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Hamburger Bank

The Hamburger Bank (lit.'Bank of Hamburg') was a public credit institution founded in 1619 by the Free City of Hamburg. It operated independently until 31 December 1875, when it became part of the newly created Reichsbank.[1]

Coin issued by the Hamburger Bank in 1665, displaying its arms together with those of the Bank of Amsterdam, Bank of Nuremberg, and Venetian Banco del Giro. The Latin inscription translates as: "1665 commemoration of the banks established in Europe with the benevolence of God". The other side shows the Hamburg harbor and skyline under God represented by the Tetragrammaton. The Latin inscription translates as: "Under the shadow of Your wings"

History

The Hamburg City Council made the decision to create the bank in February 1619, following lengthy negotiations with its civic stakeholders. Like its model, the Amsterdamsche Wisselbank which had been founded in 1609, it was intended to improve monetary stability in uncertain times and to simplify trade between merchants. The numerous English merchant adventurers, Portuguese Sephardi Jews and Dutch religious refugees living in Hamburg at the time brought their capital and knowledge to the bank, thus contributing to its initial success.

The bank was administered free of charge by two senators, two City elders (Oberalten), two "treasury citizens" (Kammereibürger) and five "bank citizens" (Bancobürger), namely citizens who had an account at the bank. The bank's premises were in Hamburg City Hall. To open an account at the bank, one had to bring an initial amount of at least 400 Lübeck Marks. In addition, regulations were issued that prohibited bills of exchange and private trade in metallic money, and bills of exchange over 400 Lübeck Marks had to be processed through the Hamburger Bank.

On 20 November 1619, Lehnbanco was founded as a department of the Hamburger Bank. It gave loans against collateral to merchants as well as to the City of Hamburg itself. The Hamburger Bank was also assigned the municipal mint and the municipal grain warehouse, but these still had independently accounting. From 1725 to 1736, the Courantbank was set up as a subdivision of the Hamburger Bank, with the aim to counteract massive currency debasement at the time. Courant is an old word for currency and refers to coins whose precious metal content supports their value.

The Hamburger Bank held a reputation for good governance and integrity. German economist Paul Jacob Marperger [de] described it as follows:[2]

The world-famous bank, which is better than any bank in the world in terms of purity of its bank money, as it has conserved the old and just [...] Reichstaler and has not tolerated any inferior ones [...] The bank is run by agile and faithful people [...] The order and diligence with which they conduct their operations is admirable, and every day large sums are deposited and withdrwan in a more straightforward manner than with Italian banks. Whoever comes to the bank and asks for example what moneys have been transferred to his account on the previous day will be given clear answers.

— P.J. Marperger, Beschreibung der Banquen (1717), translated by Ulrich Bindseil

The Savary brothers made similar observations:[2]

[...] although the size of this bank is not as considerable as the one in Amsterdam, the fidelity and exactness with which everything is being done there have given it a great reputation throughout Europe, and in the North.

— Jacques & Louis-Philémon Savary, Dictionnaire universel de commerce (1750), translated by Ulrich Bindseil

The bank weathered successive crises with various degrees of success. Unsecured loans were a fundamental problem. In 1770 the bank was comprehensively reformed. During the era of Napoleonic rule in Hamburg, the bank was looted and hit hard by economic crisis, but it survived.

The Hamburger Bank ceased to be a stand-alone entity following the Unification of Germany and was converted into a branch of the newly created Reichsbank at the end of 1875.

Units of account

The bank's unit of account was the Reichsthaler banco, worth 3 Hamburg mark banco or 48 schillings banco. On the date of the bank's foundation, this Bankothaler corresponded to the fine silver weight of the Reichsthaler based on the Imperial Minting Standard (Reichsmünzfuß) of 1566.

Similar to the Amsterdam Wisselbank, the Hamburger Bank was established in 1619 in order to guarantee the full silver equivalent of the German Empire's Reichsthaler despite the ensuing crises of the Thirty Years' War and the resulting Kipper und Wipper financial crisis. While originally defined as 19th a Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 25.984 g silver), Amsterdam's more extensive operations meant that its Dutch rijksdaalder's slightly lower standard of 25.4 g silver prevailed (hence, 8.46 g silver per Mark Banco). Silver received from depositors were converted in the books in reichsthalers banco of 3 marks or 48 schillings credited to their accounts (or Folium). From there they could make cashless payments to other account holders with full confidence of payment in the right quantity of silver.

Since the Reichsthaler Banco was viewed as stable in value, it was used in wholesale and mortgage loans, and merchants carried their books in Thalers and Marks Banco. Rates for other currencies and goods were published regularly, the most important of which is the daily exchange rate of gold coins or bullion into silver standard marks banco. The reichsthaler banco of Hamburg and Amsterdam was also equal in value to the Danish rigsdaler specie and the Norwegian rigsdaler specie.

In 1770 the bank's currency unit was modified so that a Cologne Mark of silver made 914 reichsthalers banco or 2734 marks banco (hence, 25.28 g fine silver per reichsthaler or 8.43 g per mark), or 5913 marks banco per Zollpfund (Customs Pound of 500 g fine silver). The Reichsthaler Banco was worth 1.5169 Vereinsthalers of 1623 g fine silver introduced by the Vienna Monetary Treaty of 1857. [3]

At the time of German currency unification in 1875, the new currency was named Mark (the German gold mark), as a comparatively neutral choice to replace the various southern Guilders and northern Thalers, and to accommodate sensitivities in Hamburg about the disappearance of the celebrated local bank. Hamburg's currency was retired at 1 mark banco = 1.5 German marks and 1 reichsthaler banco = 4.5 German gold marks. The German national currency would retain the name Mark, inherited from the Hamburger Bank, until its replacement by the euro.

Namesake

On 24 July 1861 a cooperative bank was founded with a similar name, the "Hamburger Bank von 1861 Volksbank eG". It is now known as Hamburger Volksbank [de].

Notes

  1. ^ Manfred Pohl (1986). Hamburger Bankengeschichte. V. Hase & Koehler. p. 21.
  2. ^ a b Ulrich Bindseil (2019). Central Banking before 1800: A Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press. p. 149.
  3. ^ Shaw, William Arthur (1896). "The History of Currency, 1252-1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being".


hamburger, bank, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, january, 2. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Hamburger Bank news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Hamburger Bank lit Bank of Hamburg was a public credit institution founded in 1619 by the Free City of Hamburg It operated independently until 31 December 1875 when it became part of the newly created Reichsbank 1 Coin issued by the Hamburger Bank in 1665 displaying its arms together with those of the Bank of Amsterdam Bank of Nuremberg and Venetian Banco del Giro The Latin inscription translates as 1665 commemoration of the banks established in Europe with the benevolence of God The other side shows the Hamburg harbor and skyline under God represented by the Tetragrammaton The Latin inscription translates as Under the shadow of Your wings Contents 1 History 2 Units of account 3 Namesake 4 NotesHistory EditThe Hamburg City Council made the decision to create the bank in February 1619 following lengthy negotiations with its civic stakeholders Like its model the Amsterdamsche Wisselbank which had been founded in 1609 it was intended to improve monetary stability in uncertain times and to simplify trade between merchants The numerous English merchant adventurers Portuguese Sephardi Jews and Dutch religious refugees living in Hamburg at the time brought their capital and knowledge to the bank thus contributing to its initial success The bank was administered free of charge by two senators two City elders Oberalten two treasury citizens Kammereiburger and five bank citizens Bancoburger namely citizens who had an account at the bank The bank s premises were in Hamburg City Hall To open an account at the bank one had to bring an initial amount of at least 400 Lubeck Marks In addition regulations were issued that prohibited bills of exchange and private trade in metallic money and bills of exchange over 400 Lubeck Marks had to be processed through the Hamburger Bank On 20 November 1619 Lehnbanco was founded as a department of the Hamburger Bank It gave loans against collateral to merchants as well as to the City of Hamburg itself The Hamburger Bank was also assigned the municipal mint and the municipal grain warehouse but these still had independently accounting From 1725 to 1736 the Courantbank was set up as a subdivision of the Hamburger Bank with the aim to counteract massive currency debasement at the time Courant is an old word for currency and refers to coins whose precious metal content supports their value The Hamburger Bank held a reputation for good governance and integrity German economist Paul Jacob Marperger de described it as follows 2 The world famous bank which is better than any bank in the world in terms of purity of its bank money as it has conserved the old and just Reichstaler and has not tolerated any inferior ones The bank is run by agile and faithful people The order and diligence with which they conduct their operations is admirable and every day large sums are deposited and withdrwan in a more straightforward manner than with Italian banks Whoever comes to the bank and asks for example what moneys have been transferred to his account on the previous day will be given clear answers P J Marperger Beschreibung der Banquen 1717 translated by Ulrich Bindseil The Savary brothers made similar observations 2 although the size of this bank is not as considerable as the one in Amsterdam the fidelity and exactness with which everything is being done there have given it a great reputation throughout Europe and in the North Jacques amp Louis Philemon Savary Dictionnaire universel de commerce 1750 translated by Ulrich Bindseil The bank weathered successive crises with various degrees of success Unsecured loans were a fundamental problem In 1770 the bank was comprehensively reformed During the era of Napoleonic rule in Hamburg the bank was looted and hit hard by economic crisis but it survived The Hamburger Bank ceased to be a stand alone entity following the Unification of Germany and was converted into a branch of the newly created Reichsbank at the end of 1875 Units of account EditMain article Hamburg mark The bank s unit of account was the Reichsthaler banco worth 3 Hamburg mark banco or 48 schillings banco On the date of the bank s foundation this Bankothaler corresponded to the fine silver weight of the Reichsthaler based on the Imperial Minting Standard Reichsmunzfuss of 1566 Similar to the Amsterdam Wisselbank the Hamburger Bank was established in 1619 in order to guarantee the full silver equivalent of the German Empire s Reichsthaler despite the ensuing crises of the Thirty Years War and the resulting Kipper und Wipper financial crisis While originally defined as 1 9 th a Cologne Mark of fine silver or 25 984 g silver Amsterdam s more extensive operations meant that its Dutch rijksdaalder s slightly lower standard of 25 4 g silver prevailed hence 8 46 g silver per Mark Banco Silver received from depositors were converted in the books in reichsthalers banco of 3 marks or 48 schillings credited to their accounts or Folium From there they could make cashless payments to other account holders with full confidence of payment in the right quantity of silver Since the Reichsthaler Banco was viewed as stable in value it was used in wholesale and mortgage loans and merchants carried their books in Thalers and Marks Banco Rates for other currencies and goods were published regularly the most important of which is the daily exchange rate of gold coins or bullion into silver standard marks banco The reichsthaler banco of Hamburg and Amsterdam was also equal in value to the Danish rigsdaler specie and the Norwegian rigsdaler specie In 1770 the bank s currency unit was modified so that a Cologne Mark of silver made 91 4 reichsthalers banco or 273 4 marks banco hence 25 28 g fine silver per reichsthaler or 8 43 g per mark or 591 3 marks banco per Zollpfund Customs Pound of 500 g fine silver The Reichsthaler Banco was worth 1 5169 Vereinsthalers of 162 3 g fine silver introduced by the Vienna Monetary Treaty of 1857 3 At the time of German currency unification in 1875 the new currency was named Mark the German gold mark as a comparatively neutral choice to replace the various southern Guilders and northern Thalers and to accommodate sensitivities in Hamburg about the disappearance of the celebrated local bank Hamburg s currency was retired at 1 mark banco 1 5 German marks and 1 reichsthaler banco 4 5 German gold marks The German national currency would retain the name Mark inherited from the Hamburger Bank until its replacement by the euro Namesake EditOn 24 July 1861 a cooperative bank was founded with a similar name the Hamburger Bank von 1861 Volksbank eG It is now known as Hamburger Volksbank de Notes Edit Manfred Pohl 1986 Hamburger Bankengeschichte V Hase amp Koehler p 21 a b Ulrich Bindseil 2019 Central Banking before 1800 A Rehabilitation Oxford University Press p 149 Shaw William Arthur 1896 The History of Currency 1252 1894 Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well being This finance related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hamburger Bank amp oldid 1165726483, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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