fbpx
Wikipedia

Guajiboan languages

January 01, 1970

Guajiboan (also Guahiban, Wahívoan, Guahiboan) is a language family spoken in the Orinoco River region in eastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela, a savanna region known as the Llanos.

Guajiban
Wahívoan, Guajiboan
Geographic
distribution		Colombian and Venezuelan Llanos
Linguistic classificationMacro-Arawakan (?)
  • Guajiban
Glottologguah1252

Family division edit

Guajiboan consists of 5 languages:

  • Guajiboan
    • Macaguane (also known as Hitnü, Macaguán, Makawane, Agualinda, Agualinda Guahibo, Támude)
    • Southwest Guajiboan
      • Guayabero (also known as Cunimía, Mítiwa, Mitúa, Mitu, Hiw, Jiw, Wayavero, Guaviare)
      • Churuya (also known as Bisanigua, Guaigua) (†)
    • Central Guajiboan
      • Guajibo (also known as Guahibo, Sikuani, Sicuani, Chiricoa, Hiwi, Jiwi, Jivi, Wahivo, Wahibo, Guaybo, Goahibo, Guaigua, Guayba, Goahiva)
        • Waü (west)
        • Newütjü (also known as Tigrero)
        • Parawá (east)
        • Hamorúa (also known as Amorúa, Jamorúa)
        • Dome (also known as Playero, Cajaro)
      • Cuiva (also known as Wamonae, Cuiba, Kuiba, Deja, Cuiba-Wámonae)
        • Pimenepiwi (Meta river)
        • Aitopiwi (Ariporo river)
        • Yaraüraxi (Capanaparo river)
        • Waüpiwi (also known as Wipiwi, Yomati)
        • Siripuxi (also known as Tsiripu, Siripu)
        • Mayaraxi (also known as Mariposo, Mayalero)

Churuya is now extinct. It was formerly spoken in Meta, Colombia.

Macaguane is listed as a dialect of Guajibo in Kaufman (1994) and Campbell (1997). Gordon (2005) lists Playero (also Rio Arauca Guahibo), a dialect of Guajibo, as a separate language with a "low intelligibility of other Guahibo".

Guajibo and Cuiva form a dialect continuum.

Guajibo has the most speakers (over 23,000) and is the largest indigenous group in eastern Colombia. Approximately 9,000 in Venezuela.

Guayabero is the most divergent language of the family.

Genetic relations edit

Guajiboan has often been grouped together with Arawakan, Arauan, and Candoshi by many classifiers. However, this now seems unlikely as the similarity between Guajiboan and Arawakan has been attributed to language contact.

Language contact edit

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.[1]

Meléndez-Lozano (2014)[2] has also noted that Guahiban has borrowed from Arawakan languages, especially the Achagua and Piapoco languages.[1]: 357–358 

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[3] found that there are apparent lexical similarities with Yanomami and Ticuna-Yuri. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the similarities could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing, genetic inheritance, or chance resemblances.

Proto-language edit

Proto-Guajiboan
Proto-Guahiban
Reconstruction ofCariban languages

Below are Proto-Guahiban reconstructions by Christian and Matteson (1972):[4]

Proto-Guahiban reconstructions by Christian and Matteson (1972)
no. gloss Proto-Guahiban
1. 'abdomen' *-khoto(-wita)
2. 'Adam's apple' *-kuaY(-bo-kará/batɨ)-to
3. 'agouti' *bɨnɨ, *bɨNɨ
4. 'all' *daxɨ́-ta
5. 'anaconda' *homo-wábi
6. 'ant' *pɨbɨ
7. 'ant' *kha-kha-ra-wa
8. 'anteater' *tsóNi (pre-Guahiban)
9. 'arm' *-ma-xi/xa-si-pa-to
10. 'armadillo' *tahaú-bi
11. 'arrow' *pú/ku-yani (pre-Guahiban)
12. 'ash' *i/a-pu-ma-na/Na
13. 'axe' *sipá-li-a-
14. 'bad' *a-béhe
15. 'bark' *-bauko-
16. 'bat' *hai-wi/si-ri-to (pre-Guahiban)
17. 'beard' *-bixi/o-pina/piNa
18. 'bee (honey)' *habi/bara-moNɨ
19. 'big' *pinihí-yi/nV
20. 'bite' *síne, *síNe
21. 'black' *-tsaebía-hawa
22. 'blood' *háNa
23. 'bow (n.)' *bitsá-bi
24. 'breast' *-mí-pa/pi-to
25. 'brush, woods' *uéNu
26. 'buzzard' *ké-ke-re
27. 'cane' *mu/ba-se-bo
28. 'canoe' *héra
29. 'capybara' *húmo-ko-bi-to
30. 'chili pepper' *noN-hi
31. 'chin' *bɨxi-
32. 'cold' *a-ke
33. 'come' *patao-ho-pa
34. 'corn' *hétsa
35. 'crocodile' *makhiNe-he
36. 'cultivated clearing' *pábi
37. 'curassow' *iɨhɨ-bɨrɨ
38. 'day' *mata-kái-bi
39. 'die' *tɨpa
40. 'dig' *kúa
41. 'doorway' *bau-pha-ka
42. 'down' *bé-reka
43. 'drink' *ápa
44. 'dry' *tséawa
45. 'dull' *a-wóno-bi
46. 'ear (inner)' *muxu/mi-Yó-lo/ri-to
47. 'earth' *íra
48. 'eat' *xáne, *xáNe
49. 'egg' *tobɨ
50. 'eye' *takhú
51. 'far' *tahɨ
52. 'father' *p-áxa
53. 'fear' *ku-húnawa, *ku-húNawa
54. 'finger' *ko-besí/tíya
55. 'fire' *iso, nawa
56. 'firewood' *íso
57. 'first' *kopiaya-pita
58. 'fish' *duhuaY
59. 'fish hook' *kulupú-bo
60. 'flesh' *-wúi
61. 'flower' *-ma-tóNo-to
62. 'fly (n.)' *dáina-, *dáiNa-
63. 'foot' *tákhua
64. 'forehead' *-ta-pa-thái-
65. 'fruit' *bobo-kuí
66. 'full' *wiNíka
67. 'fur' *-ná-i
68. 'gourd' *dére-bɨ
69. 'grease' *-nasí-tsi-/-wa, *-Na-sí-tsi/wa
70. 'guan' *kuYu-wi
71. 'hair' *ma-ta-nao
72. 'hammock' *buu
73. 'hand' *-kóbe
74. 'he' *khum-po-ni
75. 'hear' *húme-tane, *húme-taNe
76. 'heart' *-humata-bɨ-ɨthɨ-to
77. 'heavy' *a-réwi
78. 'hen' *wakará
79. 'here' *hó-ta
80. 'his' *pE-
81. 'hold' *xáina, *xáiNa
82. 'hot' *a-táhu-enik
83. 'house' *bau
84. 'how' *pa-kuénia, *pa-kuéNia
85. 'huge rocks' *p-ĩbo-to
86. 'hummingbird' *se-si-bá-ri/-u/-Ci-to
87. 'husband' *-amuNa-to
88. 'husband' *-pébi
89. 'I' *xá-ni
90. 'iguana' *matíbi
91. 'imperative' *-ma
92. 'imperative' *-re
93. 'in, at' *-ta
95. 'intestines' *-ɨ́nɨ
96. 'island' *tuanái-to
97. 'jaguar' *neúthɨ
98. 'kill' *beaxú-a-ba
99. 'knee' *-ma-ta-baókao
100. 'know' *yapí-tane, *yapí-taNe
101. 'lake' *púka
102. 'he down' *rúka
103. 'lightning' *Yáamaxɨ
104. 'lip' *Ci-uphi-Yólo/ri
105. 'liver' *pa-hapa-
106. 'long' *a-pía
107. 'long hair' *ã-ma-tao-ná-pia, *ã-ma-tao-Ná-pia
108. 'louse' *talí
109. 'lower arm' *ma-xi-sí-pa-pa
110. 'lower leg' *sí-to
111. 'lungs' *ka-fo-fóbi
112. 'macaw' *máha
113. 'man' *pébĩ
114. 'manioc' *bawá
115. 'manioc flour' *matsúka
116. 'many' *na-wi-ta
117. 'miriti palm' *ino-hóa-bo/to
118. 'monkey, howler' *níhẽ
119. 'mosquito' *wéasɨ
120. 'mother' *p-éna
121. 'mouth' *kui-bo-to
122. 'my' *ta-x
123. 'my' *taha-
124. 'name' *-wɨ́-ni
125. 'near' *imokhó-yo
126. 'neck' *Ce-i-sí-to
127. 'new' *ha-na-ha-wa, *ha-Na-ha-wa
128. 'night' *meráwi
129. 'nose' *phúmu
130. 'old man' *perú-hu-ni/wa-yo
131. 'old woman' *perú-hu-wa
132. 'one' *kaé-haewa
133. 'otter' *bohóNao-wi
134. 'our' *wa-ha
135. 'our' *pa-ta
136. 'paca' *opheá-bi
137. 'paddle' *ka-téna-pa, *ka-téNa-pa
138. 'parakeet' *tsé-le/Ci-to
139. 'parrot' *óNau
140. 'path, trail, road' *nã-mue-to
141. 'pebbles' *síki-ibo-to-xi/tiyo
142. 'white-lipped peccary' *habítsa
143. 'collared peccary' *tsamaú-li
144. 'people' *híwi
145. 'piranha' *kowára-bo
146. 'piranha' *fe-le-le-va-
147. 'push' *to-ró-/tá-ba
148. 'rain' *éma
149. 'rattle' *tsi-tsí-bu
150. 'rattlesnake' *yaa-sí-to
151. 'red' *tsobía
152. 'river, stream' *méne, *méNe
153. 'river turtle' *hála
154. 'root' *-tabú-topa
155. 'rope' *-amí-to
156. 'saliva' *-i-óne, *-i-óNe
157. 'sand' *tahita-atsa
158. 'see' *tá-Ne/naɨ/ne-kota
159. 'seed' *-xú-
160. 'sew' *horáuka
161. 'she' *pó-wa
162. 'shoulder' *-wɨ/o-tá-kura
163. 'shoulder' *kóf-ia/eri
164. 'sing' *na-xɨ́ana, *na-xɨ́aNa
165. 'sit' *éka
166. 'skin' *pera-bo/i
167. 'sky' *itá-bokhau
168. 'sleep' *mahí-ta/teka
169. 'smell' *tuxú-ne/na/Ne/Na
170. 'smooth' *kóni-hai
171. 'snake' *hómo
172. 'spider' *khaumɨ-bɨ-to
173. 'split' *waúkoba
174. 'stand' *Núka
175. 'stick' *náe-hava/wa-ta
176. 'stomach' *kó-to/so-to/-ro
177. 'stone' *ibó-
178. 'sun' *húami-to
179. 'sweet potato' *dáithi
180. 'swell' *ya-hín/Na
181. 'tail' *bosó-to
182. 'tapir' *métsa-ha
183. 'termite' *ophó
184. 'that' *bahará-xua
185. 'their' *pe-
186. 'their' *pi-ha/yeníhi-
187. 'they' *po-món/Nae
188. 'thick' *aitayáɨ
189. 'thigh' *-topa-thái
190. 'think' *nahunatabi xáin/Na
191. 'this' *xuá
192. 'thou' *xámɨ
193. 'toad' *busɨ-to
194. 'tobacco' *tséma
195. 'tongue tip' *e-bá-rɨ-to-kopi-a
196. 'tooth' *-a-wáuno
197. 'toucan' *tuikuékue
198. 'tree, stick' *náe-hava, *hae-wa
199. 'upper back' *-hu-ma
200. 'village' *tómara
201. 'vomit' *y/n-akába
202. 'walk' *póna-pona
203. 'wash' *ki-á-ta
204. 'water' *mé-ra
205. 'we' *waxái-tsi
206. 'when' *detsa/eta-pao-kuín/Naehi
207. 'whip' *détsa/éta hóta
208. 'wife' *piha-wa
209. 'wind' *hoibóa
210. 'wing' *kúarau-fe
211. 'woman' *pe-tíri-wa
212. 'worm' *oro
213. 'wrist' *kóbe-ya-vére/hóri-to
214. 'ye' *pa-xá-mi
215. 'year' *wái
216. 'your (pl.)' *pa-n/Ne-
217. 'your (sg.)' *ni-hi

References edit

  1. ^ a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  2. ^ Meléndez-Lozano, M. A. (2014). Préstamos arawak (achagua, piapoco y piapocoachagua) a la familia lingüística guahibo (sikuani). LIAMES, 14:173-218.
  3. ^ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
  4. ^ Christian, Diana R., and Esther Matteson. 1972. Proto-Guahiban. In Esther Matteson (ed.), Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages, 150-159. The Hague: Mouton.

Bibliography edit

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Berg, Marie L. and Isabel J. Kerr. (1973) The Cuiva language: Grammar. Language Data, Amerindian Series, 1. Santa Ana, CA: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Keels, Jack. (1985). "Guayabero: Phonology and morphophonemics." In Ruth M. Brend (ed.), From phonology to discourse: Studies in six Colombian languages: 57-87. Language Data, Amerindian Series, 9. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Queixalós, Francisco. (1988). "Presentación"; Diccionario sikuani–español: i-xiii. Bogotá: CCELA Universidad de los Andes. ISN 0121-0963. (in Spanish)
  • Rivet, Paul (1948) "La famille linguistique Guahibo"; Journal de la Société des Américanistes XXXVII: 191-240. Paris. (in French)

External links edit

 
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Guahiban reconstructions
  • Proel: Sub-Familia Guajiboana

January 01, 1970
guajiboan, languages, guajiboan, also, guahiban, wahívoan, guahiboan, language, family, spoken, orinoco, river, region, eastern, colombia, southwestern, venezuela, savanna, region, known, llanos, guajibanwahívoan, guajiboangeographicdistributioncolombian, vene. Guajiboan also Guahiban Wahivoan Guahiboan is a language family spoken in the Orinoco River region in eastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela a savanna region known as the Llanos GuajibanWahivoan GuajiboanGeographicdistributionColombian and Venezuelan LlanosLinguistic classificationMacro Arawakan GuajibanGlottologguah1252 Contents 1 Family division 2 Genetic relations 3 Language contact 4 Proto language 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksFamily division editGuajiboan consists of 5 languages Guajiboan Macaguane also known as Hitnu Macaguan Makawane Agualinda Agualinda Guahibo Tamude Southwest Guajiboan Guayabero also known as Cunimia Mitiwa Mitua Mitu Hiw Jiw Wayavero Guaviare Churuya also known as Bisanigua Guaigua Central Guajiboan Guajibo also known as Guahibo Sikuani Sicuani Chiricoa Hiwi Jiwi Jivi Wahivo Wahibo Guaybo Goahibo Guaigua Guayba Goahiva Wau west Newutju also known as Tigrero Parawa east Hamorua also known as Amorua Jamorua Dome also known as Playero Cajaro Cuiva also known as Wamonae Cuiba Kuiba Deja Cuiba Wamonae Pimenepiwi Meta river Aitopiwi Ariporo river Yarauraxi Capanaparo river Waupiwi also known as Wipiwi Yomati Siripuxi also known as Tsiripu Siripu Mayaraxi also known as Mariposo Mayalero Churuya is now extinct It was formerly spoken in Meta Colombia Macaguane is listed as a dialect of Guajibo in Kaufman 1994 and Campbell 1997 Gordon 2005 lists Playero also Rio Arauca Guahibo a dialect of Guajibo as a separate language with a low intelligibility of other Guahibo Guajibo and Cuiva form a dialect continuum Guajibo has the most speakers over 23 000 and is the largest indigenous group in eastern Colombia Approximately 9 000 in Venezuela Guayabero is the most divergent language of the family Genetic relations editGuajiboan has often been grouped together with Arawakan Arauan and Candoshi by many classifiers However this now seems unlikely as the similarity between Guajiboan and Arawakan has been attributed to language contact Language contact editJolkesky 2016 notes that there are lexical similarities with the Yanomami Arawak Nadahup Puinave Kak Bora Muinane and Choko language families due to contact 1 Melendez Lozano 2014 2 has also noted that Guahiban has borrowed from Arawakan languages especially the Achagua and Piapoco languages 1 357 358 An automated computational analysis ASJP 4 by Muller et al 2013 3 found that there are apparent lexical similarities with Yanomami and Ticuna Yuri However since the analysis was automatically generated the similarities could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing genetic inheritance or chance resemblances Proto language editProto GuajiboanProto GuahibanReconstruction ofCariban languages Below are Proto Guahiban reconstructions by Christian and Matteson 1972 4 Proto Guahiban reconstructions by Christian and Matteson 1972 no gloss Proto Guahiban 1 abdomen khoto wita 2 Adam s apple kuaY bo kara batɨ to 3 agouti bɨnɨ bɨNɨ 4 all daxɨ ta 5 anaconda homo wabi 6 ant pɨbɨ 7 ant kha kha ra wa 8 anteater tsoNi pre Guahiban 9 arm ma xi xa si pa to 10 armadillo tahau bi 11 arrow pu ku yani pre Guahiban 12 ash i a pu ma na Na 13 axe sipa li a 14 bad a behe 15 bark bauko 16 bat hai wi si ri to pre Guahiban 17 beard bixi o pina piNa 18 bee honey habi bara moNɨ 19 big pinihi yi nV 20 bite sine siNe 21 black tsaebia hawa 22 blood haNa 23 bow n bitsa bi 24 breast mi pa pi to 25 brush woods ueNu 26 buzzard ke ke re 27 cane mu ba se bo 28 canoe hera 29 capybara humo ko bi to 30 chili pepper noN hi 31 chin bɨxi 32 cold a ke 33 come patao ho pa 34 corn hetsa 35 crocodile makhiNe he 36 cultivated clearing pabi 37 curassow iɨhɨ bɨrɨ 38 day mata kai bi 39 die tɨpa 40 dig kua 41 doorway bau pha ka 42 down be reka 43 drink apa 44 dry tseawa 45 dull a wono bi 46 ear inner muxu mi Yo lo ri to 47 earth ira 48 eat xane xaNe 49 egg tobɨ 50 eye takhu 51 far tahɨ 52 father p axa 53 fear ku hunawa ku huNawa 54 finger ko besi tiya 55 fire iso nawa 56 firewood iso 57 first kopiaya pita 58 fish duhuaY 59 fish hook kulupu bo 60 flesh wui 61 flower ma toNo to 62 fly n daina daiNa 63 foot takhua 64 forehead ta pa thai 65 fruit bobo kui 66 full wiNika 67 fur na i 68 gourd dere bɨ 69 grease nasi tsi wa Na si tsi wa 70 guan kuYu wi 71 hair ma ta nao 72 hammock buu 73 hand kobe 74 he khum po ni 75 hear hume tane hume taNe 76 heart humata bɨ ɨthɨ to 77 heavy a rewi 78 hen wakara 79 here ho ta 80 his pE 81 hold xaina xaiNa 82 hot a tahu enik 83 house bau 84 how pa kuenia pa kueNia 85 huge rocks p ĩbo to 86 hummingbird se si ba ri u Ci to 87 husband amuNa to 88 husband pebi 89 I xa ni 90 iguana matibi 91 imperative ma 92 imperative re 93 in at ta 95 intestines ɨ nɨ 96 island tuanai to 97 jaguar neuthɨ 98 kill beaxu a ba 99 knee ma ta baokao 100 know yapi tane yapi taNe 101 lake puka 102 he down ruka 103 lightning Yaamaxɨ 104 lip Ci uphi Yolo ri 105 liver pa hapa 106 long a pia 107 long hair a ma tao na pia a ma tao Na pia 108 louse tali 109 lower arm ma xi si pa pa 110 lower leg si to 111 lungs ka fo fobi 112 macaw maha 113 man pebĩ 114 manioc bawa 115 manioc flour matsuka 116 many na wi ta 117 miriti palm ino hoa bo to 118 monkey howler nihẽ 119 mosquito weasɨ 120 mother p ena 121 mouth kui bo to 122 my ta x 123 my taha 124 name wɨ ni 125 near imokho yo 126 neck Ce i si to 127 new ha na ha wa ha Na ha wa 128 night merawi 129 nose phumu 130 old man peru hu ni wa yo 131 old woman peru hu wa 132 one kae haewa 133 otter bohoNao wi 134 our wa ha 135 our pa ta 136 paca ophea bi 137 paddle ka tena pa ka teNa pa 138 parakeet tse le Ci to 139 parrot oNau 140 path trail road na mue to 141 pebbles siki ibo to xi tiyo 142 white lipped peccary habitsa 143 collared peccary tsamau li 144 people hiwi 145 piranha kowara bo 146 piranha fe le le va 147 push to ro ta ba 148 rain ema 149 rattle tsi tsi bu 150 rattlesnake yaa si to 151 red tsobia 152 river stream mene meNe 153 river turtle hala 154 root tabu topa 155 rope ami to 156 saliva i one i oNe 157 sand tahita atsa 158 see ta Ne naɨ ne kota 159 seed xu 160 sew horauka 161 she po wa 162 shoulder wɨ o ta kura 163 shoulder kof ia eri 164 sing na xɨ ana na xɨ aNa 165 sit eka 166 skin pera bo i 167 sky ita bokhau 168 sleep mahi ta teka 169 smell tuxu ne na Ne Na 170 smooth koni hai 171 snake homo 172 spider khaumɨ bɨ to 173 split waukoba 174 stand Nuka 175 stick nae hava wa ta 176 stomach ko to so to ro 177 stone ibo 178 sun huami to 179 sweet potato daithi 180 swell ya hin Na 181 tail boso to 182 tapir metsa ha 183 termite opho 184 that bahara xua 185 their pe 186 their pi ha yenihi 187 they po mon Nae 188 thick aitayaɨ 189 thigh topa thai 190 think nahunatabi xain Na 191 this xua 192 thou xamɨ 193 toad busɨ to 194 tobacco tsema 195 tongue tip e ba rɨ to kopi a 196 tooth a wauno 197 toucan tuikuekue 198 tree stick nae hava hae wa 199 upper back hu ma 200 village tomara 201 vomit y n akaba 202 walk pona pona 203 wash ki a ta 204 water me ra 205 we waxai tsi 206 when detsa eta pao kuin Naehi 207 whip detsa eta hota 208 wife piha wa 209 wind hoiboa 210 wing kuarau fe 211 woman pe tiri wa 212 worm oro 213 wrist kobe ya vere hori to 214 ye pa xa mi 215 year wai 216 your pl pa n Ne 217 your sg ni hiReferences edit a b Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2016 Estudo arqueo ecolinguistico das terras tropicais sul americanas Ph D dissertation 2 ed Brasilia University of Brasilia Melendez Lozano M A 2014 Prestamos arawak achagua piapoco y piapocoachagua a la familia linguistica guahibo sikuani LIAMES 14 173 218 Muller Andre Viveka Velupillai Soren Wichmann Cecil H Brown Eric W Holman Sebastian Sauppe Pamela Brown Harald Hammarstrom Oleg Belyaev Johann Mattis List Dik Bakker Dmitri Egorov Matthias Urban Robert Mailhammer Matthew S Dryer Evgenia Korovina David Beck Helen Geyer Pattie Epps Anthony Grant and Pilar Valenzuela 2013 ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity Version 4 October 2013 Christian Diana R and Esther Matteson 1972 Proto Guahiban In Esther Matteson ed Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages 150 159 The Hague Mouton Bibliography editAdelaar Willem F H amp Muysken Pieter C 2004 The languages of the Andes Cambridge language surveys Cambridge University Press Berg Marie L and Isabel J Kerr 1973 The Cuiva language Grammar Language Data Amerindian Series 1 Santa Ana CA Summer Institute of Linguistics Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian languages The historical linguistics of Native America New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 509427 1 Greenberg Joseph H 1987 Language in the Americas Stanford Stanford University Press Kaufman Terrence 1990 Language history in South America What we know and how to know more In D L Payne Ed Amazonian linguistics Studies in lowland South American languages pp 13 67 Austin University of Texas Press ISBN 0 292 70414 3 Kaufman Terrence 1994 The native languages of South America In C Mosley amp R E Asher Eds Atlas of the world s languages pp 46 76 London Routledge Keels Jack 1985 Guayabero Phonology and morphophonemics In Ruth M Brend ed From phonology to discourse Studies in six Colombian languages 57 87 Language Data Amerindian Series 9 Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics Queixalos Francisco 1988 Presentacion Diccionario sikuani espanol i xiii Bogota CCELA Universidad de los Andes ISN 0121 0963 in Spanish Rivet Paul 1948 La famille linguistique Guahibo Journal de la Societe des Americanistes XXXVII 191 240 Paris in French External links edit nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Guahiban reconstructions Proel Sub Familia Guajiboana Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guajiboan languages amp oldid 1190776984, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.