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Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)

January 01, 1970

In this Japanese name, the surname is Hayashi.

The Hayashi clan (林氏, Hayashi-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan which served as important advisors to the Tokugawa shōguns. Among members of the clan in powerful positions in the shogunate was its founder Hayashi Razan, who passed on his post as hereditary rector of the neo-Confucianist Shōhei-kō school to his son, Hayashi Gahō, who also passed it on to his son, Hayashi Hōkō; this line of descent continued until the end of Hayashi Gakusai's tenure in 1867. However, elements of the school carried on until 1888, when it was folded into the newly organized Tokyo University.

Hayashi
林
TitlesDaigaku-no-kami
FounderHayashi Razan
Final rulerHayashi Gakusai
Founding year16th century

Hayashi clan position edit

The Hayashi family's special position as personal advisors to the shōgun gave their school an imprimatur of legitimacy that no other contemporary Confucian academy possessed.[1] This meant that Hayashi views or interpretation were construed as dogma.[2] Anyone challenging the Hayashi status quo was perceived as trying to challenge Tokugawa hegemony; and any disagreements with the Hayashi were construed as threatening the larger structure of complex power relations within which the Confucian field was embedded.[3] Any disputes in the Confucian field in the 1650s and 1660s may have originated in personal rivalries or authentic philosophical disagreements, but any issues became inextricably intertwined with the dominating political presence of the shōgun and those who ruled in his name.[1]

In this period, the Tokugawa and the fudai daimyō were only the most powerful of the nearly 250 domain-holding lords in the country. By filling the high offices of the shogunate with his trusted, loyal daimyō, the shōgun paradoxically increased the power of these office holders and diminished the powers which were once held by Ieyasu alone,[4] which caused each to more zealously guard against anything which might be seen to minimize intertwined power and prestige; and the varying characters of the shōgun further exacerbated this development.[5] The Edo period power structure itself discouraged of dissent from what became the accepted Hayashi orthodoxy.

In the spectrum of the Tokugawa retainer band, the Hayashi family head himself was a high-ranking hatamoto (thus coming under the jurisdiction of the wakadoshiyori), and possessed an income of 3,500 koku.[6]

Notable clan members edit

Heads of clan edit

  • Founder: Hayashi Razan (1583–1657), formerly Hayashi Nobukatsu, also known as Dōshun (1st son of Nobutoki).[7]
  • Son of founder: Hayashi Gahō (1618–1688), formerly Hayashi Harukatsu (3rd son of Razan).[8]

The courtesy title of Daigaku no kami (大学頭, litt. Head of the school) identified the head of the chief educational institution of the state. It was conferred by the shogun in 1691 to Hayashi Hōkō when the Neo-Confucian academy moved to land provided by the shogunate at Yushima. This academic title became hereditary for the ten descendants who followed in succession.[9]

  • 1st Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Hōkō (1644–1732), formerly Hayashi Nobuhatsu (son of Gahō).[10]
  • 2nd Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Ryūkō (1681–1758).
  • 3rd Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Hōkoku (1721–1773).
  • 4th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Hōtan (1761–1787).
  • 5th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Kimpō (1767–1793), also known as Hayashi Kanjun or Hayashi Nobutaka[11]
  • 6th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Jussai (1768–1841), formerly Matsudaira Norihira, 3rd son of Iwamura daimyo Matsudaira Norimori—Norihira was adopted into Hayashi family when Kimpō/Kanjun died childless; explained shogunate foreign policy to Emperor Kōkaku in 1804.,[12] also known as Hayashi Jitsusai[13] and Hayashi Kō.[11]
  • 7th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Teiu (1791–1844).
  • 8th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Sōkan (1828–1853).
  • 9th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Fukusai (1800–1859), also known as Hayashi Akira, chief Japanese negotiator for the Treaty of Kanagawa[14]
  • 10th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Gakusai (1833–1906), formerly Hayashi Noboru, head of Yushima Seidō in 1867.

Other notable clan members edit

  • Hayashi Nobutoki (1583–1657), father of Hayashi Razan.[11]
  • Hayashi Nobozumi (1585–1683), brother of Hayashi Razan.[15]
  • Hayashi Yoshikatsu, brother of Hayashi Nobutoki and adoptive father of Hayashi Razan.[11]
  • Hayashi Dokkōsai, formerly Hayashi Morikatsu (born 1624), 4th son of Hayashi Razan
  • Hayashi Shunzai or Hayashi Shunsai (1618–1680), alternate spellings for early name of Hayashi Gahō.[11]
  • Hayashi Jo, son of Hayashi Razan, brother of Gahō and Morikatsu.[15]
  • Hayashi Shuntoku (1624–1661).
  • Hayashi Baisai.
  • Hayashi Kansai.
  • Torii Yōzō, 2nd son of Jussai—adopted into Torii family[16]
  • Satō Issai (1772–1859), adopted into Hayashi family from Iwamura, becomes professorial head of academy in 1805.[17]
  • Hayashi Kakuryō (1806–1878), Confucian scholar who never gave up his top-knot.[18]
  • Hayashi Ryōsai (1807–1849).[19]

Hayashi clan cemetery edit

The Hayashi clan cemetery is located in Ichigayayamabushi-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo. The cemetery was originally located in Shinobu-ga-oka in Ueno, but in 1698 the Shogunate granted the clan an estate in Ushigome and the cemetery was relocated at that time. It houses the graves of the first 12 generations of the main lineage of the clan, starting with Hayashi Razan and including the tomb of Hayashi Akira, as well as the tombs of eight generations of a cadet lineage started by Hayashi Harutoku. The cemetery was designated a National Historic Site in 1926.[20] It remained in the hands of the Hayashi clan until it was purchased by Shinjuku Ward in 1975. A total of 81 tombstones stand in the small site of about 360 square meters. It is open to the public every year in early November.[21] The Hayashi clan cemetery is about a 5-minute walk from Ushigome-yanagichō Station on the Toei Metro Ōedo Line.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Yamshita, Samuel Hideo. "Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations, 1650–1675," Early Modern Japan. 9:2, 3–18 (Fall 2001).
  2. ^ Ooms, Herman. Tokugawa Ideology: Early Constructs, 1570-1680, pp. 107–108.
  3. ^ Bourdieu, Pierre et al. (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, p. 106.
  4. ^ Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843, p. 208.
  5. ^ Yamashita, p. 16; Bourdieu, p. 106.
  6. ^ Ogawa, Edo no hatamoto jiten, p. 85.
  7. ^ Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822, p. 65; Cullen, L.M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 59.
  8. ^ Screech, p. 65.
  9. ^ Kelly, Boyd. (1999). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, Vol. 1, p. 522; De Bary, William et al. (2005). Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. 2, p. 69.
  10. ^ De Bary, William et al. (2005). Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. 2, p. 443.
  11. ^ a b c d e Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia, p. 300.]
  12. ^ Cullen, pp. 117; 163.
  13. ^ Asiatic Society of Japan. (1908). Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, v36:1(1908), p. 151.
  14. ^ Cullen, p. 178 n11.
  15. ^ a b Nussbaum, p. 301.
  16. ^ Cullen, p. 159.
  17. ^ Cullen, p. 163.
  18. ^ Mehl, Margaret. (2003). Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline and Transformation of the "Kangaku juku," p. 49.
  19. ^ Mehl, p. 92.
  20. ^ "林氏墓地" [Hayashi-shi bochi] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs.
  21. ^ "林氏墓地" [Hayashi-shi bochi] (in Japanese). Tokyo Cultural Properties Database.

References edit

 
Flags mark the entrance to the reconstructed Yushima Seidō (Tokyo).

Further reading edit

January 01, 1970
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In this Japanese name the surname is Hayashi The Hayashi clan 林氏 Hayashi shi was a Japanese samurai clan which served as important advisors to the Tokugawa shōguns Among members of the clan in powerful positions in the shogunate was its founder Hayashi Razan who passed on his post as hereditary rector of the neo Confucianist Shōhei kō school to his son Hayashi Gahō who also passed it on to his son Hayashi Hōkō this line of descent continued until the end of Hayashi Gakusai s tenure in 1867 However elements of the school carried on until 1888 when it was folded into the newly organized Tokyo University Hayashi林TitlesDaigaku no kamiFounderHayashi RazanFinal rulerHayashi GakusaiFounding year16th century Contents 1 Hayashi clan position 2 Notable clan members 2 1 Heads of clan 2 2 Other notable clan members 3 Hayashi clan cemetery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingHayashi clan position editThe Hayashi family s special position as personal advisors to the shōgun gave their school an imprimatur of legitimacy that no other contemporary Confucian academy possessed 1 This meant that Hayashi views or interpretation were construed as dogma 2 Anyone challenging the Hayashi status quo was perceived as trying to challenge Tokugawa hegemony and any disagreements with the Hayashi were construed as threatening the larger structure of complex power relations within which the Confucian field was embedded 3 Any disputes in the Confucian field in the 1650s and 1660s may have originated in personal rivalries or authentic philosophical disagreements but any issues became inextricably intertwined with the dominating political presence of the shōgun and those who ruled in his name 1 In this period the Tokugawa and the fudai daimyō were only the most powerful of the nearly 250 domain holding lords in the country By filling the high offices of the shogunate with his trusted loyal daimyō the shōgun paradoxically increased the power of these office holders and diminished the powers which were once held by Ieyasu alone 4 which caused each to more zealously guard against anything which might be seen to minimize intertwined power and prestige and the varying characters of the shōgun further exacerbated this development 5 The Edo period power structure itself discouraged of dissent from what became the accepted Hayashi orthodoxy In the spectrum of the Tokugawa retainer band the Hayashi family head himself was a high ranking hatamoto thus coming under the jurisdiction of the wakadoshiyori and possessed an income of 3 500 koku 6 Notable clan members editHeads of clan edit Founder Hayashi Razan 1583 1657 formerly Hayashi Nobukatsu also known as Dōshun 1st son of Nobutoki 7 Son of founder Hayashi Gahō 1618 1688 formerly Hayashi Harukatsu 3rd son of Razan 8 The courtesy title of Daigaku no kami 大学頭 litt Head of the school identified the head of the chief educational institution of the state It was conferred by the shogun in 1691 to Hayashi Hōkō when the Neo Confucian academy moved to land provided by the shogunate at Yushima This academic title became hereditary for the ten descendants who followed in succession 9 1st Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Hōkō 1644 1732 formerly Hayashi Nobuhatsu son of Gahō 10 2nd Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Ryukō 1681 1758 3rd Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Hōkoku 1721 1773 4th Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Hōtan 1761 1787 5th Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Kimpō 1767 1793 also known as Hayashi Kanjun or Hayashi Nobutaka 11 6th Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Jussai 1768 1841 formerly Matsudaira Norihira 3rd son of Iwamura daimyo Matsudaira Norimori Norihira was adopted into Hayashi family when Kimpō Kanjun died childless explained shogunate foreign policy to Emperor Kōkaku in 1804 12 also known as Hayashi Jitsusai 13 and Hayashi Kō 11 7th Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Teiu 1791 1844 8th Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Sōkan 1828 1853 9th Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Fukusai 1800 1859 also known as Hayashi Akira chief Japanese negotiator for the Treaty of Kanagawa 14 10th Daigaku no Kami Hayashi Gakusai 1833 1906 formerly Hayashi Noboru head of Yushima Seidō in 1867 Other notable clan members edit Hayashi Nobutoki 1583 1657 father of Hayashi Razan 11 Hayashi Nobozumi 1585 1683 brother of Hayashi Razan 15 Hayashi Yoshikatsu brother of Hayashi Nobutoki and adoptive father of Hayashi Razan 11 Hayashi Dokkōsai formerly Hayashi Morikatsu born 1624 4th son of Hayashi Razan Hayashi Shunzai or Hayashi Shunsai 1618 1680 alternate spellings for early name of Hayashi Gahō 11 Hayashi Jo son of Hayashi Razan brother of Gahō and Morikatsu 15 Hayashi Shuntoku 1624 1661 Hayashi Baisai Hayashi Kansai Torii Yōzō 2nd son of Jussai adopted into Torii family 16 Satō Issai 1772 1859 adopted into Hayashi family from Iwamura becomes professorial head of academy in 1805 17 Hayashi Kakuryō 1806 1878 Confucian scholar who never gave up his top knot 18 Hayashi Ryōsai 1807 1849 19 Hayashi clan cemetery editThe Hayashi clan cemetery is located in Ichigayayamabushi cho Shinjuku Tokyo The cemetery was originally located in Shinobu ga oka in Ueno but in 1698 the Shogunate granted the clan an estate in Ushigome and the cemetery was relocated at that time It houses the graves of the first 12 generations of the main lineage of the clan starting with Hayashi Razan and including the tomb of Hayashi Akira as well as the tombs of eight generations of a cadet lineage started by Hayashi Harutoku The cemetery was designated a National Historic Site in 1926 20 It remained in the hands of the Hayashi clan until it was purchased by Shinjuku Ward in 1975 A total of 81 tombstones stand in the small site of about 360 square meters It is open to the public every year in early November 21 The Hayashi clan cemetery is about a 5 minute walk from Ushigome yanagichō Station on the Toei Metro Ōedo Line See also editHayashi clan disambiguation Notes edit a b Yamshita Samuel Hideo Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations 1650 1675 Early Modern Japan 9 2 3 18 Fall 2001 Ooms Herman Tokugawa Ideology Early Constructs 1570 1680 pp 107 108 Bourdieu Pierre et al 1992 An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology p 106 Totman Conrad 1967 Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu 1600 1843 p 208 Yamashita p 16 Bourdieu p 106 Ogawa Edo no hatamoto jiten p 85 Screech Timon 2006 Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns Isaac Titsingh and Japan 1779 1822 p 65 Cullen L M 2003 A History of Japan 1582 1941 Internal and External Worlds p 59 Screech p 65 Kelly Boyd 1999 Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing Vol 1 p 522 De Bary William et al 2005 Sources of Japanese Tradition Vol 2 p 69 De Bary William et al 2005 Sources of Japanese Tradition Vol 2 p 443 a b c d e Nussbaum Louis Frederic et al 2005 Japan Encyclopedia p 300 Cullen pp 117 163 Asiatic Society of Japan 1908 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan v36 1 1908 p 151 Cullen p 178 n11 a b Nussbaum p 301 Cullen p 159 Cullen p 163 Mehl Margaret 2003 Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan The Decline and Transformation of the Kangaku juku p 49 Mehl p 92 林氏墓地 Hayashi shi bochi in Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs 林氏墓地 Hayashi shi bochi in Japanese Tokyo Cultural Properties Database References edit nbsp Flags mark the entrance to the reconstructed Yushima Seidō Tokyo Bourdieu Pierre and Loeic J D Wacquant 1992 An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 06741 6 Cullen Louis M 2003 A History of Japan 1582 1941 Internal and External Worlds Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 82155 X cloth ISBN 0 521 52918 2 paper De Bary William Theodore Carol Gluck Arthur E Tiedemann 2005 Sources of Japanese Tradition Vol 2 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 12984 X ISBN 978 0 231 12984 8 OCLC 255020415 Online Encyclopedia of Shinto 19 Sept 2007 Mehl Margaret 2003 Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan The Decline and Transformation of the Kangaku juku Copenhagen Nordic Institute of Asian Studies NIAS ISBN 87 91114 94 2 Nussbaum Louis Frederic and Kathe Roth 2005 Japan Encyclopedia Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 01753 6 ISBN 978 0 674 01753 5 OCLC 48943301 Ogawa Kyōichi 2003 Edo no hatamoto jiten Tokyo Kōdansha Ooms Herman 1975 Charismatic Bureaucrat a political biography of Matsudaira Sadanobu 1758 1829 Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 63031 5 1998 Tokugawa Ideology Early Constructs 1570 1680 Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 939512 85 8 Ponsonby Fane Richard A B 1956 Kyoto the Old Capital 794 1869 Kyoto Ponsonby Memorial Society Timon Screech Timon 2006 Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns Isaac Titsingh and Japan 1779 1822 London RoutledgeCurzon ISBN 0 7007 1720 X Totman Conrad D 1967 Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu Cambridge Harvard University Press Further reading editDore Ronald Phillip 1965 Education in Tokugawa Japan Berkeley University of California Press reprinted University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Michigan 1984 ISBN 0 939512 15 7 ISBN 978 0 939512 15 7 cloth ISBN 0 939512 59 9 ISBN 978 0 939512 59 1 paper Hori Isao 堀勇雄 1964 Hayashi Razan 林羅山 Tokyo Yoshikawa Kōbunkan ISBN 4 642 05185 6 Totman Conrad 1983 Tokugawa Ieyasu Shogun San Francisco Heian International ISBN 0 89346 210 1 ISBN 978 0 89346 210 9 paper Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hayashi clan Confucian scholars amp oldid 1146698315, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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