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Cheerleader effect

December 15, 2023

The cheerleader effect, also known as the group attractiveness effect or the friend effect,[1] is a proposed cognitive bias which causes people to perceive individuals as 1.5–2.0% more attractive in a group than when seen alone.[2] The first paper to report this effect was written by Drew Walker and Edward Vul, in 2014.[3]

Physical attractiveness implies individuals' preferences in a sexual selection based on the evolutionary psychology. In 1979, Donald Symons first proposed this evolutionary explanation, suggesting that the evolving physical attractiveness results from mate assessment favoring partners who exhibited signs of good health and fertility, including face averageness.[4] This preference was proved to be shared across cultures.[5] Two parts constitute physical attractiveness, and most former studies investigated underlying mechanisms leading to cheerleader effect specifically in its subset, facial attractiveness.[1][2][5] Nevertheless, a study has recognized this effect in another physical appearance indicator, human body perceptions.[6]

The effect size of the cheerleader effect is not modulated by the presentation time,[2] the number of individuals surrounding the target,[3] spatial arrangement of the faces in the group.[7] However, another study argued that the arrangement of faces in the group might influence this effect since people's central viewing tendency might affect observers to focus more on the perceived attractiveness of the middle face in the group.[8]

Findings of this effect are interdisciplinary in applications. Based on them, mate choice,[9] marketing,[10] and social media[11] tactics are designed to increase the attractiveness of a target individual or item via the help of the group.

Origin edit

The phrase was coined by the fictional character Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) in "Not a Father's Day", an episode of the television series How I Met Your Mother, first aired in November 2008. Barney points out to his friends a group of women that initially seem attractive, but who are all unattractive when examined individually. This point is made again by two other characters, Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) and Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders), later in the episode, who note that some of Barney's friends also only seem attractive in a group. This occurrence may be explained by the processing of Barney's visual system, in which his brain automatically calculated a combined beauty level of that group of ladies. This overall impression then impacts his assessment of the specific female within that group, leading him to believe she is similar to the previously established better average attractiveness.[6]

Conditions for the effect to occur edit

  • Bias in recalling. The cheerleader effect occurred only when participants were asked to rate the attractiveness after images were removed from their vision, suggesting that an initial perceptual encoding with the existence of photos while rated could not lead to the effect.[6]
  • Contrast effect. It was found that the cheerleader effect occurred when the target face was the most attractive face compared to other members in the group but not when it was the least attractive so that the comparison among faces is required.[1]

Studies and proposed explanations edit

First study edit

In 2014, the first research was reported by Drew Walker and Edward Vul.[3] Across five studies, participants rated the attractiveness of male and female faces when shown in a group photo, and an individual photo, with the order of the photographs randomised. The cheerleader effect was quantified as the difference between the attractiveness ratings assigned in the experimental condition (in a group photo) and the control (in an isolated image) condition. It was found that participants consistently rated the person as more appealing in the group photograph compared to the individual picture.

This effect occurs with male-only, female-only and mixed gender groups, and both small and large groups. In addition, the effect occurs to the same extent with various group sizes of four and 16 people. Participants in studies looked more at the attractive people than the unattractive people in the group.

Drew Walker and Edward Vul proposed that this effect arises due to the interplay of three cognitive phenomena:[3]

  1. The human visual system takes "ensemble representations" of faces in a group. This explanation was backed up by Timothy F. Brady and George A. Alvarez's findings in 2011.[12] In the study, participants were displayed with 30 sets of circles, and circles of various sizes surrounded a tested circle. When asked to determine the tested circle's size, observers' memory of its size is biased by the mean size of all circles shown to them to estimate, showing that people do not encode visual images in memory independently.
  2. Perception of individuals is biased towards this average. People's visual systems subconsciously and automatically calculate the average facial impression so that any extreme is ruled out.[13]
  3. "Attractive faces are only average."[14] Results showed that composited faces were rated as more attractive and typical without extreme features. Humans develop this preference for "prototype" face from early life since they are easily identified, and individuals could extract social information from these most facelike stimuli to aid social interaction.[15]

When all three of these phenomena are taken together, researchers proposed that the cheerleader effect results from a "hierarchical encoding" and that the hierarchical structure of visual working memory makes observers summarize the group into an ensemble average. Specifically, the individual faces will seem more attractive in a group, as they appear more similar to the average group face, which is more attractive than members' faces.[3]

Follow-up studies edit

However, this causation proposal of "hierarchical encoding" was doubted by Carragher et al. in 2019, who found that this effect also occurred in contexts that "were incompatible with hierarchical encoding."[16] They then proposed another explanation: "Social inference mechanism." It implies that the social context of being surrounded by friends may elicit observers' positive inferences on the target's trait, like "friendly or likable, which causes an increase to their perceived attractiveness.[17] However, a recent study in 2021 tested this hypothesis in trustworthiness judgments. It is found that the trait inferences on one's facial trustworthiness did not experience the cheerleader effect.[18]

A 2015 study conducted by van Osch et al. confirmed the existence of the cheerleader effect obtained by Walker and Vul.[19] Based on the effect, the research team offered two other potential explanations for it:[19]

  • Selective attention to attractive group members. "People selectively attending to" and have longer fixation time on the most appealing members within a group so that they tend to make group rating based on "an average of the ratings of the most attractive group members"instead of taking every member's attractiveness within the group into account.[20]
  • The Gestalt principle of similarity. It suggests that an initial perception of people's attractiveness is towards a group with a similar attractiveness degree as a whole, followed by the perception of its individual member's.

They claim that selective attention fits with the gathered data better.[19] The explanation based on the Gestalt psychology was objected to in this study since researchers found that the effect only occur in the group with large variation in attractiveness. This finding thus was inconsistent with this principle of perceiving similar attractive people as a group to evaluate.

Replication failure edit

A 2015 replication of Walker and Vul's study failed to show any significant results for the group attractiveness effect. The research team hypothesized potential reasons for this. Firstly, this may be due to cultural differences, since the replication study was performed in Japan.[21] Secondly, the effect size was affected by the variation in the composition of members in a group. Researchers suggested that the cheerleader effect was less likely to occur for people with the similar attractiveness level in a group since the selection attention would not happen to bias participants' memory towards a higher attractiveness average.[19]

Applications edit

  • Marketing strategy. This effect was also found in non-human group images[16] so its application in consumer behaviors was investigated. For example, many firms employ product bundling by utilizing customers' psychology of integrating assessments of individual products within a package to create an overall evaluation of the entire package to strengthen the competitiveness of their target products in the market.[10]
  • Dating strategy. Having friends to accompany with or displaying profile photos in a crowd, particularly "being surrounded by unattractive friends may help" to improve perceived attractiveness due to this effect.[1]

Criticisms and prospects edit

It is argued that the perception of facial attractiveness may be influenced by the race information in the stimulus face.[22] The future study could display participants with diverse races of faces like mixed-raced composites to test this race effect.

In addition, repeated exposure to moderately attractive faces is found to reward the emotional system, and it is positively correlated to the perceived attractiveness.[23] Therefore, watching the target faces twice in a repeated measures design may contribute to observers' ratings of better attractiveness, regardless of the contribution of the cheerleader effect.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Ying, Haojiang; Burns, Edwin; Lin, Xinyi; Xu, Hong (Mar 2019). "Ensemble statistics shape face adaptation and the cheerleader effect". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 148 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1037/xge0000564. hdl:10356/145719. ISSN 1939-2222. PMID 30802125. S2CID 73460597.
  2. ^ a b c Carragher, Daniel J.; Thomas, Nicole A.; Gwinn, O. Scott; Nicholls, Michael E. R. (2020-08-17). "The cheerleader effect is robust to experimental manipulations of presentation time". Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 32 (5–6): 553–561. doi:10.1080/20445911.2020.1776718. hdl:1893/31328. ISSN 2044-5911.
  3. ^ a b c d e Walker, Drew; Vul, Edward (Jan 2013). "Hierarchical Encoding Makes Individuals in a Group Seem More Attractive" (PDF). Psychological Science. 25 (1): 230–235. doi:10.1177/0956797613497969. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 24163333. S2CID 16309135. (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.
  4. ^ Symons, Donald (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-987847-1. OCLC 1162574887.
  5. ^ a b Rhodes, Gillian; Yoshikawa, Sakiko; Clark, Alison; Lee, Kieran; McKay, Ryan; Akamatsu, Shigeru (May 2001). "Attractiveness of Facial Averageness and Symmetry in Non-Western Cultures: In Search of Biologically Based Standards of Beauty". Perception. 30 (5): 611–625. doi:10.1068/p3123. ISSN 0301-0066. PMID 11430245. S2CID 15333152.
  6. ^ a b c Hsieh, Jean YJ; Gwinn, O Scott; Brooks, Kevin R; Stephen, Ian D; Carragher, Daniel J; Nicholls, Michael ER (May 2021). "The "cheerleader effect" in facial and bodily attractiveness: A result of memory bias and not perceptual encoding". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 74 (5): 972–980. doi:10.1177/1747021820976087. ISSN 1747-0218. PMID 33174508. S2CID 226303220.
  7. ^ Carragher, Daniel J.; Lawrence, Blake J.; Thomas, Nicole A.; Nicholls, Michael E. R. (2018-02-07). "Visuospatial asymmetries do not modulate the cheerleader effect". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 2548. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.2548C. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20784-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5803192. PMID 29416057.
  8. ^ Bindemann, Markus (2010-11-23). "Scene and screen center bias early eye movements in scene viewing". Vision Research. Vision Research Reviews. 50 (23): 2577–2587. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.016. ISSN 0042-6989. PMID 20732344. S2CID 18230236.
  9. ^ McDowell, Jackie; Starratt, Valerie G. (Sep 2019). "Experimental examination and extension of the cheerleader effect". Personality and Individual Differences. 147: 245–249. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.004. ISSN 0191-8869. S2CID 164332202.
  10. ^ a b Rao, Vithala R.; Russell, Gary J.; Bhargava, Hemant; Cooke, Alan; Derdenger, Tim; Kim, Hwang; Kumar, Nanda; Levin, Irwin; Ma, Yu; Mehta, Nitin; Pracejus, John; Venkatesh, R. (Mar 2018). "Emerging Trends in Product Bundling: Investigating Consumer Choice and Firm Behavior". Customer Needs and Solutions. 5 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1007/s40547-017-0075-x. ISSN 2196-2928. S2CID 256393478.
  11. ^ Messner, Claude; Carnelli, Mattia; Höhener, Patrick Stefan (2021). "Change in Evaluation Mode Can Cause a Cheerleader Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 607448. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607448. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 8107816. PMID 33981266.
  12. ^ Brady, Timothy F.; Alvarez, George A. (Mar 2011). "Hierarchical Encoding in Visual Working Memory: Ensemble Statistics Bias Memory for Individual Items". Psychological Science. 22 (3): 384–392. doi:10.1177/0956797610397956. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 21296808. S2CID 18030342.
  13. ^ Haberman, Jason; Whitney, David (2009). "Seeing the mean: Ensemble coding for sets of faces". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 35 (3): 718–734. doi:10.1037/a0013899. ISSN 1939-1277. PMC 2696629. PMID 19485687.
  14. ^ Langlois, Judith H.; Roggman, Lori A. (Mar 1990). "Attractive Faces Are Only Average". Psychological Science. 1 (2): 115–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00079.x. ISSN 0956-7976. S2CID 18557871.
  15. ^ Leopold, David A.; Rhodes, Gillian (2010). "A comparative view of face perception". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 124 (3): 233–251. doi:10.1037/a0019460. ISSN 1939-2087. PMC 2998394. PMID 20695655.
  16. ^ a b Carragher, Daniel J.; Thomas, Nicole A.; Gwinn, O. Scott; Nicholls, Mike E. R. (2019-06-27). "Limited evidence of hierarchical encoding in the cheerleader effect". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 9329. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.9329C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45789-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6597562. PMID 31249339.
  17. ^ Brewer, G.; Archer, J. (Mar 2007). "What do people infer from facial attractiveness?". Journal of Evolutionary Psychology. 5 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1556/jep.2007.1002. ISSN 1789-2082.
  18. ^ Carragher, Daniel J.; Thomas, Nicole A.; Nicholls, Michael E. R. (Nov 2021). "The dissociable influence of social context on judgements of facial attractiveness and trustworthiness". British Journal of Psychology. 112 (4): 902–933. doi:10.1111/bjop.12501. ISSN 0007-1269. PMID 33742452. S2CID 232296547.
  19. ^ a b c d van Osch, Yvette; Blanken, Irene; Meijs, Maartje H. J.; van Wolferen, Job (Apr 2015). "A Group's Physical Attractiveness Is Greater Than the Average Attractiveness of Its Members: The Group Attractiveness Effect". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 41 (4): 559–574. doi:10.1177/0146167215572799. hdl:10411/20549. ISSN 0146-1672. PMID 25733515. S2CID 35619191.
  20. ^ Leder, Helmut; Tinio, Pablo P. L.; Fuchs, Isabella M.; Bohrn, Isabel (Sep 2010). "When attractiveness demands longer looks: The effects of situation and gender". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 63 (9): 1858–1871. doi:10.1080/17470211003605142. ISSN 1747-0218. PMID 20373226. S2CID 17748866.
  21. ^ Ojiro, Yuko; Gobara, Akihiko; Nam, Giyeon; Sasaki, Kyoshiro; Kishimoto, Reiki; Yamada, Yuki; Miura, Kayo (Jun 2015). "Two replications of "Hierarchical encoding makes individuals in a group seem more attractive (2014; Experiment 4)"". The Quantitative Methods for Psychology. 11 (2): r8–r11. doi:10.20982/tqmp.11.2.r008. ISSN 2292-1354.
  22. ^ Rhodes, Gillian; Lee, Kieran; Palermo, Romina; Weiss, Mahi; Yoshikawa, Sakiko; Clissa, Peter; Williams, Tamsyn; Peters, Marianne; Winkler, Chris; Jeffery, Linda (Mar 2005). "Attractiveness of Own-Race, Other-Race, and Mixed-Race Faces". Perception. 34 (3): 319–340. doi:10.1068/p5191. ISSN 0301-0066. PMID 15895630. S2CID 6199926.
  23. ^ Han, Shangfeng; Liu, Shen; Gan, Yetong; Xu, Qiang; Xu, Pengfei; Luo, Yuejia; Zhang, Lin (Mar 2020). "Repeated exposure makes attractive faces more attractive: Neural responses in facial attractiveness judgement". Neuropsychologia. 139: 107365. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107365. ISSN 0028-3932. PMID 32001231. S2CID 210928782.

Further reading edit

  • May, Cindi (December 3, 2013). "The Cheerleader Effect". Scientific American. Retrieved December 5, 2015. Article on Walker and Vul's 2013 study.

December 15, 2023
cheerleader, effect, cheerleader, effect, also, known, group, attractiveness, effect, friend, effect, proposed, cognitive, bias, which, causes, people, perceive, individuals, more, attractive, group, than, when, seen, alone, first, paper, report, this, effect,. The cheerleader effect also known as the group attractiveness effect or the friend effect 1 is a proposed cognitive bias which causes people to perceive individuals as 1 5 2 0 more attractive in a group than when seen alone 2 The first paper to report this effect was written by Drew Walker and Edward Vul in 2014 3 Physical attractiveness implies individuals preferences in a sexual selection based on the evolutionary psychology In 1979 Donald Symons first proposed this evolutionary explanation suggesting that the evolving physical attractiveness results from mate assessment favoring partners who exhibited signs of good health and fertility including face averageness 4 This preference was proved to be shared across cultures 5 Two parts constitute physical attractiveness and most former studies investigated underlying mechanisms leading to cheerleader effect specifically in its subset facial attractiveness 1 2 5 Nevertheless a study has recognized this effect in another physical appearance indicator human body perceptions 6 The effect size of the cheerleader effect is not modulated by the presentation time 2 the number of individuals surrounding the target 3 spatial arrangement of the faces in the group 7 However another study argued that the arrangement of faces in the group might influence this effect since people s central viewing tendency might affect observers to focus more on the perceived attractiveness of the middle face in the group 8 Findings of this effect are interdisciplinary in applications Based on them mate choice 9 marketing 10 and social media 11 tactics are designed to increase the attractiveness of a target individual or item via the help of the group Contents 1 Origin 2 Conditions for the effect to occur 3 Studies and proposed explanations 3 1 First study 3 2 Follow up studies 3 3 Replication failure 4 Applications 5 Criticisms and prospects 6 References 7 Further readingOrigin editThe phrase was coined by the fictional character Barney Stinson Neil Patrick Harris in Not a Father s Day an episode of the television series How I Met Your Mother first aired in November 2008 Barney points out to his friends a group of women that initially seem attractive but who are all unattractive when examined individually This point is made again by two other characters Ted Mosby Josh Radnor and Robin Scherbatsky Cobie Smulders later in the episode who note that some of Barney s friends also only seem attractive in a group This occurrence may be explained by the processing of Barney s visual system in which his brain automatically calculated a combined beauty level of that group of ladies This overall impression then impacts his assessment of the specific female within that group leading him to believe she is similar to the previously established better average attractiveness 6 Conditions for the effect to occur editBias in recalling The cheerleader effect occurred only when participants were asked to rate the attractiveness after images were removed from their vision suggesting that an initial perceptual encoding with the existence of photos while rated could not lead to the effect 6 Contrast effect It was found that the cheerleader effect occurred when the target face was the most attractive face compared to other members in the group but not when it was the least attractive so that the comparison among faces is required 1 Studies and proposed explanations editFirst study edit In 2014 the first research was reported by Drew Walker and Edward Vul 3 Across five studies participants rated the attractiveness of male and female faces when shown in a group photo and an individual photo with the order of the photographs randomised The cheerleader effect was quantified as the difference between the attractiveness ratings assigned in the experimental condition in a group photo and the control in an isolated image condition It was found that participants consistently rated the person as more appealing in the group photograph compared to the individual picture This effect occurs with male only female only and mixed gender groups and both small and large groups In addition the effect occurs to the same extent with various group sizes of four and 16 people Participants in studies looked more at the attractive people than the unattractive people in the group Drew Walker and Edward Vul proposed that this effect arises due to the interplay of three cognitive phenomena 3 The human visual system takes ensemble representations of faces in a group This explanation was backed up by Timothy F Brady and George A Alvarez s findings in 2011 12 In the study participants were displayed with 30 sets of circles and circles of various sizes surrounded a tested circle When asked to determine the tested circle s size observers memory of its size is biased by the mean size of all circles shown to them to estimate showing that people do not encode visual images in memory independently Perception of individuals is biased towards this average People s visual systems subconsciously and automatically calculate the average facial impression so that any extreme is ruled out 13 Attractive faces are only average 14 Results showed that composited faces were rated as more attractive and typical without extreme features Humans develop this preference for prototype face from early life since they are easily identified and individuals could extract social information from these most facelike stimuli to aid social interaction 15 When all three of these phenomena are taken together researchers proposed that the cheerleader effect results from a hierarchical encoding and that the hierarchical structure of visual working memory makes observers summarize the group into an ensemble average Specifically the individual faces will seem more attractive in a group as they appear more similar to the average group face which is more attractive than members faces 3 Follow up studies edit However this causation proposal of hierarchical encoding was doubted by Carragher et al in 2019 who found that this effect also occurred in contexts that were incompatible with hierarchical encoding 16 They then proposed another explanation Social inference mechanism It implies that the social context of being surrounded by friends may elicit observers positive inferences on the target s trait like friendly or likable which causes an increase to their perceived attractiveness 17 However a recent study in 2021 tested this hypothesis in trustworthiness judgments It is found that the trait inferences on one s facial trustworthiness did not experience the cheerleader effect 18 A 2015 study conducted by van Osch et al confirmed the existence of the cheerleader effect obtained by Walker and Vul 19 Based on the effect the research team offered two other potential explanations for it 19 Selective attention to attractive group members People selectively attending to and have longer fixation time on the most appealing members within a group so that they tend to make group rating based on an average of the ratings of the most attractive group members instead of taking every member s attractiveness within the group into account 20 The Gestalt principle of similarity It suggests that an initial perception of people s attractiveness is towards a group with a similar attractiveness degree as a whole followed by the perception of its individual member s They claim that selective attention fits with the gathered data better 19 The explanation based on the Gestalt psychology was objected to in this study since researchers found that the effect only occur in the group with large variation in attractiveness This finding thus was inconsistent with this principle of perceiving similar attractive people as a group to evaluate Replication failure edit A 2015 replication of Walker and Vul s study failed to show any significant results for the group attractiveness effect The research team hypothesized potential reasons for this Firstly this may be due to cultural differences since the replication study was performed in Japan 21 Secondly the effect size was affected by the variation in the composition of members in a group Researchers suggested that the cheerleader effect was less likely to occur for people with the similar attractiveness level in a group since the selection attention would not happen to bias participants memory towards a higher attractiveness average 19 Applications editMarketing strategy This effect was also found in non human group images 16 so its application in consumer behaviors was investigated For example many firms employ product bundling by utilizing customers psychology of integrating assessments of individual products within a package to create an overall evaluation of the entire package to strengthen the competitiveness of their target products in the market 10 Dating strategy Having friends to accompany with or displaying profile photos in a crowd particularly being surrounded by unattractive friends may help to improve perceived attractiveness due to this effect 1 Criticisms and prospects editIt is argued that the perception of facial attractiveness may be influenced by the race information in the stimulus face 22 The future study could display participants with diverse races of faces like mixed raced composites to test this race effect In addition repeated exposure to moderately attractive faces is found to reward the emotional system and it is positively correlated to the perceived attractiveness 23 Therefore watching the target faces twice in a repeated measures design may contribute to observers ratings of better attractiveness regardless of the contribution of the cheerleader effect References edit a b c d Ying Haojiang Burns Edwin Lin Xinyi Xu Hong Mar 2019 Ensemble statistics shape face adaptation and the cheerleader effect Journal of Experimental Psychology General 148 3 421 436 doi 10 1037 xge0000564 hdl 10356 145719 ISSN 1939 2222 PMID 30802125 S2CID 73460597 a b c Carragher Daniel J Thomas Nicole A Gwinn O Scott Nicholls Michael E R 2020 08 17 The cheerleader effect is robust to experimental manipulations of presentation time Journal of Cognitive Psychology 32 5 6 553 561 doi 10 1080 20445911 2020 1776718 hdl 1893 31328 ISSN 2044 5911 a b c d e Walker Drew Vul Edward Jan 2013 Hierarchical Encoding Makes Individuals in a Group Seem More Attractive PDF Psychological Science 25 1 230 235 doi 10 1177 0956797613497969 ISSN 0956 7976 PMID 24163333 S2CID 16309135 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 03 04 Symons Donald 1979 The evolution of human sexuality New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 987847 1 OCLC 1162574887 a b Rhodes Gillian Yoshikawa Sakiko Clark Alison Lee Kieran McKay Ryan Akamatsu Shigeru May 2001 Attractiveness of Facial Averageness and Symmetry in Non Western Cultures In Search of Biologically Based Standards of Beauty Perception 30 5 611 625 doi 10 1068 p3123 ISSN 0301 0066 PMID 11430245 S2CID 15333152 a b c Hsieh Jean YJ Gwinn O Scott Brooks Kevin R Stephen Ian D Carragher Daniel J Nicholls Michael ER May 2021 The cheerleader effect in facial and bodily attractiveness A result of memory bias and not perceptual encoding Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74 5 972 980 doi 10 1177 1747021820976087 ISSN 1747 0218 PMID 33174508 S2CID 226303220 Carragher Daniel J Lawrence Blake J Thomas Nicole A Nicholls Michael E R 2018 02 07 Visuospatial asymmetries do not modulate the cheerleader effect Scientific Reports 8 1 2548 Bibcode 2018NatSR 8 2548C doi 10 1038 s41598 018 20784 5 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 5803192 PMID 29416057 Bindemann Markus 2010 11 23 Scene and screen center bias early eye movements in scene viewing Vision Research Vision Research Reviews 50 23 2577 2587 doi 10 1016 j visres 2010 08 016 ISSN 0042 6989 PMID 20732344 S2CID 18230236 McDowell Jackie Starratt Valerie G Sep 2019 Experimental examination and extension of the cheerleader effect Personality and Individual Differences 147 245 249 doi 10 1016 j paid 2019 05 004 ISSN 0191 8869 S2CID 164332202 a b Rao Vithala R Russell Gary J Bhargava Hemant Cooke Alan Derdenger Tim Kim Hwang Kumar Nanda Levin Irwin Ma Yu Mehta Nitin Pracejus John Venkatesh R Mar 2018 Emerging Trends in Product Bundling Investigating Consumer Choice and Firm Behavior Customer Needs and Solutions 5 1 107 120 doi 10 1007 s40547 017 0075 x ISSN 2196 2928 S2CID 256393478 Messner Claude Carnelli Mattia Hohener Patrick Stefan 2021 Change in Evaluation Mode Can Cause a Cheerleader Effect Frontiers in Psychology 12 607448 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2021 607448 ISSN 1664 1078 PMC 8107816 PMID 33981266 Brady Timothy F Alvarez George A Mar 2011 Hierarchical Encoding in Visual Working Memory Ensemble Statistics Bias Memory for Individual Items Psychological Science 22 3 384 392 doi 10 1177 0956797610397956 ISSN 0956 7976 PMID 21296808 S2CID 18030342 Haberman Jason Whitney David 2009 Seeing the mean Ensemble coding for sets of faces Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance 35 3 718 734 doi 10 1037 a0013899 ISSN 1939 1277 PMC 2696629 PMID 19485687 Langlois Judith H Roggman Lori A Mar 1990 Attractive Faces Are Only Average Psychological Science 1 2 115 121 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9280 1990 tb00079 x ISSN 0956 7976 S2CID 18557871 Leopold David A Rhodes Gillian 2010 A comparative view of face perception Journal of Comparative Psychology 124 3 233 251 doi 10 1037 a0019460 ISSN 1939 2087 PMC 2998394 PMID 20695655 a b Carragher Daniel J Thomas Nicole A Gwinn O Scott Nicholls Mike E R 2019 06 27 Limited evidence of hierarchical encoding in the cheerleader effect Scientific Reports 9 1 9329 Bibcode 2019NatSR 9 9329C doi 10 1038 s41598 019 45789 6 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6597562 PMID 31249339 Brewer G Archer J Mar 2007 What do people infer from facial attractiveness Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 5 1 39 49 doi 10 1556 jep 2007 1002 ISSN 1789 2082 Carragher Daniel J Thomas Nicole A Nicholls Michael E R Nov 2021 The dissociable influence of social context on judgements of facial attractiveness and trustworthiness British Journal of Psychology 112 4 902 933 doi 10 1111 bjop 12501 ISSN 0007 1269 PMID 33742452 S2CID 232296547 a b c d van Osch Yvette Blanken Irene Meijs Maartje H J van Wolferen Job Apr 2015 A Group s Physical Attractiveness Is Greater Than the Average Attractiveness of Its Members The Group Attractiveness Effect Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41 4 559 574 doi 10 1177 0146167215572799 hdl 10411 20549 ISSN 0146 1672 PMID 25733515 S2CID 35619191 Leder Helmut Tinio Pablo P L Fuchs Isabella M Bohrn Isabel Sep 2010 When attractiveness demands longer looks The effects of situation and gender Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63 9 1858 1871 doi 10 1080 17470211003605142 ISSN 1747 0218 PMID 20373226 S2CID 17748866 Ojiro Yuko Gobara Akihiko Nam Giyeon Sasaki Kyoshiro Kishimoto Reiki Yamada Yuki Miura Kayo Jun 2015 Two replications of Hierarchical encoding makes individuals in a group seem more attractive 2014 Experiment 4 The Quantitative Methods for Psychology 11 2 r8 r11 doi 10 20982 tqmp 11 2 r008 ISSN 2292 1354 Rhodes Gillian Lee Kieran Palermo Romina Weiss Mahi Yoshikawa Sakiko Clissa Peter Williams Tamsyn Peters Marianne Winkler Chris Jeffery Linda Mar 2005 Attractiveness of Own Race Other Race and Mixed Race Faces Perception 34 3 319 340 doi 10 1068 p5191 ISSN 0301 0066 PMID 15895630 S2CID 6199926 Han Shangfeng Liu Shen Gan Yetong Xu Qiang Xu Pengfei Luo Yuejia Zhang Lin Mar 2020 Repeated exposure makes attractive faces more attractive Neural responses in facial attractiveness judgement Neuropsychologia 139 107365 doi 10 1016 j neuropsychologia 2020 107365 ISSN 0028 3932 PMID 32001231 S2CID 210928782 Further reading editMay Cindi December 3 2013 The Cheerleader Effect Scientific American Retrieved December 5 2015 Article on Walker and Vul s 2013 study Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cheerleader effect amp oldid 1189290397, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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