Clickable map of the geographic distribution of the Hakon Jarl Runestones in southern Sweden (modern administrative borders and cities are shown)
Two of the runestones, one in Uppland (U 617) and one in Småland (Sm 76) mention a Hakon Jarl,[1] and both runologists and historians have debated whether they are one and the same, or two different men.[2] Moreover, all known Hakon Jarls have been involved in the debate: Hákon Sigurðarson (d. 995), his grandson Hákon Eiríksson (d. 1029), Hákon Ívarsson (d. 1080) and Hákon Pálsson (d. 1122).[3] The most common view among runologists (Brate, von Friesen, Wessén, Jansson, Kinander and Ruprecht) is that the two stones refer to different Hakon Jarls and that one of them was Swedish and the other one Norwegian.[3]
This runestone was located in Nibble on the island of Ekerö, but it has disappeared. In scholarly literature it was first described by Johannes Bureus (1568–1652), and it was depicted by Leitz in 1678. Johan Hadorph noted in 1680 that the name of the deceased in the inscription had been bitten off by locals who believed that doing so would help against tooth ache. Elias Wessén notes that roði Hakonaʀ refers to a leidang organization under a man named Hákon who could have been a jarl, but he considers it most likely that Hákon refers to the Swedish king Hákon the Red.[4] Others identify Hákon with the Norwegian jarl Hákon Eiríksson, like Sm 76, below,[3] and Omeljan Pritsak considers the man to whom the stone was dedicated to have been a member of the army of jarl Hákon Eiríksson in England.[5]
Latin transliteration:
[kuni * auk : kari : raisþu * stin * efiʀ ...r : han : uas : buta : bastr : i ruþi : hakunar]
Old Norse transcription:
Gunni ok Kari ræisþu stæin æftiʀ ... Hann vas bonda bæstr i roði Hakonaʀ.
English translation:
"Gunni and Kári raised the stone in memory of ... He was the best husbandman in Hákon's dominion."[6]
U 617edit
The runestone U 617 near the church of Bro.
This runestone is also called the Bro Runestone after the church by which it is located. It is raised by the same aristocratic family as the Ramsund carving and the Kjula Runestone, which allows scholars to study the family of the Hakon Jarl who is mentioned on this runestone.[3] He is considered to have been Swedish and his son Özurr may have been responsible for organizing the local defense organization against raiders on the shores of lake Mälaren.[3] However, the only recorded organization of such a defence is from England and consequently both this Hakon Jarl and his son Özurr may have been active in England in the Þingalið instead.[5]Omeljan Pritsak argues that this Hakon is the same as the one who is mentioned on the Södra Betby Runestone and whose son Ulf was in the west, i.e. in England.[7] This Swedish Hakon Jarl would then actually be the Norwegian Hákon Eiríksson.[7]
Like the Norwegian jarl Hákon Eiríksson, this Swedish Hakon Jarl has been identified with the Varangian chieftain Yakun who is mentioned in the Primary Chronicle.[3]
The reference to bridge-building in the runic text is fairly common in rune stones during this time period. Some are Christian references related to passing the bridge into the afterlife. At this time, the Catholic Church sponsored the building of roads and bridges through the use of indulgences in return for intercession for the soul.[8] There are many examples of these bridge stones dated from the eleventh century, including runic inscriptions Sö 101 and U 489.[8]
Latin transliteration:
kinluk × hulmkis × tutiʀ × systiʀ × sukruþaʀ × auk × þaiʀa × kaus × aun × lit × keara × bru × þesi × auk × raisa × stain × þina × eftiʀ × asur × bunta * sin × sun × hakunaʀ × iarls × saʀ × uaʀ × uikika × uaurþr × miþ × kaeti × kuþ × ialbi × ans × nu × aut × uk × salu
Old Norse transcription:
Ginnlaug, Holmgæiʀs dottiʀ, systiʀ Sygrøðaʀ ok þæiʀa Gauts, hon let gæra bro þessa ok ræisa stæin þenna æftiʀ Assur, bonda sinn, son Hakonaʀ iarls. Saʀ vaʀ vikinga vorðr með Gæiti(?). Guð hialpi hans nu and ok salu.
English translation:
"Ginnlaug, Holmgeirr's daughter, Sigrøðr and Gautr's sister, she had this bridge made and this stone raised in memory of Ôzurr, her husbandman, earl Hákon's son. He was the viking watch with Geitir(?). May God now help his spirit and soul."[9]
Sm 76edit
The runestone Sm 76 at the inn of Komstad.
Only a fragment remains of this runestone, but before it was destroyed, the text had been read by runologists. The fragment is located in the garden of the inn of Komstad in Småland. It was originally raised by a lady in memory of Vrái who had been the marshall of an earl Hakon, who was probably the earl Håkon Eiriksson.[10][11] Some time earlier, Vrái had raised the Sävsjö Runestone in memory of his brother Gunni who died in England.[5]
The generally accepted identification with Hákon Eiríksson was made by von Friesen in 1922, and he is also held to appear on U 16, above.[3]
Latin transliteration:
[tufa : risti : stin : þina : eftiʀ : ura : faþur : sin : stalar]a : hkunaʀ : [iarls]
A Swedish site with a picture of the Bro Runestone.
Gräslund, Anne-Sofie (2003). "The Role of Scandinavian Women in Christianisation: The Neglected Evidence". In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300. Boydell Press. pp. 483–496. ISBN1-903153-11-5.
Jansson, Sven B. (1980). Runstenar. STF, Stockholm. ISBN91-7156-015-7
Pritsak, Omeljan. (1981). The origin of Rus'. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. ISBN0-674-64465-4
Wessén, E.; Jansson, S. B. F. (1940–1943). "Sveriges runinskrifter: VI. Upplands runinskrifter del 1". Sveriges Runinskrifter. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. ISSN 0562-8016.
December 17, 2023
hakon, jarl, runestones, swedish, runestones, from, time, canute, great, oslocopenhagengothenburgstockholmclass, notpageimage, clickable, geographic, distribution, hakon, jarl, runestones, southern, sweden, modern, administrative, borders, cities, shown, runes. The Hakon Jarl runestones are Swedish runestones from the time of Canute the Great OsloCopenhagenGothenburgStockholmclass notpageimage Clickable map of the geographic distribution of the Hakon Jarl Runestones in southern Sweden modern administrative borders and cities are shown Two of the runestones one in Uppland U 617 and one in Smaland Sm 76 mention a Hakon Jarl 1 and both runologists and historians have debated whether they are one and the same or two different men 2 Moreover all known Hakon Jarls have been involved in the debate Hakon Sigurdarson d 995 his grandson Hakon Eiriksson d 1029 Hakon Ivarsson d 1080 and Hakon Palsson d 1122 3 The most common view among runologists Brate von Friesen Wessen Jansson Kinander and Ruprecht is that the two stones refer to different Hakon Jarls and that one of them was Swedish and the other one Norwegian 3 Contents 1 U 16 2 U 617 3 Sm 76 4 Notes 5 Sources and external linksU 16 edit nbsp The runestone U 16 in Leitz s illustration This runestone was located in Nibble on the island of Ekero but it has disappeared In scholarly literature it was first described by Johannes Bureus 1568 1652 and it was depicted by Leitz in 1678 Johan Hadorph noted in 1680 that the name of the deceased in the inscription had been bitten off by locals who believed that doing so would help against tooth ache Elias Wessen notes that rodi Hakonaʀ refers to a leidang organization under a man named Hakon who could have been a jarl but he considers it most likely that Hakon refers to the Swedish king Hakon the Red 4 Others identify Hakon with the Norwegian jarl Hakon Eiriksson like Sm 76 below 3 and Omeljan Pritsak considers the man to whom the stone was dedicated to have been a member of the army of jarl Hakon Eiriksson in England 5 Latin transliteration kuni auk kari raisthu stin efiʀ r han uas buta bastr i ruthi hakunar Old Norse transcription Gunni ok Kari raeisthu staein aeftiʀ Hann vas bonda baestr i rodi Hakonaʀ English translation Gunni and Kari raised the stone in memory of He was the best husbandman in Hakon s dominion 6 U 617 edit nbsp The runestone U 617 near the church of Bro This runestone is also called the Bro Runestone after the church by which it is located It is raised by the same aristocratic family as the Ramsund carving and the Kjula Runestone which allows scholars to study the family of the Hakon Jarl who is mentioned on this runestone 3 He is considered to have been Swedish and his son Ozurr may have been responsible for organizing the local defense organization against raiders on the shores of lake Malaren 3 However the only recorded organization of such a defence is from England and consequently both this Hakon Jarl and his son Ozurr may have been active in England in the THingalid instead 5 Omeljan Pritsak argues that this Hakon is the same as the one who is mentioned on the Sodra Betby Runestone and whose son Ulf was in the west i e in England 7 This Swedish Hakon Jarl would then actually be the Norwegian Hakon Eiriksson 7 Like the Norwegian jarl Hakon Eiriksson this Swedish Hakon Jarl has been identified with the Varangian chieftain Yakun who is mentioned in the Primary Chronicle 3 The reference to bridge building in the runic text is fairly common in rune stones during this time period Some are Christian references related to passing the bridge into the afterlife At this time the Catholic Church sponsored the building of roads and bridges through the use of indulgences in return for intercession for the soul 8 There are many examples of these bridge stones dated from the eleventh century including runic inscriptions So 101 and U 489 8 Latin transliteration kinluk hulmkis tutiʀ systiʀ sukruthaʀ auk thaiʀa kaus aun lit keara bru thesi auk raisa stain thina eftiʀ asur bunta sin sun hakunaʀ iarls saʀ uaʀ uikika uaurthr mith kaeti kuth ialbi ans nu aut uk saluOld Norse transcription Ginnlaug Holmgaeiʀs dottiʀ systiʀ Sygrodaʀ ok thaeiʀa Gauts hon let gaera bro thessa ok raeisa staein thenna aeftiʀ Assur bonda sinn son Hakonaʀ iarls Saʀ vaʀ vikinga vordr med Gaeiti Gud hialpi hans nu and ok salu English translation Ginnlaug Holmgeirr s daughter Sigrodr and Gautr s sister she had this bridge made and this stone raised in memory of Ozurr her husbandman earl Hakon s son He was the viking watch with Geitir May God now help his spirit and soul 9 Sm 76 edit nbsp The runestone Sm 76 at the inn of Komstad Only a fragment remains of this runestone but before it was destroyed the text had been read by runologists The fragment is located in the garden of the inn of Komstad in Smaland It was originally raised by a lady in memory of Vrai who had been the marshall of an earl Hakon who was probably the earl Hakon Eiriksson 10 11 Some time earlier Vrai had raised the Savsjo Runestone in memory of his brother Gunni who died in England 5 The generally accepted identification with Hakon Eiriksson was made by von Friesen in 1922 and he is also held to appear on U 16 above 3 Latin transliteration tufa risti stin thina eftiʀ ura fathur sin stalar a hkunaʀ iarls Old Norse transcription Tofa raeisti staein thenna aeftiʀ Vraa fadur sinn stallara Hakonaʀ iarls English translation Tofa raised this stone in memory of Vrai his father Earl Hakon s marshal 12 Notes edit Pritsak 1981 406 Pritsak 1981 406ff a b c d e f g Pritsak 1981 407 Wessen 1940 43 24 26 a b c Pritsak 1981 411 Entry U 16 in Rundata 2 0 for Windows a b Pritsak 1981 412 a b Graslund 2003 490 492 Entry U 617 in Rundata 2 0 for Windows Jansson 1980 38 Pritsak 1981 343 Entry Sm 76 in Rundata 2 0 for Windows Sources and external links editA Swedish site with a picture of the Bro Runestone Brate E 1922 Sveriges runinskrifter pp 122 124 Graslund Anne Sofie 2003 The Role of Scandinavian Women in Christianisation The Neglected Evidence In Carver Martin ed The Cross Goes North Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe AD 300 1300 Boydell Press pp 483 496 ISBN 1 903153 11 5 Jansson Sven B 1980 Runstenar STF Stockholm ISBN 91 7156 015 7 Pritsak Omeljan 1981 The origin of Rus Cambridge Mass Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute ISBN 0 674 64465 4 Rundata Wessen E Jansson S B F 1940 1943 Sveriges runinskrifter VI Upplands runinskrifter del 1 Sveriges Runinskrifter Stockholm Kungl Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien ISSN 0562 8016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hakon Jarl runestones amp oldid 1125446823, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
