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Koku

May 09, 2023

For the unit of time written koku 刻, see Traditional Chinese timekeeping. For the shakuhachi song, see Kokū. For the fictional giant, see Tom Swift.

The koku (石) is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. 1 koku is equivalent to 10 to (斗) or approximately 180 litres (40 imp gal; 48 US gal),[a][1] or about 150 kilograms (330 lb). It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1000 gō.[2] One gō is the volume of the "rice cup", the plastic measuring cup that is supplied with commercial Japanese rice cookers.[3]

The koku in Japan was typically used as a dry measure. The amount of rice production measured in koku was the metric by which the magnitude of a feudal domain (han) was evaluated.[4] A feudal lord was only considered daimyō class when his domain amounted to at least 10,000 koku.[4] As a rule of thumb, one koku was considered a sufficient quantity of rice to feed one person for one year.[5][b][c]

The Chinese equivalent or cognate unit for capacity is the shi or dan (Chinese: 石; pinyin: shí, dàn; Wade–Giles: shih, tan) also known as hu (斛; hú; hu), now approximately 103 litres but historically about 59.44 litres (13.07 imp gal; 15.70 US gal).

Chinese equivalent

Further information: Dan (unit)

The Chinese shi or dan is equal to 10 dou (斗; dǒu; tou) "pecks", 100 sheng (升; shēng; sheng) "pints".[9] While the current shi is 103 litres in volume,[10] the shi of the Tang dynasty (618–907) period equalled 59.44 litres.[9]

Modern unit

The exact modern koku is calculated to be 180.39 litres, 100 times the capacity of a modern shō.[11][d] This modern koku is essentially defined to be the same as the koku from the Edo period (1600–1868),[e] namely 100 times the shō equal to 64827 cubic bu in the traditional shakkanhō measuring system.[16]

Origin of the modern unit

The kyō-masu (京枡, "Kyoto masu"), the semi-official one shō measuring box since the late 16th century under Daimyo Nobunaga,[17] began to be made in a different (larger) size in the early Edo period, sometime during the 1620s.[18] Its dimensions, given in the traditional Japanese shaku length unit system, were 4 sun 9 bu square times 2 sun 7 bu depth.[f][18][13] Its volume, which could be calculated by multiplication was:[11]

1 koku = 100 shō = 100 × (49 bu × 49 bu × 27 bu) = 100 × 64,827 cubic bu[18][g]

Although this was referred to as shin kyō-masu or the "new" measuring cup in its early days,[18] its use supplanted the old measure in most areas in Japan, until the only place still left using the old cup ("edo-masu") was the city of Edo,[19] and the Edo government passed an edict declaring the kyō-masu the official nationwide measure standard[17] in 1669 (Kanbun 9).[19]

Modern measurement enactment

When the 1891 Japanese Weights and Measures Act [ja] was promulgated, it defined the shō unit as the capacity of the standard kyo-masu of 64827 cubic bu.[15] The same act also defined the shaku length as 10⁄33 metre.[15] The metric equivalent of the modern shō is 2401⁄1331 litres.[20] The modern koku is therefore 240,100⁄1331 litres, or 180.39 litres.[21]

The modern shaku defined here is set to equal the so-called setchū-shaku (setchū-jaku or "compromise shaku"),[22] measuring 302.97 mm, a middle-ground value between two different kane-jaku standards.[h][23][22] A researcher has pointed out that the (shin) kyō-masu [ja] cups ought to have used take-jaku which were 0.2% longer.[12][i] However, the actual measuring cups in use did not quite attain the take shaku metric, and when the Japanese Ministry of Finance had collected actual samples of masu from the masu-za [ja] (measuring-cup guilds) of both eastern and western Japan, they found that the measurements were close to the average of take-jaku and kane-jaku.[28]

Lumber koku

The "lumber koku" or "maritime koku" is defined as equal to 10 cubic shaku in the lumber or shipping industry,[29] compared with the standard koku measures 6.48 cubic shaku.[6] A lumber koku is conventionally accepted as equivalent to 120 board feet, but in practice may convert to less.[30] In metric measures 1 lumber koku is about 278.3 litres (61.2 imp gal; 73.5 US gal).

Historic use

The exact measure now in use was devised around the 1620s, but not officially adopted for all of Japan until the Kanbun era (1660s).

Feudal Japan

Under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868) of the Edo period of Japanese history, each feudal domain had an assessment of its potential income known as kokudaka (production yield) which in part determined its order of precedence at the Shogunal court. The smallest kokudaka to qualify the fief-holder for the title of daimyō was 10,000 koku (worth ¥705.53 million (2016) (equivalent to ¥719.91 million or US$6.6 million in 2019)[31])[32] and Kaga han, the largest fief (other than that of the shōgun), was called the "million-koku domain". Its holdings totaled around 1,025,000 koku (worth ¥72.3 billion (2016) (equivalent to ¥73.77 billion or US$676.77 million in 2019)[31]). Many samurai, including hatamoto (a high-ranking samurai), received stipends in koku, while a few received salaries instead.

The kokudaka was reported in terms of brown rice (genmai) in most places, with the exception of the land ruled by the Satsuma clan which reported in terms of unhusked or non-winnowed rice (momi (籾).[33] Since this practice had persisted, past Japanese rice production statistics need to be adjusted for comparison with other countries that report production by milled or polished rice.[6]

Even in certain parts of the Tōhoku region or Ezo (Hokkaidō), where rice could not be grown, the economy was still measured in terms of koku, with other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice.[34] The kokudaka was not adjusted from year to year, and thus some fiefs had larger economies than their nominal koku indicated, due to land reclamation and new rice field development, which allowed them to fund development projects.

As measure of cargo ship class

Koku was also used to measure how much a ship could carry when all its loads were rice. Smaller ships carried 50 koku (7.5 tonnes, 7.4 long tons, 8.3 short tons) while the biggest ships carried over 1,000 koku (150 tonnes, 150 long tons, 170 short tons). The biggest ships were larger than military vessels owned by the shogunate.

In popular culture

The Hyakumangoku Matsuri (Million-Koku Festival) in Kanazawa, Japan celebrates the arrival of daimyō Maeda Toshiie into the city in 1583, although Maeda's income was not raised to over a million koku until after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.

In fiction

The James Clavell novel Shōgun uses the Koku measure extensively as a plot device by many of the main characters as a method of reward, punishment and enticement. While fiction, it shows the importance of the fief, the rice measure and payments.

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ 180 litres (4.9 imp bsh; 5.1 US bsh)
  2. ^ A koku of brown rice (unpolished rice) weighs about 150 kilograms (330 lb).[5][6] White rice (milled rice, polished rice) weighs about the same (150g per gō).[7] But 1 koku of brown rice would only yield 0.91 koku of milled rice (white rice)[6] after processing (seimai (精米)), i.e., removing the rice bran).
  3. ^ Apparently 1.8 koku (1 koku and 8 to) was actually required for nourishment by a man each year, according to the conventional wisdom documented in a "home code" (kakun [ja]) of a certain merchant family in the Edo period.[8]
  4. ^ Each shō was determined to measure 1803.9 cubic centimetres (millilitres)[12] or 1.803906 litres.[13]
  5. ^ The Edo Period koku was roughly 180 litres or 5 bushels.[14]
  6. ^ sun = 1⁄10 shaku and bu = 1⁄100 shaku respectively.
  7. ^ Also =100 × 64.827 cubic sun.[13]
  8. ^ Between the common people's Matashiro-jaku, 302.37 mm and the bakufu's official Kyōho-jaku 303.36 mm.[23] The matashirō-jaku 又四郎尺 devised by a carpenter[22] is a type of the carpentry scale was the commoner's type of 曲尺 (kane-jaku/kyoku-jaku/magari-jaku).[24][25]
  9. ^ One type of take-jaku is the aforementioned Kyōho-jaku[26] which came into use in the Kyoho era (1716-1736).[27]

References

Citations
  1. ^ Hayek, Matthias; Horiuchi, Annick, eds. (2014). Listen, Copy, Read: Popular Learning in Early Modern Japan. BRILL. p. 195, note 39. ISBN 978-9-00427-972-8.
  2. ^ a b Cardarelli, François (2003). "3.5.2.4.13.3 Old Japanese Units of Capacity". Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measure. Translated by M.J. Shields. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 151. ISBN 1-85233-682-X.
  3. ^ Andoh, Elizabeth (2012). Washoku: Recipes from the Japanese Home Kitchen: A Cookbook. Ten Speed Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-307-81355-8.
  4. ^ a b Curtin, Philip D. (2002) [2000]. The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 0-52189-054-3.
  5. ^ a b Francks, Penelope (2006). Rural Economic Development in Japan: From the Nineteenth Century to the Pacific War. Routledge. p. xvii. ISBN 1-134-20786-7.
  6. ^ a b c d Rose, Beth (2016) [1985]. Appendix to the Rice Economy of Asia. Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-31733-947-2.
  7. ^ Yamaguchi, Tomoko 山口智子 (2017). "Mushi kamado de taita beihan no bussei to oishisa no hyōka" 蒸しかまどで炊いた米飯の物性とおいしさの評価 [Evaluation of physical properties and taste of rice cooked by steamed rice cooker, Mushikamado] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education. Natural Sciences. Niigata University. 34 (2): 224.
  8. ^ Ramseyer, Mark J. (1979). "Thrift and Diligence; Home Codes of Tokugawa Merchat Families". Monumenta Nipponica. Sophia University. 34 (2): 224. doi:10.2307/2384323. JSTOR 2384323.
  9. ^ a b Wittfogel, Karl A.; Fêng, Chia-Shêng (1946). "History of Chinese Society Liao (907-1125)". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Sophia University. 36: 609. doi:10.2307/1005570. JSTOR 1005570. JSTOR 1005570
  10. ^ Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China Marches West. Harvard University Press. p. 598. ISBN 0-674-01684-X.
  11. ^ a b By definition. 1 koku = 10 to = 100 shō.[2]
  12. ^ a b Midorikawa (2012), p. 99.
  13. ^ a b c Japanese government (1878). Le Japon à l'exposition universelle de 1878: 2ème partie (in French). Commission Impériale Japonaise. p. 18.
  14. ^ Wittfogel, Karl A. (1936). "Financial Difficulties of The Edo Bakufu". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Sophia University. 1 (3/4): 314, note 26. JSTOR 2717787
  15. ^ a b c Nihon shakai jii 日本社會事彙 (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Keizai Zasshi Sha. 1907. p. 1252. 升 六萬四千八百二十七立方分
  16. ^ Weights and Measures Act (Japan) [ja] (1891).[15]
  17. ^ a b Yamamura, Kozo (1990), "8 The growth of commerce in medieval Japan", in Yamamura, Kozo (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 3, p. 393, ISBN 9780521223546
  18. ^ a b c d Amano (1979), p. 10–13.
  19. ^ a b Umemura, Mataji 梅村又次; Hayami, Akira 速水融; Miyamoto Matarō 宮本又郎, eds. (1979), Nihon keizaishi 1 keizaishakai no seiritsu: 17~18 seiki 日本経済史 1 経済社会の成立: 17~18世紀 (in Japanese), Iwanami
  20. ^ Koizumi, Kesakatsu 小泉袈裟勝, ed. (1981). Tan'i no jiten 単位の辞典 (in Japanese) (revised 4th ed.). Rateisu. p. 394.
  21. ^ Midorikawa (2012), p. 99: "1,803.9 cm3".
  22. ^ a b c Weights and Measures in Japan: Past and Present (1914), pp. 18–19: "The setchū-shaku.. [which] Inō Chūkei.. invented.. a mean between the matashirō-shaku and the kyōho-shaku, and was therefore called the measure of setchū (compromise). The length is the same as that of the present shaku".
  23. ^ a b "Setchū-jaku せっちゅう‐じゃく【折衷尺】", Seisen-ban Nihon kokugo daijiten, Shogakukan, via kotobank. accessed 2020-02-07.
  24. ^ JWMA 1978, p. 25.
  25. ^ "kanejaku; kyokushaku" かねじゃく【曲尺】;きょくしゃく【曲尺】. Digital Daijisen デジタル大辞泉. Shogakukan. Retrieved 2019-08-03.
  26. ^ JWMA 1978, p. 1.
  27. ^ Ōtsuki, Nyoden; Krieger, Carel Coenruad (1940). The Infiltration of European Civilization in Japan During the 18th Century. Brill. p. 598.
  28. ^ JWMA (1978), p. 2: "The results of measuring original vessels at both the East and West Masu-za yielded (a value) near the average of take-jaku and magari-jaku (=kane-jaku) 東西両桝座の原器の測定結果では、竹尺と曲り尺の平均した長さに近".
  29. ^ Totman, Conrad D. (1989). The Green Archipelago: Forestry in Preindustrial Japan. University of California Press. p. 228, note 37. ISBN 0-52006-313-9.
  30. ^ United States Forest Service (1945), Japan: forest resources, forest products, forest policy, Division of forest economics, Forest service, U.S. Dept. of agriculture, p. 11
  31. ^ a b 1868 to 1938: Williamson J., Nominal Wage, Cost of Living, Real Wage and Land Rent Data for Japan 1831-1938, 1939 to 1945: Bank of Japan Historical Statistics Afterwards, Japanese Historical Consumer Price Index numbers based on data available from the Japanese Statistics Bureau. Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014 Retrieved 30 July 2014. For between 1946 and 1970, from "昭和戦後史". Retrieved 2015-01-24.
  32. ^ "Shōhisha bukka shisū (CPI) kekka" 消費者物価指数 (CPI) 結果 [Consumer Price Index (CPI) results] (CSV). Statistics Bureau of Japan (in Japanese). Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  33. ^ Kurihara, Ryūichi (1972). Bakumatsu Nihon no gunsei 幕末日本の軍制 (in Japanese). Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha. p. 195, note 39. ISBN 9789004279728.
  34. ^ Beasley, William G. (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stanford University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0804708150.
Bibliography
  • Amano, Kiyoshi 天野 清 (1979), "Kyōmasu to Edomasu" 京枡と江戸枡, Keiryōshi Kenkyū: Journal of the Society of Historical Metrology, Japan (in Japanese), 1 (1): 10–19
  • Central Bureau of Weights and Measures The Department of Agriculture and Commerce in Japan (1914), Weights and Measures in Japan: Past and Present, hdl:2027/uc1.$c174918
  • JWMA (Japan Weights and Measures Association) 日本計量協会 (1978), Keiryō hyakunen-shi 計量百年史
  • Midorikawa, Kazuo 水鳥川和夫 (2012), "Chūsei higashi nihon ni okeru shiyō masu no yōseki to hyōjun masu" 中世東日本における使用升の容積と標準升 [Volume of used masu and standard masu in medieval eastern Japan], Shakai keizai shigaku (in Japanese), 78 (1): 99–118

May 09, 2023
koku, unit, time, written, koku, traditional, chinese, timekeeping, shakuhachi, song, kokū, fictional, giant, swift, koku, chinese, based, japanese, unit, volume, koku, equivalent, approximately, litres, about, kilograms, converts, turn, shō, 1000, volume, ric. For the unit of time written koku 刻 see Traditional Chinese timekeeping For the shakuhachi song see Koku For the fictional giant see Tom Swift The koku 石 is a Chinese based Japanese unit of volume 1 koku is equivalent to 10 to 斗 or approximately 180 litres 40 imp gal 48 US gal a 1 or about 150 kilograms 330 lb It converts in turn to 100 shō and 1000 gō 2 One gō is the volume of the rice cup the plastic measuring cup that is supplied with commercial Japanese rice cookers 3 The koku in Japan was typically used as a dry measure The amount of rice production measured in koku was the metric by which the magnitude of a feudal domain han was evaluated 4 A feudal lord was only considered daimyō class when his domain amounted to at least 10 000 koku 4 As a rule of thumb one koku was considered a sufficient quantity of rice to feed one person for one year 5 b c The Chinese equivalent or cognate unit for capacity is the shi or dan Chinese 石 pinyin shi dan Wade Giles shih tan also known as hu 斛 hu hu now approximately 103 litres but historically about 59 44 litres 13 07 imp gal 15 70 US gal Contents 1 Chinese equivalent 2 Modern unit 2 1 Origin of the modern unit 2 2 Modern measurement enactment 2 3 Lumber koku 3 Historic use 3 1 Feudal Japan 3 1 1 As measure of cargo ship class 4 In popular culture 5 In fiction 6 Explanatory notes 7 ReferencesChinese equivalent EditFurther information Dan unit The Chinese shi or dan is equal to 10 dou 斗 dǒu tou pecks 100 sheng 升 sheng sheng pints 9 While the current shi is 103 litres in volume 10 the shi of the Tang dynasty 618 907 period equalled 59 44 litres 9 Modern unit EditThe exact modern koku is calculated to be 180 39 litres 100 times the capacity of a modern shō 11 d This modern koku is essentially defined to be the same as the koku from the Edo period 1600 1868 e namely 100 times the shō equal to 64827 cubic bu in the traditional shakkanhō measuring system 16 Origin of the modern unit Edit The kyō masu 京枡 Kyoto masu the semi official one shō measuring box since the late 16th century under Daimyo Nobunaga 17 began to be made in a different larger size in the early Edo period sometime during the 1620s 18 Its dimensions given in the traditional Japanese shaku length unit system were 4 sun 9 bu square times 2 sun 7 bu depth f 18 13 Its volume which could be calculated by multiplication was 11 1 koku 100 shō 100 49 bu 49 bu 27 bu 100 64 827 cubic bu 18 g Although this was referred to as shin kyō masu or the new measuring cup in its early days 18 its use supplanted the old measure in most areas in Japan until the only place still left using the old cup edo masu was the city of Edo 19 and the Edo government passed an edict declaring the kyō masu the official nationwide measure standard 17 in 1669 Kanbun 9 19 Modern measurement enactment Edit When the 1891 Japanese Weights and Measures Act ja was promulgated it defined the shō unit as the capacity of the standard kyo masu of 64827 cubic bu 15 The same act also defined the shaku length as 10 33 metre 15 The metric equivalent of the modern shō is 2401 1331 litres 20 The modern koku is therefore 240 100 1331 litres or 180 39 litres 21 The modern shaku defined here is set to equal the so called setchu shaku setchu jaku or compromise shaku 22 measuring 302 97 mm a middle ground value between two different kane jaku standards h 23 22 A researcher has pointed out that the shin kyō masu ja cups ought to have used take jaku which were 0 2 longer 12 i However the actual measuring cups in use did not quite attain the take shaku metric and when the Japanese Ministry of Finance had collected actual samples of masu from the masu za ja measuring cup guilds of both eastern and western Japan they found that the measurements were close to the average of take jaku and kane jaku 28 Lumber koku Edit The lumber koku or maritime koku is defined as equal to 10 cubic shaku in the lumber or shipping industry 29 compared with the standard koku measures 6 48 cubic shaku 6 A lumber koku is conventionally accepted as equivalent to 120 board feet but in practice may convert to less 30 In metric measures 1 lumber koku is about 278 3 litres 61 2 imp gal 73 5 US gal Historic use EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message The exact measure now in use was devised around the 1620s but not officially adopted for all of Japan until the Kanbun era 1660s Feudal Japan Edit Under the Tokugawa shogunate 1603 1868 of the Edo period of Japanese history each feudal domain had an assessment of its potential income known as kokudaka production yield which in part determined its order of precedence at the Shogunal court The smallest kokudaka to qualify the fief holder for the title of daimyō was 10 000 koku worth 705 53 million 2016 equivalent to 719 91 million or US 6 6 million in 2019 31 32 and Kaga han the largest fief other than that of the shōgun was called the million koku domain Its holdings totaled around 1 025 000 koku worth 72 3 billion 2016 equivalent to 73 77 billion or US 676 77 million in 2019 31 Many samurai including hatamoto a high ranking samurai received stipends in koku while a few received salaries instead The kokudaka was reported in terms of brown rice genmai in most places with the exception of the land ruled by the Satsuma clan which reported in terms of unhusked or non winnowed rice momi 籾 33 Since this practice had persisted past Japanese rice production statistics need to be adjusted for comparison with other countries that report production by milled or polished rice 6 Even in certain parts of the Tōhoku region or Ezo Hokkaidō where rice could not be grown the economy was still measured in terms of koku with other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice 34 The kokudaka was not adjusted from year to year and thus some fiefs had larger economies than their nominal koku indicated due to land reclamation and new rice field development which allowed them to fund development projects As measure of cargo ship class Edit Koku was also used to measure how much a ship could carry when all its loads were rice Smaller ships carried 50 koku 7 5 tonnes 7 4 long tons 8 3 short tons while the biggest ships carried over 1 000 koku 150 tonnes 150 long tons 170 short tons The biggest ships were larger than military vessels owned by the shogunate In popular culture EditThe Hyakumangoku Matsuri Million Koku Festival in Kanazawa Japan celebrates the arrival of daimyō Maeda Toshiie into the city in 1583 although Maeda s income was not raised to over a million koku until after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 In fiction EditThe James Clavell novel Shōgun uses the Koku measure extensively as a plot device by many of the main characters as a method of reward punishment and enticement While fiction it shows the importance of the fief the rice measure and payments Explanatory notes Edit 180 litres 4 9 imp bsh 5 1 US bsh A koku of brown rice unpolished rice weighs about 150 kilograms 330 lb 5 6 White rice milled rice polished rice weighs about the same 150g per gō 7 But 1 koku of brown rice would only yield 0 91 koku of milled rice white rice 6 after processing seimai 精米 i e removing the rice bran Apparently 1 8 koku 1 koku and 8 to was actually required for nourishment by a man each year according to the conventional wisdom documented in a home code kakun ja of a certain merchant family in the Edo period 8 Each shō was determined to measure 1803 9 cubic centimetres millilitres 12 or 1 803906 litres 13 The Edo Period koku was roughly 180 litres or 5 bushels 14 sun 1 10 shaku and bu 1 100 shaku respectively Also 100 64 827 cubic sun 13 Between the common people s Matashiro jaku 302 37 mm and the bakufu s official Kyōho jaku 303 36 mm 23 The matashirō jaku 又四郎尺 devised by a carpenter 22 is a type of the carpentry scale was the commoner s type of 曲尺 kane jaku kyoku jaku magari jaku 24 25 One type of take jaku is the aforementioned Kyōho jaku 26 which came into use in the Kyoho era 1716 1736 27 References EditCitations Hayek Matthias Horiuchi Annick eds 2014 Listen Copy Read Popular Learning in Early Modern Japan BRILL p 195 note 39 ISBN 978 9 00427 972 8 a b Cardarelli Francois 2003 3 5 2 4 13 3 Old Japanese Units of Capacity Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units Weights and Measure Translated by M J Shields Springer Science amp Business Media p 151 ISBN 1 85233 682 X Andoh Elizabeth 2012 Washoku Recipes from the Japanese Home Kitchen A Cookbook Ten Speed Press p 136 ISBN 978 0 307 81355 8 a b Curtin Philip D 2002 2000 The World and the West The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire revised ed Cambridge University Press p 159 ISBN 0 52189 054 3 a b Francks Penelope 2006 Rural Economic Development in Japan From the Nineteenth Century to the Pacific War Routledge p xvii ISBN 1 134 20786 7 a b c d Rose Beth 2016 1985 Appendix to the Rice Economy of Asia Routledge p 84 ISBN 978 1 31733 947 2 Yamaguchi Tomoko 山口智子 2017 Mushi kamado de taita beihan no bussei to oishisa no hyōka 蒸しかまどで炊いた米飯の物性とおいしさの評価 Evaluation of physical properties and taste of rice cooked by steamed rice cooker Mushikamado PDF Bulletin of the Faculty of Education Natural Sciences Niigata University 34 2 224 Ramseyer Mark J 1979 Thrift and Diligence Home Codes of Tokugawa Merchat Families Monumenta Nipponica Sophia University 34 2 224 doi 10 2307 2384323 JSTOR 2384323 a b Wittfogel Karl A Feng Chia Sheng 1946 History of Chinese Society Liao 907 1125 Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Sophia University 36 609 doi 10 2307 1005570 JSTOR 1005570 JSTOR 1005570 Perdue Peter C 2005 China Marches West Harvard University Press p 598 ISBN 0 674 01684 X a b By definition 1 koku 10 to 100 shō 2 a b Midorikawa 2012 p 99 a b c Japanese government 1878 Le Japon a l exposition universelle de 1878 2eme partie in French Commission Imperiale Japonaise p 18 Wittfogel Karl A 1936 Financial Difficulties of The Edo Bakufu Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Sophia University 1 3 4 314 note 26 JSTOR 2717787 a b c Nihon shakai jii 日本社會事彙 in Japanese Vol 2 Keizai Zasshi Sha 1907 p 1252 升 六萬四千八百二十七立方分 Weights and Measures Act Japan ja 1891 15 a b Yamamura Kozo 1990 8 The growth of commerce in medieval Japan in Yamamura Kozo ed The Cambridge History of Japan vol 3 p 393 ISBN 9780521223546 a b c d Amano 1979 p 10 13 a b Umemura Mataji 梅村又次 Hayami Akira 速水融 Miyamoto Matarō 宮本又郎 eds 1979 Nihon keizaishi 1 keizaishakai no seiritsu 17 18 seiki 日本経済史 1 経済社会の成立 17 18世紀 in Japanese Iwanami Koizumi Kesakatsu 小泉袈裟勝 ed 1981 Tan i no jiten 単位の辞典 in Japanese revised 4th ed Rateisu p 394 Midorikawa 2012 p 99 1 803 9 cm3 a b c Weights and Measures in Japan Past and Present 1914 pp 18 19 The setchu shaku which Inō Chukei invented a mean between the matashirō shaku and the kyōho shaku and was therefore called the measure of setchu compromise The length is the same as that of the present shaku a b Setchu jaku せっちゅう じゃく 折衷尺 Seisen ban Nihon kokugo daijiten Shogakukan via kotobank accessed 2020 02 07 JWMA 1978 p 25 kanejaku kyokushaku かねじゃく 曲尺 きょくしゃく 曲尺 Digital Daijisen デジタル大辞泉 Shogakukan Retrieved 2019 08 03 JWMA 1978 p 1 Ōtsuki Nyoden Krieger Carel Coenruad 1940 The Infiltration of European Civilization in Japan During the 18th Century Brill p 598 JWMA 1978 p 2 The results of measuring original vessels at both the East and West Masu za yielded a value near the average of take jaku and magari jaku kane jaku 東西両桝座の原器の測定結果では 竹尺と曲り尺の平均した長さに近 Totman Conrad D 1989 The Green Archipelago Forestry in Preindustrial Japan University of California Press p 228 note 37 ISBN 0 52006 313 9 United States Forest Service 1945 Japan forest resources forest products forest policy Division of forest economics Forest service U S Dept of agriculture p 11 a b 1868 to 1938 Williamson J Nominal Wage Cost of Living Real Wage and Land Rent Data for Japan 1831 1938 1939 to 1945 Bank of Japan Historical Statistics Afterwards Japanese Historical Consumer Price Index numbers based on data available from the Japanese Statistics Bureau Japan Historical Consumer Price Index CPI 1970 to 2014 Retrieved 30 July 2014 For between 1946 and 1970 from 昭和戦後史 Retrieved 2015 01 24 Shōhisha bukka shisu CPI kekka 消費者物価指数 CPI 結果 Consumer Price Index CPI results CSV Statistics Bureau of Japan in Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Retrieved 14 April 2018 Kurihara Ryuichi 1972 Bakumatsu Nihon no gunsei 幕末日本の軍制 in Japanese Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha p 195 note 39 ISBN 9789004279728 Beasley William G 1972 The Meiji Restoration Stanford University Press pp 14 15 ISBN 0804708150 BibliographyAmano Kiyoshi 天野 清 1979 Kyōmasu to Edomasu 京枡と江戸枡 Keiryōshi Kenkyu Journal of the Society of Historical Metrology Japan in Japanese 1 1 10 19 Central Bureau of Weights and Measures The Department of Agriculture and Commerce in Japan 1914 Weights and Measures in Japan Past and Present hdl 2027 uc1 c174918JWMA Japan Weights and Measures Association 日本計量協会 1978 Keiryō hyakunen shi 計量百年史 Midorikawa Kazuo 水鳥川和夫 2012 Chusei higashi nihon ni okeru shiyō masu no yōseki to hyōjun masu 中世東日本における使用升の容積と標準升 Volume of used masu and standard masu in medieval eastern Japan Shakai keizai shigaku in Japanese 78 1 99 118 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Koku amp oldid 1146334197, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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