lucid. The singer's own lawyer says he was glassy-eyed and unfocused on eve of testimony but later improved". Los Angeles Times. from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  93. ^ Newton, Jim (November 19, 1993). "2 Descriptions of Jackson's Health Differ Sharply : Litigation: An attorney who took a deposition from him last week in a civil case says he was lucid. The singer's own lawyer says he was glassy-eyed and unfocused on eve of testimony but later improved". Los Angeles Times. from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  94. ^ "Nurse: Jackson thought propofol safe with monitoring". USA Today. from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  95. ^ Gray, Madison (October 25, 2011). "Nurse Tears Up Describing Michael Jackson's Desperation for Sleep Drug". Time. from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019 – via newsfeed.time.com.
  96. ^ Treacy, Patrick; Kenny, Frances (2015). Behind The Mask. Dublin: Liberties Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-910742-04-4.
  97. ^ Treacy, Patrick; Kenny, Frances (2015). Behind The Mask. Dublin: Liberties Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-910742-04-4.
  98. ^ a b Mankiewicz, Josh (February 17, 2003). "Questions of privacy, sexuality". NBC News. from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  99. ^ Gerri, Hershey (2009). "Inside The Magical Kingdom". Rolling Stone. No. Special Commemorative Issue. p. 61.
  100. ^ Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. New York: Harmony Books. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.
  101. ^ Hiatt, Brian (2009). "What Went Wrong". Rolling Stone. No. Special Commemorative Issue. p. 85.
  102. ^ "The Michael Jackson Interview: Oprah Reflects". Oprah.com. September 16, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  103. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (December 23, 1993). "Jackson Calls Sexual Abuse Charges 'Totally False'". The New York Times. from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  104. ^ Seigel, Jessica (August 2, 1994). "Thriller! Lisa Presley Weds Michael Jackson Terms". Chicago Tribune. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  105. ^ Shales, Tom (June 15, 1995). "Diane, Michael and Lisa: On Intimate Terms". The Washington Post. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  106. ^ a b Quintanilla, Michael; Noriyuke, Duane (November 15, 1996). "Well, We know What The Encore Is". Los Angeles Times. from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  107. ^ Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. pp. 390–391. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  108. ^ "Jackson's wife files for divorce". The Irish Times. October 9, 1999. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  109. ^ Kim, Victoria (August 4, 2009). "Michael Jackson's mother given custody of children". Los Angeles Times. from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  110. ^ Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. p. 58. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  111. ^ Madigan, Nick; Broder, John M. (March 24, 2005). "Jackson Jury Sees Singer's Pornography". The New York Times. from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  112. ^ Broder, John M.; Madigan, Nick (June 14, 2005). "Michael Jackson Cleared After 14-Week Molesting Trial". The New York Times. from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  113. ^ Hodges, Sam. "JACKSON: BAD ROLE MODEL FOR BLACKS? PSYCHOLOGISTS BLAST SINGER'S REVAMPED LOOK". Orlando Sentinel. from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  114. ^ Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. p. 389. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  115. ^ Hiatt, Brian (February 9, 2017). "Paris Jackson's Family Secrets". Rolling Stone. No. 1280. p. 38.
  116. ^ Touré (2009). "Black Superhero". Rolling Stone. No. Special Commemorative Issue. p. 73.
  117. ^ Treacy, Patrick; Kenny, Frances (2015). Behind The Mask. Dublin: Liberties Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-910742-04-4.
  118. ^ Hiatt, Brian (February 9, 2017). "Paris Jackson's Family Secrets". Rolling Stone. No. 1280. p. 36.
  119. ^ Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture : the Music! the Man! the Legend! The interviews, p. 167, at Google Books
  120. ^ Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. New York: Harmony Books. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.
  121. ^ Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. New York: Harmony Books. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.
  122. ^ a b Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. New York: Harmony Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.
  123. ^ Jackson, Michael (2009). Moonwalk. New York: Harmony Books. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.
  124. ^ Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture : the Music! the Man! the Legend! The interviews, p. 173, at Google Books
  125. ^ "Singer Jackson whipped by father". BBC. November 13, 2003. from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  126. ^ "Michael Jackson, the eccentric king of pop, brought a highly personal message of peace, love, and healing to Oxford University last night (March 6). Referring frequently and emotionally to his own unh". Billboard Magazine. March 7, 2001. from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  127. ^ Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. p. 376. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  128. ^ Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture : the Music! the Man! the Legend! The interviews, p. 168, at Google Books
  129. ^ Jones, Aphrodite (May 16, 2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. p. 377. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  130. ^ "Glove Comes Off in Jackson Interview : Entertainment: In a talk with Oprah Winfrey, the pop star denies he has had his skin bleached or undergone much plastic surgery=". Los Angeles Times. February 12, 1993. from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  131. ^ Vogel, Joe (2011). Man in the Music. New York: Sterling Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4027-7938-1.
  132. ^ Fisher, Mary A. (2021). Was Michael Jackson Framed?. Argo Navis Editions. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7867-5413-7.
  133. ^ Knoll, Corina (May 22, 2013). "Witness: Michael Jackson passed medical exam 'with flying colors'". Los Angeles Times. from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  134. ^ a b c Potts, Kimberly (October 7, 2011). "Conrad Murray Trial, Day 9: Doctor Told Police He Gave Jackson Propofol in Hours Before Death -- Update 3". The Wrap. from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  135. ^ a b Gumbel, Andrew (September 27, 2011). "Michael Jackson doctor trial begins with jury told of singer's final moments". The Guardian. from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  136. ^ "Conrad Murray turned over few Jackson medical records to coroner". Los Angeles Times. October 6, 2011. from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  137. ^ Walter, Vic; Esposito, Richard (July 2, 2009). "Federal Drug Agents Asked to Join Michael Jackson Death Probe". ABCNews. from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  138. ^ Michaels, Sean. "Michael Jackson aliases revealed December 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." The Guardian. Thursday July 30, 2009. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.
  139. ^ Ryan, Harriet. "Police seize medical CD labeled with Jackson pseudonym July 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles Times. July 29, 2009. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.
  140. ^ "Hollywood doctors may back off using aliases for stars". CTV News. October 29, 2010. from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  141. ^ Blankstein, Andrew; Lin, Rong-Gong II; Ryan, Harriet (June 27, 2009). "Michael Jackson's death: Second autopsy completed at the request of Jackson's family". Los Angeles Times. from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  142. ^ "Conrad Murray trial: In-depth look at Michael Jackson death from UCLA doctors". ABC. Chicago. October 4, 2011. from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  143. ^ a b "Prosecutors show lineup of Michael Jackson doctor's drugs | abc13.com". July 20, 2013. from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  144. ^ a b Hernandez, Miriam; MacBride, Melissa. "Medical examiner: Jackson was in good health". ABC7 Los Angeles. from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  145. ^ "Jackson doctor 'got distracted on call'". Irish Examiner. Ireland. January 7, 2011. from the original on October 3, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  146. ^ Potts, Kimberly (September 30, 2011). "Conrad Murray Trial, Day 4: Paramedic Says Doctor's story 'Did Not Add Up' (Update)". Reuters. from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
  147. ^ a b Potts, Kimberly; Kenneally, Tim (September 30, 2011). "Conrad Murray Trial, Day 4:ER Doc says Murray Didn't Mention Propofol". The Wrap. from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  148. ^ Lloyd, Johnathan; Healy, Patrick; Cadiz Klemack, John (October 4, 2021). "Phone Calls from Michael Jackson's Doctor Take Spotlight". NBC. from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  149. ^ Kaufman (October 3, 2011). "Michael Jackson Pronounced Dead Twice BY ER Doctor". MTV. from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  150. ^ "Michael Jackson trial: resuscitation efforts were futil say ER doctors". The Guardian. Associated Press. October 4, 2011. from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  151. ^ Avila, Jim; Lavietes, Bryan; Folmer, Kaitlyn; Hopper, Jessica (October 3, 2011). "Michael Jackson Death Trial:ER Doctor Says Murray 'Sounded Desperate' and 'Looked Devastated'". ABC News. from the original on October 3, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  152. ^ "Michael Jackson trial: resuscitation efforts were futil say ER doctors". The Guardian. Associated Press. October 4, 2011. from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  153. ^ Duke, Alan (November 30, 2011). "Conrad Murray sentenced to four years behind bars". CNN. USA. from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  154. ^ a b "Jackson Trial". Sky News. from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  155. ^ Alan Duke. "'Perfect storm' of drugs killed Michael Jackson, sleep expert says". CNN. from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  156. ^ "UPDATE 3 - Jackson's family seeks second autopsy". Reuters. June 27, 2009. from the original on July 25, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  157. ^ a b c "Conrad Murray trial: Expert clashes with prosecution". ABC 7. Los Angeles. October 28, 2011. from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  158. ^ a b "Jackson 'possibly' addicted to Botox painkillers". ABC News (Australia). Australia. Reuters. October 27, 2011. from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  159. ^ a b Carollo, Kim; Folmer, Kaitlyn (September 29, 2011). "Murray Trial: Lawyers argue Jackson suffered from Demerol Withdrawal". ABC News. from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  160. ^ Mitchum, Rob (July 31, 2009). "Propofol: A dangerous kind of rest". www.uchicagomedicine.org. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  161. ^ Wehrwein, Peter (November 7, 2011). "Propofol: the drug that killed Michael Jackson". Harvard Health Publishing. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  162. ^ Mundy, Alicia (August 6, 2009). "Alert on M.D. Abuse Of Jackson drug". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  163. ^ Chang, Alicia (October 20, 2011). "Dr. Hein helps explains the "Michael Jackson drug"". www.metroanesthesia.com. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  164. ^ Johnson, Carla K. (June 22, 2019). "'Michael Jackson drug' still prompts curiosity from patients". AP News. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  165. ^ "DEA may limit drug eyed in Jackson case". Today. July 15, 2009. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  166. ^ a b c Horvath, Catherine (October 27, 2016). "IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW METHOD TO TRACK PROPOFOL IN AN ENDOSCOPY UNIT". from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  167. ^ "North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy News" (PDF). nabp.pharmacy. North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy and the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Foundation. December 2011. (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  168. ^ Jeon, Young-Tae (November 25, 2015). "Propofol as a controlled substance: poison or remedy". Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 68 (6): 525–526. doi:10.4097/kjae.2015.68.6.525. PMC 4667136. PMID 26634074. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  169. ^ "Drug Makers Refuse to Sell Propofol for Death Row Executions". www.prisonlegalnews.org. January 13, 2021. from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.

Further reading

  • Bush, Michael (2012). King of Style. insight edition. ISBN 978-1-60887-151-3.
  • Fisher, Mary A. (2012). Was Michael Jackson Framed?. Argo Navis Editions. ISBN 978-0-7867-5413-7.
  • Jackson, Michael (1988). Moonwalk. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-24712-5.
  • Jones, Aphrodite (2019). Michael Jackson Conspiracy. Independently published. ISBN 978-1097685301.
  • Lewis, Jel (2005). Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture: The Music! The Man! The Legend! The Interviews!. Amber Books Publishing. ISBN 0-9749779-0-X.
  • Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2009). Michael Jackson: The Magic, the Madness, the Whole Story, 1958-2009. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 9780446564748.
  • Treacy, Patrick (2015). Behind The Mask. Liberties Press. ISBN 978-1-910742-04-4.
  • Vogel, Joseph (2011). Man in the Music. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-7938-1.

October 15, 2023
health, appearance, michael, jackson, michael, jackson, american, entertainer, spent, over, four, decades, public, first, child, star, with, jackson, later, solo, artist, from, 1980s, jackson, appearance, began, change, dramatically, changes, face, particularl. Michael Jackson was an American entertainer who spent over four decades in the public eye first as a child star with the Jackson 5 and later as a solo artist From the mid 1980s Jackson s appearance began to change dramatically The changes to his face particularly his nose triggered widespread speculation of extensive cosmetic surgery and his skin tone became much lighter 1 2 He was diagnosed with the skin disorder vitiligo which results in white patches on the skin and sensitivity to sunlight To treat the condition he used fair colored makeup 3 and likely skin bleaching prescription creams 4 to cover up the uneven blotches of color caused by the illness The creams would have further lightened his skin The lighter skin resulted in criticism that he was trying to appear white 2 5 Jackson said he had not purposely bleached his skin and that he was not trying to be anything he was not 6 Michael Jackson in 1984 left and 1993 right Jackson and some of his siblings said they had been physically and psychologically abused by their father Joe Jackson In 2003 Joe admitted to whipping them as children but he emphatically rejected the longstanding abuse allegations 7 8 The whippings deeply traumatized Jackson and may have led to the onset of further health problems later in his life Physicians speculated that he had body dysmorphic disorder 9 At some point during the 1990s it appeared that Jackson had become dependent on prescription drugs mainly painkillers and strong sedatives The drug use was later linked to second and third degree burns he had suffered years before Jackson gradually became dependent on these drugs and his health deteriorated He went into rehabilitation in 1993 10 While preparing for a series of comeback concerts scheduled to begin in July 2009 Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication after suffering cardiac arrest on June 25 2009 His personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in his death and sentenced to four years in prison Contents 1 Skin color 2 Cosmetic procedures 2 1 Nose surgeries 2 2 Facial structure 3 Physical health 3 1 Burns and scalp surgery 3 2 Dehydration 3 3 Orthopedic problems 3 4 Viral infections and voice problems 3 5 Dental problems 3 6 Ambulance transport and hospitalization 4 Insomnia 5 Drug use 5 1 Painkillers 5 2 Propofol 6 Sexuality 7 Mental health 7 1 Appearance 7 2 Eccentric lifestyle 7 3 Depression 7 4 Childhood 7 5 Child abuse allegations 8 Death 8 1 Medical examination in February 2009 8 2 Health problems in June 2009 8 3 June 25 2009 8 4 Death investigation 8 5 Autopsy report 8 6 Second autopsy 8 7 Trial of Conrad Murray 8 7 1 Demerol injections 8 8 Aftermath 9 Explanatory notes 10 References 11 Further readingSkin color nbsp Jackson in 1988 in the middle of his skin transformation from light brown to paleJackson s skin had been medium brown during his youth but from the mid 1980s gradually grew paler The change drew widespread media coverage including speculation that he had been bleaching his skin 1 2 5 Jackson s dermatologist Arnold Klein said he observed in 1983 that Jackson had vitiligo 11 a condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment He also identified discoid lupus erythematosus in Jackson He diagnosed Jackson with lupus that year 11 and with vitiligo in 1986 12 Vitiligo s drastic effects on the body can cause psychological distress Jackson used fair colored makeup 3 and possibly skin bleaching prescription creams 4 to cover up the uneven blotches of color caused by the illness The creams would have further lightened his skin and with the application of makeup he could appear very pale 13 The cause of vitiligo is unknown 14 but it is believed to be due to genetic susceptibility triggered by an environmental factor such that an autoimmune disease occurs 14 15 Jackson s physical changes gained widespread media coverage and provoked criticism from the public 2 5 16 Some African American psychologists argued Jackson was a lousy role model for black youth Dennis Chestnut said Jackson had given black youth a feeling that they can achieve but might encourage them to believe they had to be esoteric and idiosyncratic to be successful Halford Fairchild said Jackson and other African American celebrities would try to look more like white people in order to get in films and on television 17 Jackson has also been confronted with the reaction of the people around him Filmmaker John Landis who directed two music videos for Jackson said when Jackson showed him his bleached chest he told him the doctor who had done it was a criminal 18 nbsp Jackson shielded from the sun by an umbrella in 2006 However in 1993 Jackson told Oprah Winfrey there as I know of there is no such thing as skin bleaching I ve never seen it I don t know what it is He said he had a hereditary skin disorder vitiligo and would use make up to even out the uneven skin tone It is something I cannot help said Jackson When people make up stories that I don t want to be who I am it hurts me It s a problem for me I can t control it But what about all the millions of people who sit in the sun to become darker to become other than what they are Nobody says nothing about that 6 Winfrey s interview with Jackson was watched by an average of 62 million viewers at any given moment 19 It also started a public discourse on the topic of vitiligo then a relatively unknown condition 16 20 21 22 Jackson publicly said that he was proud to be black 18 He also wrote a letter to photographer William Pecchi Jr in 1988 which reads Maybe I look at the world through rose colored glasses but I love people all over the world That is why stories of racism really disturb me Because in truth I believe ALL men are created equal I was taught that and will always believe it I just can t conceive of how a person could hate another because of skin color I love every race on the planet earth Prejudice is the child of ignorance Naked we come into the world and naked we shall go out And a very good thing too for it reminds me that I am naked under my shirt whatever its color 23 Shortly following Jackson s death tubes of Benoquin and hydroquinone were found in Jackson s home Both creams are commonly used to treat vitiligo David Sawcer said some patients with vitiligo remove dark areas of skin when most of their skin has become pale 24 Darkening depigmented skin is also extremely difficult 25 Depigmentation causes a permanent and extreme sensitivity to the sun 26 Vitiligo patients are at risk to contract melanoma and an annual cancer check up is recommended 27 Jackson also covered his skin disorder with clothing wearing long sleeves and long pants In the music video for Remember the Time all dancers and actors except for Jackson are lightly dressed following the example set by ancient Egyptians 28 Jackson usually avoided wearing patterned clothing to avoid attention to the disorder 29 Jackson s autopsy confirmed that he had vitiligo 30 31 His skin was found to have reduced though not absent melanocytes the cells active in skin pigmentation 32 Vitiligo occurs in three different patterns Segmental depigmentation means only one side of the body is affected whereas generalized depigmentation means many parts of the body are affected 33 Jackson s autopsy report states a focal depigmentation of the skin 34 i e the depigmentation occurs on one or a few areas of the body 33 In Jackson s case there were five affected areas 34 When Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo in the mid 1980s he started to learn more about the disease He would often call his dermatologist s nurse and future wife Debbie Rowe to get medical information as well as emotional support 35 Jackson s autopsy did not confirm or refute the claim that he had lupus 30 31 Cosmetic proceduresNose surgeries Media reports state Jackson had extensive surgery on his nose 36 Jackson contradicted those reports in his 1988 autobiography Moonwalk saying he only had had two rhinoplasties 37 Shortly after Jackson s death Klein stated that he had rebuilt Jackson s nose because its cartilage had totally collapsed and that he had been exquisitely sensitive to pain 38 Medical records show that Klein administered Jackson Demerol during procedures 39 Jackson had told Patrick Treacy that he had had a facial hypersensitivity caused by a botched cosmetic surgery 40 Jackson s second wife Debbie Rowe who had met Jackson while she had been working for Klein said she had been designated to help him through procedures 41 In 2017 British broadcaster Sky canceled the airing of an episode of Urban Myths which cast Joseph Fiennes to portray Jackson with heavy white makeup and a constructed nose The cancelation came after Jackson s family had expressed concerns in public 42 Facial structure Surgeons speculated he also had a forehead lift cheekbone surgery and altered his lips 43 Jackson however said that he had a dimple created in his chin attributing the other changes in the structure of his face to puberty a strict vegetarian diet weight loss a change in hair style and stage lighting 37 He also denied allegations that he had altered his eyes 44 In the unedited version of the documentary Living With Michael Jackson Jackson was asked about his cheeks he answered These cheekbones No My father has the same thing We have Indian blood 45 Physical healthSee also Dangerous World Tour Burns and scalp surgery nbsp Jackson in 1985In early 1984 46 Jackson s hair caught fire during a commercial shoot Jackson stated the fire had been caused by sparks of magnesium flash bombs exploding only two feet away from either side of his head totally disregarding safety regulations 47 Later that day the hospital announced that Jackson was in stable condition and doing well A spokesman said the patient had suffered second degree burns on his skull and would be transferred to Brotman Medical Center s special burn unit 46 Jackson said he had suffered third degree burns on the back of his head that had almost gone through his skull and that it had caused him a lot of problems 48 Over a period of several years balloon implants had been inserted to stretch the affected area and cut out the scars in order to restore his hair 49 In November 1993 Jackson announced the cancellation of the remaining Dangerous Tour due to a dependence on painkillers which had been prescribed after a recent constructive scalp surgery 50 The efforts to restore his hair failed and Jackson finally decided to wear a wig 49 Dehydration In August 1993 two shows of Jackson s Dangerous Tour in Thailand had to be canceled due to dehydration 51 Following these cancellations Coca Cola rival of Jackson s sponsor Pepsi ran a controversial advertisement in Bangkok s English language newspapers posing Dehydrated There s always a Coke 52 On August 27 1993 Jackson returned to the concert stage 53 A few days later Jackson complained of nausea and a severe headache 51 His physician stated Jackson had had a migraine a few weeks before and that the dehydration might have intensified it Jackson underwent a MRI scan which was entirely normal 54 A specialist confirmed Forecast s diagnosis of late onset migraine and medication was prescribed for Jackson 55 Jackson consumed a lot of water 56 preventing dehydration 57 and voice problems 58 In late 1995 Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance Medics cited irregular beats gastro intestinal inflammation dehydration and kidney and liver irregularities 59 In June 2003 Jackson had been briefly hospitalized before a deposition in a copyright matter A physician had stated Jackson was weak dizzy and dehydrated He had been treated with intravenous fluids and a tranquilizer A lawyer for Jackson stated Jackson sometimes became nervous and failed to eat when faced with depositions An emergency physician and Jackson s personal physician had provided affidavits regarding Jackson s health The deposition was postponed 60 Orthopedic problems In June 1990 Jackson was admitted to a Santa Monica hospital with chest pains 61 According to Mark Zatzkis laboratory and X ray tests of Jackson s heart and lungs revealed no abnormalities the pains were caused by bruised ribs suffered during a vigorous dance practice 62 The first concert in Santiago de Chile scheduled for October 21 1993 was canceled due to lumbar problems two days later Jackson performed at Estadio Nacional 63 Another concert in Lima Peru scheduled for October 26 1993 was canceled due to a torn muscle suffered during a show in Brazil 64 Jackson suffered a back injury in June 1999 after one of the stages collapsed during a concert in Munich Germany 65 On March 10 2005 Jackson appeared late in court after having received treatment in a hospital 66 due to a back problem 67 The judge ordered him to appear in court under the penalty of arrest and forfeiture of his bail 66 Jackson appeared in court wearing a T shirt a blazer pajama bottoms and slippers 68 On March 21 Jackson arrived in court accompanied by a doctor It is believed that he suffered from back problems again A conversation between the judge and the lawyers regarding the matter was sealed 67 During the trial Jackson occasionally needed help to get to his seat 69 On June 5 2005 Jackson was taken to the emergency room at the Santa Ynez Valley Cottage Hospital to seek treatment of a back pain Jackson s spokeswoman Raymone Bain said stress contributed to the back problem 70 Viral infections and voice problems On March 12 1988 Jackson canceled a show in St Louis which was rescheduled to March 14 on March 13 Jackson performed in St Louis although he was fighting a cold The cold progressed to laryngitis the show on March 14 was also canceled 71 Three shows in Tacoma scheduled from October 31 to November 2 1988 had to be canceled on his physician s advice because Jackson had the flu 72 Two shows in Los Angeles were canceled due to swollen vocal cords 73 three shows in Los Angeles scheduled for November 20 21 and 22 were also canceled these five concerts were rescheduled for January 1989 74 In August 1992 a concert in London England had to be postponed due to a viral infection Four days later Jackson performed in Cardiff Wales 75 In September 1992 a concert in Gelsenkirchen Germany was canceled because Jackson was ill with the flu 76 In October 1992 a concert in Istanbul and another in Izmir Turkey had to be canceled due to loss of voice caused by a cold 77 78 His private doctor attended to Jackson in Istanbul According to organizers Jackson s vocal cords were irritated 79 These concerts were supposed to be the last three shows of the tour s European leg Jackson was seen by a throat specialist in London and was advised to seek further treatment in Los Angeles 77 People around Jackson took precautions to keep him healthy One of the measures was that Jackson wore a surgical mask during air travel Later he transformed it into a fashion accessory wearing a silk mask in black with jewel tones 80 On February 15 2005 Jackson was admitted to Marian Medical Center in Santa Maria with flu like symptoms 81 According to Chuck Merrill Jackson was in stable condition and would recover within a few days 82 Jackson left the hospital on February 16 2005 Todd Bailey said Jackson continued to need care for some persistent viral symptoms but otherwise he was in good spirits 81 One week later the jury selection for the child molestation trial resumed in Jackson s presence 83 Dental problems In 1993 several concerts in Mexico City were canceled due to tooth problems 50 Two abscessed molars were extracted 84 Ambulance transport and hospitalization In 1992 an ambulance took Jackson back to his hotel after the show In Lausanne Switzerland another show in Basel was also canceled 85 In 1999 Jackson was taken to a hospital with abrasions and bruises after a bridge on which Jackson was standing during a charity concert in Munich Germany had been lowered too fast 86 InsomniaAllan Metzger stated in his testimony for Murray s trial that Jackson began having recurring insomnia because each show often left him adrenalized and unable to sleep for days Metzger would prescribe sleep medication for Jackson that helped him while he was working on We Are the World However during the 1996 HIStory World Tour his insomnia became worse and his prescriptions were increased by different physicians 87 In his final months Jackson s insomnia was still prevalent and he was dissatisfied with his lack of sleep Nurse Lee stated she spent one night in Jackson s residence to monitor his nighttime routine Jackson went to bed with classical music playing on a sound system and Donald Duck playing on a computer That night Jackson slept only for three hours He told Lee All I want is to be able to sleep I want to be able to sleep eight hours I know I ll feel better the next day 88 Klein recalled Jackson could not sleep one night when he was on tour in Hawaii Finally Klein and his office slept in Jackson s room 38 One of his lawyers said Jackson suffered from sleeplessness when he was under pressure He gets upset he doesn t drink he doesn t eat he can t sleep It gets to the point where he just can t stand it He is exhausted with this kind of thing 89 Drug usePainkillers nbsp Jackson in 1997In November 1993 Jackson announced that he was dependent on painkillers he said he had recently undergone a scalp surgery and the painkillers had been prescribed In a taped statement Jackson said The pressure resulting from these false allegations coupled with the incredible energy necessary for me to perform caused so much distress that it left me physically and emotionally exhausted I became increasingly more dependent on the painkillers 50 His lawyers said Jackson would be treated for dependency overseas for one and a half months to two months 90 In December 1993 Jackson returned to the United States 91 Jackson s dependency was questioned by the lawyer who represented the boy accusing Jackson of sexual abuse In November 1993 two lawyers who had seen Jackson a few days before he had canceled his tour described their impressions in a sworn declaration A plaintiff s lawyer in a copyright matter stated he had been warned that the entertainer was taking painkillers because of recent oral surgery before questioning him The lawyer stated he had seen no obvious effects of drug abuse 92 One of Jackson s lawyers stated she had seen him the day before and had concluded he had been unfit to give testimony but seemed to be doing much better the next day when he had given the deposition Jackson s lawyer said these swings had continued over the next few days She said she had been deeply concerned about Jackson s health 93 Propofol Cherilyn Lee a nurse who provided nutritional counseling to Jackson said that on April 12 2009 he had asked her for unspecified products for sleep On April 19 2009 he told her the only medicine that would help was propofol 94 Lee refused telling him Michael the only problem with you taking this medication is you re going to take it and you re not going to wake up 88 Jackson dismissed the warning telling her he had been given the drug before and that he had been told it was safe 95 After Jackson s death Lee said in an interview He wasn t looking to get high or feel good and sedated from drugs This was a person who was not on drugs This was a person who was seeking help desperately to get some sleep to get some rest 88 Patrick Treacy a cosmetic surgeon who had treated Jackson while he had been living in Ireland in 2006 49 96 stated that he had never seen any drugs in the house and had never been asked for narcotics Jackson had always insisted on the presence of an anesthetist when Propofol had been administered 97 SexualitySee also FBI files on Michael Jackson nbsp Jackson in 1977There have been many public rumors regarding Jackson s sexuality People wondered whether he was homosexual or heterosexual Some thought he was asexual 98 In the early 1980s media reports stated that Jackson had never had a school chum or a steady girlfriend 99 Jackson later stated he had been too embarrassed to approach girls in school although he had liked them He stated he had become romantically involved with actresses Tatum O Neal and Brooke Shields 100 Shields later denied saying she had given him permission to say she is his girlfriend 101 In 1993 Oprah Winfrey asked him if he was a virgin Jackson refused to answer saying that would be something very private Winfrey later admitted that the question had been embarrassing 102 Later in 1993 Jackson was accused of having sexually abused a boy 103 In 1994 Jackson married his first wife Lisa Marie Presley 104 Presley said in an interview that the couple had sex 105 In early 1996 Presley filed for divorce At the end of that year Jackson announced that his longtime friend Debbie Rowe 106 who had been working as a nurse for Jackson s dermatologist 38 was six months pregnant with his baby He denied reports stating Rowe had been inseminated artificially They married one week later 106 Rowe is the mother of two of Jackson s children Jackson later said that many single mothers have children and fathers should have the same opportunity He said Rowe had wanted to do that for him as a present 107 In late 1999 she filed for divorce 108 Speculations whether they had sex or not continue 38 Media reports state Jackson s third child was carried by a surrogate whose identity is unknown 109 Jackson said he had signed a contractual agreement not to talk about her 110 During a child molestation trial against Jackson in 2005 prosecutors showed the jury a collection of heterosexual pornographic magazines that had been found during a police raid in 2003 111 The investigator who found the magazines testified they were legal 67 Jackson was later acquitted 112 Mental healthAppearance Jackson s physical changes attracted widespread media coverage and criticism from the public 44 Some African American psychologists argued that Jackson was a poor role model for black youth Dennis Chestnut said Jackson had given black youth a feeling that they can achieve but might encourage them to believe they had to be esoteric and idiosyncratic to be successful Halford Fairchild said Jackson and other African American celebrities would try to look more like white people in order to get in films and on television 113 When Jackson was approached in 2003 about people thinking he was obsessed with cosmetic surgery because of his distressed childhood he replied Well I know what s inside my head That s all 114 In his interview in 1993 Jackson talked about the impact the speculations about his skin color had on him It is something I cannot help said Jackson When people make up stories that I don t want to be who I am it hurts me It s a problem for me I can t control it But what about all the millions of people who sit in the sun to become darker to become other than what they are Nobody says nothing about that 6 Jackson publicly said that he was proud to be black 36 Jackson s paternity of his three children is questioned in public due to their light skin color 115 Jackson s cosmetic surgeries are also regarded as an attempt to look white Another theory says Jackson did not want to look like his father People close to Jackson say he did not want to remove himself from the race 116 Eccentric lifestyle In September 1986 the National Enquirer reported Jackson would sleep in an oxygen chamber in order to prolong his life Later editor Nick Maier declared that the story was not true He said a polaroid of Jackson lying in the chamber was provided by Jackson s press representative Maier added Many celebrities try to create a buzz around themselves And Michael Jackson did exactly that In the end that backfired 98 Jackson used his eccentric image to cover his skin condition before speaking about it in public 117 Depression Jackson s daughter stated her father had depression and had been prescribed antidepressants 118 Jackson stated he used to cry from loneliness as a child starting at the age of eight or nine 119 Jackson said his acne had a bad effect on his personality and depressed him He hadn t looked at people when he had been talking and hadn t wanted to go out but stated he had learned to feel better about himself and things had changed 120 Jackson stated in his biography he had one of the most difficult periods in his life when he was making Off the Wall He felt isolated having only very few close friends He used to walk through his neighborhood hoping to meet somebody he could talk to and who might become a friend Success definitely brings on loneliness he added I ve learned to cope better with these things and now I don t get nearly as depressed as I used to 121 Childhood nbsp Jackson as a teenager in 1974In his memoir Jackson described the relationship with his father Joe as turbulent He stated he would not know his father Joseph and had never been able to have a real closeness with him He said Joseph found it hard to relate to his children beyond family business 122 He stated that he and his siblings had been physically abused by his father with a belt or a switch Jackson said he had fought back and had hidden himself under tables 123 In his 1993 interview with Oprah Winfrey Jackson said there had been times when he had been so scared of his father that he would get sick and start to regurgitate when Joe had come to see him 124 In 2003 his father admitted having whipped Jackson with a switch and a belt 125 In a speech held at Oxford University in March 2001 Jackson said that his father had never shown him love He said he had forgiven his father and encouraged parents to spend more time with their children 126 Jackson said that he would not have been so successful if Joseph had not been as strong 127 He said he was thankful that his father had not tried to take his children s money 122 Jackson also said he missed a lot of his childhood He said it was hard to watch other children playing while he was working 128 Jackson said that he loved to perform but admitted there had been times when he had not wanted to 129 In his mid 30s Jackson said he was compensating for his lost childhood 130 Later he released a song Childhood about it 131 Child abuse allegations See also 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson and Trial of Michael Jackson In November 1993 Jackson s then lawyer Bertram Fields announced that his client would be treated for painkillers outside the U S He declined that Jackson wouldn t come back because of the child molestation allegations He said He s not in a position to cooperate with his attorneys now preparing his defense He was barely able to function on an intellectual level 90 Fields was criticized by others in Jackson s team for portraying Jackson as incompetent Later he stated It was important to tell the truth The boy s lawyer and the press took the position that Michael was trying to hide and that it was all a scam But it wasn t The lawyer resigned a few days later 132 The week before Jackson had given two depositions in a copyright issue One of the plaintiffs lawyers said Jackson didn t look tired at all It was not obvious to me he was suffering addiction or we wouldn t use the testimony 90 DeathMain article Death of Michael Jackson Medical examination in February 2009 Due to an inquiry about a cancelation insurance for the upcoming tour insurance carriers demanded a medical exam by a doctor they trusted In February 2009 Jackson had an examination performed by David Slavit of New York Later the broker told an AEG senior vice president Jackson had only slight hay fever and had passed the exam with flying colors A second medical exam was supposed to take place on July 6 2009 133 Health problems in June 2009 After Jackson s death nurse Lee stated that she had received a frantic call on June 21 2009 from an aide on Jackson s staff The aide had reported that Jackson had been feeling ill Lee reported overhearing Jackson complain that one side of his body was hot the other side cold She had believed that somebody had given him something that had affected his central nervous system She had advised the aide to take him to the hospital 88 June 25 2009 The autopsy report states that Jackson called his primary physician cardiologist Conrad Murray at around 1 am on June 25 2009 and complained of being dehydrated and being unable to sleep Murray went to Jackson s residence and administered medical care The details and extent of the medical care were unknown when the autopsy report was written Jackson slept for several hours while Murray was at his bedside He found Jackson not breathing at approximately 12 pm He pulled him onto the bedroom floor and began CPR 31 911 was called and paramedics arrived at 12 26 pm The paramedics continued CPR and ACLS protocol including two rounds of epinephrine and atropine Jackson was intubated and the CPR efforts continued Jackson remained unresponsive his pupils were fixed and dilated Jackson was transported to UCLA Medical Center under Murray s advisement who gave all medical orders throughout the transport Upon arrival Jackson was asystolic Central lines and an intra aortic balloon pump were placed but Jackson remained without vital signs Death was pronounced at 2 26 pm 31 Death investigation nbsp Jackson s childhood home in July 2009In the afternoon of June 25 2009 Jackson s death was reported as an accidental versus natural death case to the Los Angeles County Department of Coroner by the LAPD The coroner completed a body examination at the hospital in the late afternoon Later that day the Los Angeles Sheriff s Department Air Bureau transported Jackson s body to the Coroner s Forensic Science Center 31 Two days after Jackson died Murray told the police that he had arrived at Jackson s residence at 12 50 a m on June 25 He said doses of lorazepam and midazolam had not put Jackson to sleep throughout the night and so he had given him 25 milligrams of propofol at around 10 40 a m 134 He said the propofol had been diluted with lidocaine 135 Murray said he had administered the drug at Jackson s request after which Jackson fell asleep Murray stated at some point he had gone to the bathroom and when he returned he had found Jackson not breathing and had started CPR Murray said he had given Jackson propofol virtually every day for a little more than two months He said Jackson had told him it would be the only thing that would help him sleep and that he had received it before 134 Murray stated he had feared Jackson had been becoming addicted Three days before Jackson s death he had begun to reduce the use of propofol and with Jackson s reluctant cooperation he had relied more on lorazepam and midazolam According to Murray Jackson had not needed propofol in the night of June 23 but the next night lorazepam and midazolam had not helped Jackson sleep 134 On June 29 the coroner s office issued a subpoena requesting all of Jackson s medical records Murray only handed over few documents referring to sporadic medical care he had provided since 2006 but no records referring to treatments in Jackson s final months 136 A few days later the DEA confirmed they had joined the investigations into Jackson s death A spokesperson said the agency would routinely offer assistance to any agency regarding the Federal Controlled Substance act 137 Following Jackson s death a police warrant issued against his attending physician Conrad Murray said that Jackson s many doctors had used nineteen distinct aliases while prescribing medications for Jackson 138 Police found a CD mentioning the Omar Arnold alias when they raided the Las Vegas Nevada home and office of Conrad Murray Jackson s personal physician 139 Use of pseudonyms by celebrities doctors is common practice for maintaining the confidentiality of patients medical history 140 Autopsy report nbsp Jackson in 2003Jackson s death was caused by an acute propofol intoxication with a benzodiazepine effect being a contributory factor in the death The coroner determined Jackson s death a homicide based on the following reasons Circumstances indicate that propofol and the benzodiazepines were administered by another The propofol was administered in a non hospital setting without any appropriate medical indication The standard of care for administering propofol was not met Recommended equipment for patient monitoring precision dosing and resuscitation was not present The circumstances do not support self administration of propofol Jackson s autopsy report states one scar beside each of his nostrils one scar behind each of his ears plus cosmetic tattoos on his eyebrows around his eyes and lips It also states a dark discoloration resembling a tattoo on the anterior half of the scalp Jackson was uncircumcised The report confirmed that he had vitiligo and states a focal depigmentation of the skin 31 i e the depigmentation occurs on one or a few areas of the body 33 In Jackson s case there were five affected areas Two areas of his neck were found to have reduced though not absent melanocytes the cells active in skin pigmentation He had punctured wounds on his right neck both arms H 1 both ankles and his right shoulder Jackson had degenerative osteoarthritis of the lower lumbar spine facet joints and the distal interphalangeal joints of the right index and long fingers as well as the left little finger He also had a chronic interstitial pneumonitis 31 Second autopsy Jackson s family sought a second autopsy which was performed by a private pathologist on June 27 2009 Reverend Jesse Jackson no relation said the family had a lot of questions Former medical examiners said it is not unusual for families to ask for a second autopsy because they either distrust officials or want a second opinion A New York pathologist said the family would have the results within one or two weeks It was estimated that the official results for the toxicology results for Jackson could take four to six weeks 141 Trial of Conrad Murray See also People v Murray In 2011 Murray was tried for involuntary manslaughter Prosecutors said Murray repeatedly acted with gross negligence repeatedly denied appropriate care to his patient 135 Records showed that Murray had spent nearly 90 minutes on the phone in the hours before Jackson died making or receiving 11 phone calls 142 Murray s attorneys argued that Jackson administered the fatal dose himself when the defendant was not in the bedroom 143 Christopher Rogers said in his testimony The theory that seems less reasonable to me is that Mr Jackson woke up and although he was under the influence of sedative medications managed to give himself another dose 144 Records showed that 911 had been called at 12 21 p m 145 Paramedic Richard Sennef testified that Murray did not mention propofol when he asked him about Jackson s medications According to Sennef Murray said No he s not taking anything I just gave him a little bit of Lorazepam to help him sleep Murray told Sennef he had treated Jackson for dehydration and exhaustion 146 Paramedic Martin Blunt testified he saw three open vials of lidocaine on the floor of Jackson s bedroom when he and his colleague arrived He said when his colleague had asked Murray what drugs Jackson had been given Murray did not mention lidocaine Blunt said when they prepared to transport Jackson to the hospital he saw Murray putting three bottles into a black bag 147 Jackson had arrived at the emergency room of UCLA Medical Center at 1 13 p m 148 Emergency doctor Richelle Cooper testified she first called death at 12 57 p m based on the information provided by the paramedics at Jackson s residence 149 She said that Jackson had been clinically dead when he had arrived 150 Cooper said Murray had told her Jackson had regularly taken Valium and Flomax and that he had given Jackson 2 mg of lorazepam via IV That dose had been followed by another dose After the second dose Jackson went into arrest 147 Murray asked doctors not to give up easily Murray looked devastated and sounded desperate Thao Nguyen said she and her attending could not find a pulse Murray said he had detected a pulse and the efforts continued It was agreed if another attempt and resuscitation efforts with a balloon pump failed then Jackson would be pronounced dead After that final procedure Jackson was pronounced dead Nguyen said when she asked Murray if Jackson had taken any other sedatives or narcotics his reply was negative Murray had also been unable to tell Nguyen when Jackson had stopped breathing 151 Cooper said Michael Jackson had died long before he became my patient It is unlikely with that information about the propofol I could have done something that would have changed the outcome 152 Murray was sentenced to serve four years in prison 153 The medical examiner Rogers testified in court that Jackson had been 5 ft 9 in 1 75 m and had weighed 136 lb 62 kg which would be within a normal weight range although he had been thin 154 He also said that in his opinion Jackson was healthier than the average person of his age 144 and that the arteries around Jackson s heart were free of fat and cholesterol which is unusual for a 50 year old individual 154 Toxicologist Dan Anderson testified that Demerol was not detected in Jackson s system However significant amounts of propofol lidocaine and lorazepam were present 143 According to Nader Kamangar a sleeping expert at UCLA drugs such as demerol can cause insomnia In the case of Jackson insomnia could have been caused by anxiety for performing as well 155 Demerol injections Shortly after Jackson s death speculation about his use of demerol surfaced 156 Murray s legal team argued that Jackson s insomnia had been caused by demerol and therefore he had needed propofol to get to sleep Medical records showed that demerol had been administered to Jackson by his dermatologist 157 An expert for the defense testified that insomnia and anxiety are side effects of demerol withdrawal According to medical records Klein had given Jackson botox and restylane to treat wrinkles and excessive perspiration The expert said the demerol shots were stiff doses that hadn t been needed for skin treatment injections 158 Records presented by the defense showed that Jackson had visited Klein s clinic at least 24 times between March 12 and June 22 2009 receiving a total amount of 6 500 mg of demerol during those visits 39 Murray said he had not known about the demerol shots He said Jackson told him his insomnia was caused by his creative mind always racing 159 The expert testified he believed there was evidence that Jackson had been dependent on demerol possibly addicted During cross examination he said he probably wouldn t diagnose Jackson as being addicted to demerol based strictly on the medical records 157 The witness also said he was not a board certified addiction specialist 158 Demerol had not been found in Jackson s body at the autopsy 157 The theory established by the defense caused a discussion among experts whether propofol should be used to treat withdrawal symptoms 159 Aftermath Jackson s death and the trial against Murray started a public discussion about the use and dangers of propofol 160 161 Media reports stated that the American Association of Nurse Anesthetics had warned hospitals three days prior to Jackson s death to restrict access to propofol because some medical professionals had become addicted to the drug 162 Propofol became known as the Michael Jackson Drug among patients and many of them had reservations about it after Jackson s death These concerns decreased 163 164 Following Jackson s death and increasing numbers of fatalities linked to the drug the DEA stated they would consider labelling propofol a controlled substance 165 In 2010 the agency recommended adding propofol to the List of Schedule IV drugs 166 but it was not successful 166 In 2011 North Dakota classified propofol as a controlled substance 167 North Dakota was joined by Alabama in 2012 and Georgia in 2016 166 Also in 2011 Korea listed propofol as a psychotropic drug making its use outside stipulated treatments illegal 168 In 2012 Missouri prison officials announced plans to use propofol for death executions Pharmaceutical companies refused to provide propofol for such purposes 169 Explanatory notes Punctured arms presumably describes hypodermic needle wounds while making no effort to distinguish phlebotomy from injection from intravenous therapy all of which involve hypodermic needles nor does it distinguish whether hypodermic use was medical or non medical medically supervised or unsupervised References a b Taraborrelli pp 434 436 a b c d DeMello 2012 Faces around the World A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face ABC CLIO p 152 ISBN 978 1598846188 Retrieved April 24 2017 a b Kolata Gina February 13 1993 Doctor Says Michael Jackson Has a Skin Disease The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved September 17 2019 a b Kreps Daniel March 29 2010 Search of Michael Jackson s Home Revealed Skin Whitening Creams Rolling Stone Retrieved September 17 2019 a b c Radha Sarma Hegde 2011 Circuits of Visibility Gender and Transnational Media Cultures NYU Press pp 75 77 ISBN 978 0814744680 Retrieved April 24 2017 a b c The Michael Jackson Interview Oprah Reflects The Oprah Winfrey Show September 16 2009 p 3 Retrieved April 24 2017 Can Michael Jackson s demons be explained June 27 2009 Retrieved March 22 2019 via BBC News Duke Alan July 21 2009 Joe Jackson denies abusing Michael Press release CNN Retrieved May 31 2015 Posner Gerald Deepak Chopra How Michael Jackson Could Have Been Saved The Daily Beast July 2 2009 Campbell 1995 pp 89 93 a b Rosenberg Alyssa February 2 2016 To understand Michael Jackson and his skin you have to go beyond race The Washington Post Retrieved September 17 2019 Wilson Jeff February 12 1993 The Aftermath of Michael Jackson and Oprah What About His Face Associated Press Retrieved September 17 2019 Taraborrelli 2009 pp 434 436 a b Ezzedine K Eleftheriadou V Whitton M van Geel N July 4 2015 Vitiligo Lancet 386 9988 74 84 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 14 60763 7 PMID 25596811 S2CID 208791128 Questions and Answers about Vitiligo Niams nih gov June 2014 Archived from the original on August 21 2016 Retrieved August 11 2016 a b Campbell 1995 pp 14 16 Hodges Sam September 24 1987 Jackson Bad Role Model for Blacks Psychologists Blast Singer s Revamped Look Orlando Sentinel Retrieved March 22 2019 a b Hiatt Brian Greene Andy Knopper Steve Wild David 2009 What went wrong Rolling Stone No Special Commemorative Issue Michael Jackson 1958 2009 p 87 Jackson Interview High in Ratings The New York Times February 12 1993 p C32 Retrieved April 6 2023 Lewis pp 165 168 George pp 45 46 Williams Corey December 18 2007 I m a black man turning white on television Brisbane Times Michael Jackson handwritten letter regarding Moonwalker Juliensauctions com Archived from the original on February 19 2014 Retrieved March 14 2014 Watkins Thomas McCartney Anthony March 26 2010 Michael Jackson Had Dozens Of Skin Whitening Creams Documents Huffington Post Archived from the original on March 28 2010 Rebecca Howard Gadsden Times Michael Jackson s skin condition destroys pigment February 15 1993 Medical Treatments Treatments amp Products Avrf org Self Care and Sun Safety Avrf org Bush Michael The King Of Style Insight Editions 2012 p 146 Bush p 40 a b Duke Alan Autopsy reveals Michael Jackson s secrets CNN Retrieved January 28 2016 a b c d e f g Autopsy Report for Michael Jackson PDF Archived PDF from the original on August 16 2014 Retrieved March 12 2014 Michael Jackson Autopsy Report The Smoking Gun July 16 2010 Retrieved November 22 2012 a b c Vitiligo Signs and Symptoms Avrf org a b Michael Jackson Autopsy Report The Smoking Gun June 12 2014 Retrieved March 22 2019 Taraborrelli p 570 a b Hiatt Brian June 3 2009 Michael Jackson What Went Wrong Rolling Stone Archived from the original on September 13 2017 Retrieved September 4 2017 a b Jackson pp 229 230 a b c d Interview with Michael Jackson s doctor CNN July 8 2009 Archived from the original on October 21 2021 Retrieved October 21 2009 a b Duke Alan October 28 2011 Last defense witness called in trial of Michael Jackson s doctor CNN Archived from the original on October 27 2021 Retrieved October 27 2021 Treacy Patrick Kenny Frances 2015 Behind The Mask Dublin Liberties Press p 291 ISBN 978 1 910742 04 4 Mather Kate Gottlieb Jeff August 15 2013 Debbie Rowe Jackson felt like Elephant Man chose to depigment skin Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on October 29 2021 Retrieved October 29 2021 Michael Jackson Urban Myths episode cancelled after family s outrage over shameful portrayal ABC Australia January 13 2017 Archived from the original on November 22 2021 Retrieved November 22 2021 Surgeon Michael Jackson A Nasal Cripple ABC News February 8 2003 Archived from the original on August 10 2019 Retrieved November 11 2006 a b Jackson Michael 2009 Moonwalk New York Harmony Books p 576 ISBN 978 0 307 71698 9 Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published pp 388 389 ISBN 978 1097685301 a b Singer Michael Jackson Hurt When His Hair Catches Fire The New York Times January 28 1984 Archived from the original on November 29 2021 Retrieved November 29 2021 Jackson Michael 2009 Moonwalk New York Harmony Books pp 235 236 ISBN 978 0 307 71698 9 Jackson Michael 2009 Moonwalk New York Harmony Books p 237 ISBN 978 0 307 71698 9 a b c Treacy Patrick Kenny Frances 2015 Behind The Mask Dublin Liberties Press p 294 ISBN 978 1 910742 04 4 a b c Michael Jackson Ends Tour Citing Addiction The New York Times Associated Press November 14 1993 Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved March 22 2019 via NYTimes com a b Brozan Nadine August 31 1993 Chronicle The New York Times Archived from the original on January 28 2021 Retrieved March 22 2019 Horovitz Bruce August 28 2021 Coke s Jab at Jackson May Pop the Top on Cola Wars Superstar s Dehydration Triggers Bangkok Ad Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on December 3 2021 Retrieved December 3 2021 Jackson Back on Stage Inquiry Continues Investigation Singer resumes Bangkok concerts after two day absence Officials here are now looking into extortion claims Los Angeles Times August 28 1993 Archived from the original on March 22 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 Wallace Charles P September 1 1993 Jackson s Brain Scan Normal After Migraine Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on October 25 2021 Retrieved October 25 2021 Branigan William Katz Ian September 1 1993 Jackson Sorry For Canceling The Washington Post Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved October 24 2021 Bush p 115 Dehydration Symptoms causes and treatments Medical News Today December 20 2017 Archived from the original on March 22 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 MusiCares To Celebrate World Voice Day GRAMMY org April 13 2015 Archived from the original on April 13 2015 Retrieved March 22 2019 Irregular heartbeat may have caused Jackson s collapse CNN December 8 1995 Archived from the original on June 4 2011 Retrieved February 23 2010 Doc Jacko Attacko No Joke o BBC News June 6 2003 Archived from the original on October 6 2021 Retrieved December 2 2021 Observer Reporter Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on June 7 2021 Retrieved March 22 2019 JACKSON S CHEST PAINS CAUSED BY BRUISED RIBS Orlando Sentinel Archived from the original on March 22 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 Movistar Store store movistar com Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved March 22 2019 Michael Jackson no vino al Peru en 1993 por los escandalos sexuales El Comercio June 26 2009 Archived from the original on August 28 2016 Retrieved March 22 2019 Greenburg Zack O Malley June 3 2014 Michael Jackson Inc The Rise Fall and Rebirth of a Billion Dollar Empire Simon and Schuster ISBN 9781476706382 via Google Books a b Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published p 122 ISBN 978 1097685301 a b c Vineyard Jennifer March 21 2005 Jackson Sobs After Arriving Late To Court Again MTV Archived from the original on December 9 2021 Retrieved December 9 2021 Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published p 123 ISBN 978 1097685301 Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published p 165 ISBN 978 1097685301 Molloy Tim Jackson at hospital again for back pain Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on March 22 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 Williamson Daily News Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on November 4 2021 Retrieved March 22 2019 Eugene Register Guard Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on November 9 2021 Retrieved March 22 2019 Articles about Concert Cancellations by Date Page 3 latimes Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on April 20 2016 Retrieved March 22 2019 Pop amp Rock Los Angeles Times December 2 1988 Archived from the original on April 20 2016 Retrieved March 3 2019 Ocala Star Banner Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved March 22 2019 Ralf Wilhelm Moonwalk hinterliess seine Spuren Gelsenkirchen WAZ de Archived from the original on April 11 2013 Retrieved July 13 2019 a b Daily News Google News Archive Search News google com Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved March 22 2019 The Vindicator Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on January 27 2021 Retrieved March 22 2019 New Straits Times Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved March 22 2019 Bush p 112 115 a b Jackson Recovering Leaves Hospital Billboard Archived from the original on March 24 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 Broder John M February 16 2005 National Briefing West California Jackson Trial Delayed The New York Times Archived from the original on March 22 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 via NYTimes com Jackson case resumes with jury selection CNN February 23 2005 Archived from the original on August 31 2020 Retrieved March 22 2019 Reading Eagle Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on January 28 2021 Retrieved March 22 2019 Bradley Simon Swiss fans mourn irreplaceable Jackson SWI Swissinfo ch Archived from the original on October 19 2012 Retrieved March 3 2019 DW June 28 1999 Nach dem Auftritt in die Klinik Die Welt Archived from the original on April 26 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 via www welt de Michael Jackson s insomnia problems went way back doctor says ABC News September 19 2013 a b c d Michael Jackson Desperately Sought Sedative Nutritionist Says Rolling Stone Associated Press June 30 2009 Archived from the original on October 8 2011 Retrieved July 1 2009 Peterson Todd May 23 2003 Jackson Suffers a Legal Reaction People Archived from the original on November 20 2021 Retrieved November 20 2021 a b c Hamilton William Cros Jessica November 16 1993 Jackson Treated Overseas for Addiction The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 16 2020 Retrieved October 12 2021 Michael Jackson back in U S to face charges Archived from the original on June 15 2013 Retrieved June 5 2013 Newton Jim November 19 1993 2 Descriptions of Jackson s Health Differ Sharply Litigation An attorney who took a deposition from him last week in a civil case says he was lucid The singer s own lawyer says he was glassy eyed and unfocused on eve of testimony but later improved Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on October 11 2021 Retrieved October 11 2021 Newton Jim November 19 1993 2 Descriptions of Jackson s Health Differ Sharply Litigation An attorney who took a deposition from him last week in a civil case says he was lucid The singer s own lawyer says he was glassy eyed and unfocused on eve of testimony but later improved Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on October 11 2021 Retrieved October 11 2021 Nurse Jackson thought propofol safe with monitoring USA Today Archived from the original on December 30 2011 Retrieved March 22 2019 Gray Madison October 25 2011 Nurse Tears Up Describing Michael Jackson s Desperation for Sleep Drug Time Archived from the original on March 31 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 via newsfeed time com Treacy Patrick Kenny Frances 2015 Behind The Mask Dublin Liberties Press p 316 ISBN 978 1 910742 04 4 Treacy Patrick Kenny Frances 2015 Behind The Mask Dublin Liberties Press p 306 ISBN 978 1 910742 04 4 a b Mankiewicz Josh February 17 2003 Questions of privacy sexuality NBC News Archived from the original on September 9 2021 Retrieved September 9 2021 Gerri Hershey 2009 Inside The Magical Kingdom Rolling Stone No Special Commemorative Issue p 61 Jackson Michael 2009 Moonwalk New York Harmony Books pp 165 166 ISBN 978 0 307 71698 9 Hiatt Brian 2009 What Went Wrong Rolling Stone No Special Commemorative Issue p 85 The Michael Jackson Interview Oprah Reflects Oprah com September 16 2009 Retrieved February 13 2023 Weinraub Bernard December 23 1993 Jackson Calls Sexual Abuse Charges Totally False The New York Times Archived from the original on July 6 2009 Retrieved October 16 2021 Seigel Jessica August 2 1994 Thriller Lisa Presley Weds Michael Jackson Terms Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved October 20 2021 Shales Tom June 15 1995 Diane Michael and Lisa On Intimate Terms The Washington Post Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved October 20 2021 a b Quintanilla Michael Noriyuke Duane November 15 1996 Well We know What The Encore Is Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on December 4 2021 Retrieved December 4 2021 Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published pp 390 391 ISBN 978 1097685301 Jackson s wife files for divorce The Irish Times October 9 1999 Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved December 4 2021 Kim Victoria August 4 2009 Michael Jackson s mother given custody of children Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on December 6 2021 Retrieved December 6 2021 Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published p 58 ISBN 978 1097685301 Madigan Nick Broder John M March 24 2005 Jackson Jury Sees Singer s Pornography The New York Times Archived from the original on December 9 2021 Retrieved December 9 2021 Broder John M Madigan Nick June 14 2005 Michael Jackson Cleared After 14 Week Molesting Trial The New York Times Archived from the original on May 29 2015 Retrieved October 22 2021 Hodges Sam JACKSON BAD ROLE MODEL FOR BLACKS PSYCHOLOGISTS BLAST SINGER S REVAMPED LOOK Orlando Sentinel Archived from the original on March 22 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published p 389 ISBN 978 1097685301 Hiatt Brian February 9 2017 Paris Jackson s Family Secrets Rolling Stone No 1280 p 38 Toure 2009 Black Superhero Rolling Stone No Special Commemorative Issue p 73 Treacy Patrick Kenny Frances 2015 Behind The Mask Dublin Liberties Press p 290 ISBN 978 1 910742 04 4 Hiatt Brian February 9 2017 Paris Jackson s Family Secrets Rolling Stone No 1280 p 36 Michael Jackson the King of Pop The Big Picture the Music the Man the Legend The interviews p 167 at Google Books Jackson Michael 2009 Moonwalk New York Harmony Books pp 96 97 ISBN 978 0 307 71698 9 Jackson Michael 2009 Moonwalk New York Harmony Books p 164 ISBN 978 0 307 71698 9 a b Jackson Michael 2009 Moonwalk New York Harmony Books p 17 ISBN 978 0 307 71698 9 Jackson Michael 2009 Moonwalk New York Harmony Books pp 29 31 ISBN 978 0 307 71698 9 Michael Jackson the King of Pop The Big Picture the Music the Man the Legend The interviews p 173 at Google Books Singer Jackson whipped by father BBC November 13 2003 Archived from the original on October 6 2021 Retrieved October 6 2021 Michael Jackson the eccentric king of pop brought a highly personal message of peace love and healing to Oxford University last night March 6 Referring frequently and emotionally to his own unh Billboard Magazine March 7 2001 Archived from the original on October 11 2021 Retrieved October 11 2021 Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published p 376 ISBN 978 1097685301 Michael Jackson the King of Pop The Big Picture the Music the Man the Legend The interviews p 168 at Google Books Jones Aphrodite May 16 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published p 377 ISBN 978 1097685301 Glove Comes Off in Jackson Interview Entertainment In a talk with Oprah Winfrey the pop star denies he has had his skin bleached or undergone much plastic surgery Los Angeles Times February 12 1993 Archived from the original on October 31 2021 Retrieved October 31 2021 Vogel Joe 2011 Man in the Music New York Sterling Publishing p 200 ISBN 978 1 4027 7938 1 Fisher Mary A 2021 Was Michael Jackson Framed Argo Navis Editions p 26 ISBN 978 0 7867 5413 7 Knoll Corina May 22 2013 Witness Michael Jackson passed medical exam with flying colors Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 24 2016 Retrieved March 22 2019 a b c Potts Kimberly October 7 2011 Conrad Murray Trial Day 9 Doctor Told Police He Gave Jackson Propofol in Hours Before Death Update 3 The Wrap Archived from the original on November 30 2021 Retrieved November 29 2021 a b Gumbel Andrew September 27 2011 Michael Jackson doctor trial begins with jury told of singer s final moments The Guardian Archived from the original on October 5 2021 Retrieved October 5 2021 Conrad Murray turned over few Jackson medical records to coroner Los Angeles Times October 6 2011 Archived from the original on October 29 2021 Retrieved October 29 2021 Walter Vic Esposito Richard July 2 2009 Federal Drug Agents Asked to Join Michael Jackson Death Probe ABCNews Archived from the original on November 9 2021 Retrieved October 15 2021 Michaels Sean Michael Jackson aliases revealed Archived December 21 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian Thursday July 30 2009 Retrieved on July 30 2009 Ryan Harriet Police seize medical CD labeled with Jackson pseudonym Archived July 23 2017 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times July 29 2009 Retrieved on July 30 2009 Hollywood doctors may back off using aliases for stars CTV News October 29 2010 Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved November 17 2021 Blankstein Andrew Lin Rong Gong II Ryan Harriet June 27 2009 Michael Jackson s death Second autopsy completed at the request of Jackson s family Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on September 28 2021 Retrieved September 28 2021 Conrad Murray trial In depth look at Michael Jackson death from UCLA doctors ABC Chicago October 4 2011 Archived from the original on October 7 2021 Retrieved October 7 2021 a b Prosecutors show lineup of Michael Jackson doctor s drugs abc13 com July 20 2013 Archived from the original on July 20 2013 Retrieved November 15 2021 a b Hernandez Miriam MacBride Melissa Medical examiner Jackson was in good health ABC7 Los Angeles Archived from the original on January 20 2021 Retrieved February 24 2022 Jackson doctor got distracted on call Irish Examiner Ireland January 7 2011 Archived from the original on October 3 2021 Retrieved October 3 2021 Potts Kimberly September 30 2011 Conrad Murray Trial Day 4 Paramedic Says Doctor s story Did Not Add Up Update Reuters Archived from the original on October 2 2021 Retrieved October 2 2021 a b Potts Kimberly Kenneally Tim September 30 2011 Conrad Murray Trial Day 4 ER Doc says Murray Didn t Mention Propofol The Wrap Archived from the original on October 2 2021 Retrieved October 10 2021 Lloyd Johnathan Healy Patrick Cadiz Klemack John October 4 2021 Phone Calls from Michael Jackson s Doctor Take Spotlight NBC Archived from the original on October 7 2021 Retrieved October 6 2021 Kaufman October 3 2011 Michael Jackson Pronounced Dead Twice BY ER Doctor MTV Archived from the original on October 4 2021 Retrieved October 4 2021 Michael Jackson trial resuscitation efforts were futil say ER doctors The Guardian Associated Press October 4 2011 Archived from the original on October 4 2021 Retrieved October 4 2021 Avila Jim Lavietes Bryan Folmer Kaitlyn Hopper Jessica October 3 2011 Michael Jackson Death Trial ER Doctor Says Murray Sounded Desperate and Looked Devastated ABC News Archived from the original on October 3 2021 Retrieved October 3 2021 Michael Jackson trial resuscitation efforts were futil say ER doctors The Guardian Associated Press October 4 2011 Archived from the original on October 4 2021 Retrieved October 4 2021 Duke Alan November 30 2011 Conrad Murray sentenced to four years behind bars CNN USA Archived from the original on October 5 2021 Retrieved October 5 2021 a b Jackson Trial Sky News Archived from the original on April 25 2016 Retrieved February 24 2022 Alan Duke Perfect storm of drugs killed Michael Jackson sleep expert says CNN Archived from the original on March 22 2019 Retrieved March 22 2019 UPDATE 3 Jackson s family seeks second autopsy Reuters June 27 2009 Archived from the original on July 25 2009 Retrieved July 2 2009 a b c Conrad Murray trial Expert clashes with prosecution ABC 7 Los Angeles October 28 2011 Archived from the original on October 26 2021 Retrieved October 26 2021 a b Jackson possibly addicted to Botox painkillers ABC News Australia Australia Reuters October 27 2011 Archived from the original on October 27 2021 Retrieved October 27 2021 a b Carollo Kim Folmer Kaitlyn September 29 2011 Murray Trial Lawyers argue Jackson suffered from Demerol Withdrawal ABC News Archived from the original on October 26 2021 Retrieved October 26 2021 Mitchum Rob July 31 2009 Propofol A dangerous kind of rest www uchicagomedicine org Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 16 2021 Wehrwein Peter November 7 2011 Propofol the drug that killed Michael Jackson Harvard Health Publishing Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 16 2021 Mundy Alicia August 6 2009 Alert on M D Abuse Of Jackson drug The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 16 2021 Chang Alicia October 20 2011 Dr Hein helps explains the Michael Jackson drug www metroanesthesia com Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 16 2021 Johnson Carla K June 22 2019 Michael Jackson drug still prompts curiosity from patients AP News Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 16 2021 DEA may limit drug eyed in Jackson case Today July 15 2009 Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 16 2021 a b c Horvath Catherine October 27 2016 IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW METHOD TO TRACK PROPOFOL IN AN ENDOSCOPY UNIT Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved October 17 2021 North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy News PDF nabp pharmacy North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy and the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Foundation December 2011 Archived PDF from the original on October 17 2021 Retrieved October 17 2021 Jeon Young Tae November 25 2015 Propofol as a controlled substance poison or remedy Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 68 6 525 526 doi 10 4097 kjae 2015 68 6 525 PMC 4667136 PMID 26634074 Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 16 2021 Drug Makers Refuse to Sell Propofol for Death Row Executions www prisonlegalnews org January 13 2021 Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 16 2021 Further readingBush Michael 2012 King of Style insight edition ISBN 978 1 60887 151 3 Fisher Mary A 2012 Was Michael Jackson Framed Argo Navis Editions ISBN 978 0 7867 5413 7 Jackson Michael 1988 Moonwalk Doubleday ISBN 0 385 24712 5 Jones Aphrodite 2019 Michael Jackson Conspiracy Independently published ISBN 978 1097685301 Lewis Jel 2005 Michael Jackson the King of Pop The Big Picture The Music The Man The Legend The Interviews Amber Books Publishing ISBN 0 9749779 0 X Taraborrelli J Randy 2009 Michael Jackson The Magic the Madness the Whole Story 1958 2009 New York Grand Central Publishing ISBN 9780446564748 Treacy Patrick 2015 Behind The Mask Liberties Press ISBN 978 1 910742 04 4 Vogel Joseph 2011 Man in the Music Sterling ISBN 978 1 4027 7938 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Health and appearance of Michael Jackson amp oldid 1178324894, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.