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Gelawdewos

April 18, 2024

Galawdewos (Ge'ez: ገላውዴዎስ, 1521/1522 – 23 March 1559), also known as Mar Gelawdewos[2] (Amharic: ማር ገላውዴዎስ), was Emperor of Ethiopia from 3 September 1540 until his death in 1559, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. His throne name was Atsnaph Sagad I (Ge'ez: አጽናፍ ሰገድ). A male line descendant of medieval Amhara kings, he was a younger son of Dawit II and Seble Wongel.[3][4]

Galawdewos
ገላውዴዎስ
Negusa Nagast
Contemporary Portuguese depiction of Gelawdewos receiving the Latin Patriarch Andrés de Oviedo
Emperor of Ethiopia
Reign3 September 1540 – 23 March 1559
PredecessorDawit II
SuccessorMenas
Born1521/1522
Amhara, Ethiopian Empire
Died29 March 1559(1559-03-29) (aged 37–38)
Fatagar, Ethiopian Empire
IssueSabana Giyorgis[1]
Mashihawit[1]
Names
Mar Gelawdewos
Regnal name
Atsnaf Sagad I
DynastyHouse of Solomon
FatherDawit II
MotherSeble Wongel
ReligionEthiopian Orthodox

Early reign edit

The son of Dawit II by his wife, Seble Wongel, after the death of his father Gelawdewos succeeded to the throne on 2 September 1540 at the age of 18. During Ahmed Gragn occupation of Abyssinia, Galawdewos initially took refuge in the province of Gafat.[5] Despite his youth, over the next few months he made several successful attacks on the Adalite garrisons in northern Ethiopia. At the time of the Portuguese arrival in Ethiopia Gelawdewos was in northern Shewa leading a small guerrilla movement against the Muslim occupation. When he heard of the Portuguese arrival he marched northward to join them but the Portuguese have already started fighting Ahmad Gran in the province in of Tigray.[6]

The young emperor was able to make his way back up north where he met with the Portuguese survivors of Wofla and his mother Queen Seble Wongel at the "Mountain of the Jews", which Whiteway identifies as Amba Sel. They soon discovered that Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was camped near the shores of Lake Tana and met him at the Battle of Wayna Daga on 21 February 1543, defeating and killing the Imam. With Ahmad's death, Gelawdewos was easily able to eject the leaderless Muslim forces from the highlands without encountering any significant resistance.[7]

He then turned his attention to the numerous Ethiopians who had crossed over to the Imam's side, either to further themselves or out of self-preservation. While some presented themselves to Gelawdewos expecting to be pardoned only to be executed, to many others he granted his safe conduct, according to Miguel de Castanhoso, "for there were so many [who had joined Imam Ahmad] that had he ordered all to be killed, he would have remained alone."[8]

Following his victory at Wayna Daga, Gelawdewos had to deal with João Bermudes, a Portuguese priest whom his father had sent as his ambassador to secure help from Portugal. Bermudes had represented himself in Europe as the Patriarch of Ethiopia, and once he returned to Ethiopia, he claimed he had been appointed by Pope Paul III as Patriarch. According to Bermudes' own account of his time in Ethiopia, early in the reign of Gelawdewos he was banished to Gafat, south of the Blue Nile.

In response to his arguments, Gelawdewos wrote his Confession of Faith, which defended the Miaphysitism of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. According to Richard Pankhurst, Gelawdewos' Confession helped his fellow Ethiopian Christians to remain "steadfast in their adherence to Sabbath observance, circumcision, and the prohibition against pork and other 'unclean' foods."[9]

Campaigns edit

Following the Imam's death and defeat at Wanya Daga, the regions of Dawaro and Bali fell under the control of Vizier Abbas, the nephew of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim. Abbas then launched a fierce attack on a number of Christian towns in Shewa. The young Emperor, Gelawdewos, made his way to confront him and Abbas rushed with his army to meet the Emperor. Gelawdewos was victorious in this engagement and Abbas with all his captains were killed. Galawdewos decided to remain in Wej where he established his capital, stationed his royal court and built a palace there.[10] Gelawdewos then conquered all of the Muslim provinces except for Adal. Among the provinces he conquered were Dawaro, Fetegar, Bali, and Hadiya. The Ethiopian king then focused on the southwestern side of Ethiopia.

In early 1548, Gelawdewos led his army in campaign to the western fringes of the Empire, perhaps in Bizamo, beyond the province of Damot, which was then inhabited by pagans. Whilst Gelawdewos was campaigning in the west, the Adalites would launch an invasion of Dawaro. Gelawdewos's vassal Fanu'el succeeded in repulsing him. Gelawdewos later arrived in the region where he took the offensive, he marched into the region of Adal where he took much loot, slaves, gold and sliver and was said to have distributed it most generously among his subjects before returning six months later. The Emperor then ordered Fanu’el to advance "into the country towards Zayla" where he reportedly killed two prominent Muslim leaders, however Nur ibn Mujahid was able to escape.[11]

In late 1549, Gelawdewos followed up with another large scale attack into Adal territory, and as the chronicler claims, “to ravage it like how the Muslims ravaged the Christian highlands”. He spent five months in this operation during which he freed numerous Christian slaves that had been taken during the Ethiopian-Adal War and in his turn enslaved many Muslim captives. He also captured ‘Abbas, one of the principal figures of Adal, although Emir Nur was able to escape once again.[12][13][11]

After this campaign in the east, a number of revolts were suppressed, in Gumär, and Gambo provinces. During the Ottoman conquest of Habesh, the Ottomans under Özdemir Pasha attacked seized Massawa, Arqiqo and Dahlak. Gelawdewos relied on the resistance of the local population. In the area of Bur, the farmers killed many Turks and their commander, sending the latter's head to the Emperor.[14]

In 1559, Nur ibn Mujahid invaded Fatagar again with a force comprising 1800 horsemen and 500 riflemen, and numerous sword and bow-wielding troops.[15] To face that threat, Gelawdewos ordered Ras Hamalmal of Kambata and Ras Fasil to lead two armies against Harar, which they successfully took and killed Barakat ibn Umar Din, the last member of the Walasma dynasty.[16] Galawdewos then led his own troops, hastily assembled. On 23 March 1559, the imperial army met Nur ibn Mujahid force in the Battle of Fatagar at a place named Nech Sar,[17] where, according to a Harari chronicle, Gelawdewos was killed in battle. "Early in the engagement Galawdéwos was hit by a bullet, but continued to fight until surrounded by a score of Harari cavalry, who struck him fatally to the ground with their spears," according to Pankhurst.[18][19]Galawdewos was surrounded by about twenty horsemen who pierced his loin with a lance[20]

Emir Nur had the Emperor's head sent to the country of Sa'ad ad-Din II, then rode off to plunder Ethiopian territory before returning home.[21] The explorer Richard Francis Burton tells a slightly different account, adding that Gelawdewos had been supervising the restoration of Debre Werq when he received a message from Emir Nur challenging him to combat. When the Emperor met the Emir, a priest warned that the angel Gabriel had told him Gelawdewos would needlessly risk his life—which caused most of the Ethiopian army to flee.[22]

According to G. W. B. Huntingford, Gelawdewos' body was buried at Tadbaba Maryam near Sayint and his head, which was brought back to Ethiopia by some traders, was buried in Ensaqya (now in Antsokiyana Gemza) in the Tomb of Saint Gelawdewos.[23]

Family edit

Gelawdewos had no sons, but had two daughters named Sabana Giyorgis and Mashihawit.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 2). London: Methuen & Co. p. 356.
  2. ^ Conzelman (1895). Le chronique de Galawdewos. Paris. p. 135.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Danver, Steven L (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 9781317464006.
  4. ^ Remedius Prutky states that Gelawdewos had a son, Na'od; this son is not mentioned in his Royal Chronicle. J. H. Arrowsmith-Brown, translator and editor, Prutky's Travels to Ethiopia and Other Countries (London: Hakluyt Society, 1991), p. 112 and note.
  5. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-932415-19-6.
  6. ^ Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
  7. ^ Trimmingham, John Spencer (1952). Islam in Ethiopia. p. 89.
  8. ^ R.S. Whiteway, editor and translator, The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441-1543, 1902. (Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1967), p. 86
  9. ^ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopians: A History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 95
  10. ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 243
  11. ^ a b Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 244
  12. ^ Solomon Gebreyes Beyene, "The Chronicle of King Gälawdewos (1540-1559): A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation", Ph.D. dissertation (University of Hamburg, 2016), p. 220, Chap. 38
  13. ^ Solomon, "Chronicle of King Gälawdewos", p. 218, Chap. 33
  14. ^ Solomon, "Chronicle of King Gälawdewos", p. 237, Chap. 66
  15. ^ Solomon, "Chronicle of King Gälawdewos", p. 246, Chap. 84
  16. ^ History of the Oromo - Aṣma Giyorgis and his Work. History of the Gāllā and the Kingdom of Šawā. Edited and translated by Bairu Tafla. http://ethioobserver.net/Kambata2.htm 2019-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Solomon, "Chronicle of King Gälawdewos", p. 248, Chap. 87
  18. ^ History of Harar and Hararis (PDF). Harar Tourism Bureau. p. 81.
  19. ^ Hassan, Mohammad. Oromo of Ethiopia 1500 (PDF). University of London. p. 184.
  20. ^ Beyene, Solomon Gebreyes (2016). The Chronicle of King Gälawdewos (1540-1559): A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation. Universität Hamburg. p. 233.
  21. ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 246.
  22. ^ Richard Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa (New York: Praeger, 1966), pp. 183f
  23. ^ George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704, (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 135

Further reading edit

  • Richard K. P. Pankhurst. The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles. Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Ethiopia
1540–1559 		Succeeded by

April 18, 2024
gelawdewos, galawdewos, ገላውዴዎስ, 1521, 1522, march, 1559, also, known, amharic, ማር, ገላውዴዎስ, emperor, ethiopia, from, september, 1540, until, death, 1559, member, solomonic, dynasty, throne, name, atsnaph, sagad, አጽናፍ, ሰገድ, male, line, descendant, medieval, amha. Galawdewos Ge ez ገላውዴዎስ 1521 1522 23 March 1559 also known as Mar Gelawdewos 2 Amharic ማር ገላውዴዎስ was Emperor of Ethiopia from 3 September 1540 until his death in 1559 and a member of the Solomonic dynasty His throne name was Atsnaph Sagad I Ge ez አጽናፍ ሰገድ A male line descendant of medieval Amhara kings he was a younger son of Dawit II and Seble Wongel 3 4 Galawdewos ገላውዴዎስNegusa NagastContemporary Portuguese depiction of Gelawdewos receiving the Latin Patriarch Andres de OviedoEmperor of EthiopiaReign3 September 1540 23 March 1559PredecessorDawit IISuccessorMenasBorn1521 1522Amhara Ethiopian EmpireDied29 March 1559 1559 03 29 aged 37 38 Fatagar Ethiopian EmpireIssueSabana Giyorgis 1 Mashihawit 1 NamesMar GelawdewosRegnal nameAtsnaf Sagad IDynastyHouse of SolomonFatherDawit IIMotherSeble WongelReligionEthiopian Orthodox Contents 1 Early reign 2 Campaigns 3 Family 4 References 5 Further readingEarly reign editThe son of Dawit II by his wife Seble Wongel after the death of his father Gelawdewos succeeded to the throne on 2 September 1540 at the age of 18 During Ahmed Gragn occupation of Abyssinia Galawdewos initially took refuge in the province of Gafat 5 Despite his youth over the next few months he made several successful attacks on the Adalite garrisons in northern Ethiopia At the time of the Portuguese arrival in Ethiopia Gelawdewos was in northern Shewa leading a small guerrilla movement against the Muslim occupation When he heard of the Portuguese arrival he marched northward to join them but the Portuguese have already started fighting Ahmad Gran in the province in of Tigray 6 The young emperor was able to make his way back up north where he met with the Portuguese survivors of Wofla and his mother Queen Seble Wongel at the Mountain of the Jews which Whiteway identifies as Amba Sel They soon discovered that Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi was camped near the shores of Lake Tana and met him at the Battle of Wayna Daga on 21 February 1543 defeating and killing the Imam With Ahmad s death Gelawdewos was easily able to eject the leaderless Muslim forces from the highlands without encountering any significant resistance 7 He then turned his attention to the numerous Ethiopians who had crossed over to the Imam s side either to further themselves or out of self preservation While some presented themselves to Gelawdewos expecting to be pardoned only to be executed to many others he granted his safe conduct according to Miguel de Castanhoso for there were so many who had joined Imam Ahmad that had he ordered all to be killed he would have remained alone 8 Following his victory at Wayna Daga Gelawdewos had to deal with Joao Bermudes a Portuguese priest whom his father had sent as his ambassador to secure help from Portugal Bermudes had represented himself in Europe as the Patriarch of Ethiopia and once he returned to Ethiopia he claimed he had been appointed by Pope Paul III as Patriarch According to Bermudes own account of his time in Ethiopia early in the reign of Gelawdewos he was banished to Gafat south of the Blue Nile In response to his arguments Gelawdewos wrote his Confession of Faith which defended the Miaphysitism of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church According to Richard Pankhurst Gelawdewos Confession helped his fellow Ethiopian Christians to remain steadfast in their adherence to Sabbath observance circumcision and the prohibition against pork and other unclean foods 9 Campaigns editFollowing the Imam s death and defeat at Wanya Daga the regions of Dawaro and Bali fell under the control of Vizier Abbas the nephew of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Abbas then launched a fierce attack on a number of Christian towns in Shewa The young Emperor Gelawdewos made his way to confront him and Abbas rushed with his army to meet the Emperor Gelawdewos was victorious in this engagement and Abbas with all his captains were killed Galawdewos decided to remain in Wej where he established his capital stationed his royal court and built a palace there 10 Gelawdewos then conquered all of the Muslim provinces except for Adal Among the provinces he conquered were Dawaro Fetegar Bali and Hadiya The Ethiopian king then focused on the southwestern side of Ethiopia In early 1548 Gelawdewos led his army in campaign to the western fringes of the Empire perhaps in Bizamo beyond the province of Damot which was then inhabited by pagans Whilst Gelawdewos was campaigning in the west the Adalites would launch an invasion of Dawaro Gelawdewos s vassal Fanu el succeeded in repulsing him Gelawdewos later arrived in the region where he took the offensive he marched into the region of Adal where he took much loot slaves gold and sliver and was said to have distributed it most generously among his subjects before returning six months later The Emperor then ordered Fanu el to advance into the country towards Zayla where he reportedly killed two prominent Muslim leaders however Nur ibn Mujahid was able to escape 11 In late 1549 Gelawdewos followed up with another large scale attack into Adal territory and as the chronicler claims to ravage it like how the Muslims ravaged the Christian highlands He spent five months in this operation during which he freed numerous Christian slaves that had been taken during the Ethiopian Adal War and in his turn enslaved many Muslim captives He also captured Abbas one of the principal figures of Adal although Emir Nur was able to escape once again 12 13 11 After this campaign in the east a number of revolts were suppressed in Gumar and Gambo provinces During the Ottoman conquest of Habesh the Ottomans under Ozdemir Pasha attacked seized Massawa Arqiqo and Dahlak Gelawdewos relied on the resistance of the local population In the area of Bur the farmers killed many Turks and their commander sending the latter s head to the Emperor 14 In 1559 Nur ibn Mujahid invaded Fatagar again with a force comprising 1800 horsemen and 500 riflemen and numerous sword and bow wielding troops 15 To face that threat Gelawdewos ordered Ras Hamalmal of Kambata and Ras Fasil to lead two armies against Harar which they successfully took and killed Barakat ibn Umar Din the last member of the Walasma dynasty 16 Galawdewos then led his own troops hastily assembled On 23 March 1559 the imperial army met Nur ibn Mujahid force in the Battle of Fatagar at a place named Nech Sar 17 where according to a Harari chronicle Gelawdewos was killed in battle Early in the engagement Galawdewos was hit by a bullet but continued to fight until surrounded by a score of Harari cavalry who struck him fatally to the ground with their spears according to Pankhurst 18 19 Galawdewos was surrounded by about twenty horsemen who pierced his loin with a lance 20 Emir Nur had the Emperor s head sent to the country of Sa ad ad Din II then rode off to plunder Ethiopian territory before returning home 21 The explorer Richard Francis Burton tells a slightly different account adding that Gelawdewos had been supervising the restoration of Debre Werq when he received a message from Emir Nur challenging him to combat When the Emperor met the Emir a priest warned that the angel Gabriel had told him Gelawdewos would needlessly risk his life which caused most of the Ethiopian army to flee 22 According to G W B Huntingford Gelawdewos body was buried at Tadbaba Maryam near Sayint and his head which was brought back to Ethiopia by some traders was buried in Ensaqya now in Antsokiyana Gemza in the Tomb of Saint Gelawdewos 23 Family editGelawdewos had no sons but had two daughters named Sabana Giyorgis and Mashihawit 1 References edit a b c Budge E A Wallis 1928 A History of Ethiopia Nubia and Abyssinia Volume 2 London Methuen amp Co p 356 Conzelman 1895 Le chronique de Galawdewos Paris p 135 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Danver Steven L 2015 Native Peoples of the World An Encyclopedia of Groups Cultures and Contemporary Issues Routledge p 16 ISBN 9781317464006 Remedius Prutky states that Gelawdewos had a son Na od this son is not mentioned in his Royal Chronicle J H Arrowsmith Brown translator and editor Prutky s Travels to Ethiopia and Other Countries London Hakluyt Society 1991 p 112 and note Pankhurst Richard 1997 The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century The Red Sea Press p 260 ISBN 978 0 932415 19 6 Fage J D Oliver Roland Anthony 1975 The Cambridge History of Africa From c 500 B C to A D 1050 Cambridge University Press p 181 ISBN 978 0 521 20981 6 Trimmingham John Spencer 1952 Islam in Ethiopia p 89 R S Whiteway editor and translator The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441 1543 1902 Nendeln Liechtenstein Kraus Reprint 1967 p 86 Richard Pankhurst The Ethiopians A History Oxford Blackwell 2001 p 95 Pankhurst Ethiopian Borderlands p 243 a b Pankhurst Ethiopian Borderlands p 244 Solomon Gebreyes Beyene The Chronicle of King Galawdewos 1540 1559 A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation Ph D dissertation University of Hamburg 2016 p 220 Chap 38 Solomon Chronicle of King Galawdewos p 218 Chap 33 Solomon Chronicle of King Galawdewos p 237 Chap 66 Solomon Chronicle of King Galawdewos p 246 Chap 84 History of the Oromo Aṣma Giyorgis and his Work History of the Galla and the Kingdom of Sawa Edited and translated by Bairu Tafla http ethioobserver net Kambata2 htm Archived 2019 01 27 at the Wayback Machine Solomon Chronicle of King Galawdewos p 248 Chap 87 History of Harar and Hararis PDF Harar Tourism Bureau p 81 Hassan Mohammad Oromo of Ethiopia 1500 PDF University of London p 184 Beyene Solomon Gebreyes 2016 The Chronicle of King Galawdewos 1540 1559 A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation Universitat Hamburg p 233 Pankhurst Ethiopian Borderlands p 246 Richard Burton First Footsteps in East Africa New York Praeger 1966 pp 183f George Wynn Brereton Huntingford The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704 Oxford University Press 1989 p 135Further reading editRichard K P Pankhurst The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles Addis Ababa Oxford University Press 1967 Regnal titles Preceded byDawit II Emperor of Ethiopia1540 1559 Succeeded byMenas Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gelawdewos amp oldid 1218112025, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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