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Great Mass in C minor, K. 427

March 18, 2023

Great Mass in C minor (German: Große Messe in c-Moll), K. 427/417a, is the common name of the musical setting of the mass by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, which is considered one of his greatest works. He composed it in Vienna in 1782 and 1783, after his marriage, when he moved to Vienna from Salzburg. The large-scale work, a missa solemnis, is scored for two soprano soloists, a tenor and a bass, double chorus and large orchestra. It remained unfinished, missing large portions of the Credo and the complete Agnus Dei.

Great Mass in C minor
Unfinished missa solemnis
by W. A. Mozart
Interior of St Peter's Abbey, Salzburg, where the mass was first performed
CatalogueK. 427/417a
Performed26 October 1783 (1783-10-26): Salzburg
Vocal
  • SATB double chorus
  • soloists: 2 sopranos, tenor, bass
Instrumentalorchestra

Composition and first performance

See also: List of masses by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The work was composed during 1782–83. In a letter to his father Leopold dated 4 January 1783, Mozart mentioned a vow he had made to write a mass when he would bring his then fiancée Constanze as his wife to Salzburg to meet his family for the first time after his father's earlier opposition. Constanze then sang the "Et incarnatus est" at its premiere.[1]

The first performance took place in Salzburg on Sunday 26 October 1783 (the twentieth Sunday after Pentecost).[2] Mozart had moved to Vienna in 1781, but was paying a visit to his home town in the company of Constanze, who had not yet met his father or his sister (Nannerl).

The performance consisted of just the Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus and Benedictus, as surviving parts and a score copy from ca. 1800 show. It took place in the Church of St. Peter's Abbey in the context of a Roman Catholic mass. Mozart's sister's diary mentions that the performers were the entire Hofmusik, that is the musicians employed at the court of Salzburg's ruler, Prince-Archbishop Count Hieronymus von Colloredo and thus Mozart's former colleagues.[3] There was a rehearsal in the nearby Kapellhaus on 23 October 1783.[3]

Fragmentary status

Autograph of two of the pages of the mass ("Kyrie")
 
 
Larger version of page 1 (recto) and page 2 (verso)

The work is incomplete, missing the Credo movements following the aria Et incarnatus est (the orchestration of the only two surviving Credo movements being incomplete) and all of the Agnus Dei. The Sanctus and the Benedictus are partially lost and require editorial reconstructions. There is a good deal of speculation concerning why the work was left unfinished. For purposes of modern performances, the editions and completions available are those by Alois Schmitt (1901, Breitkopf & Härtel), H. C. Robbins Landon (1956, Eulenburg), Helmut Eder (1985, Bärenreiter), Franz Beyer (1989, Amadeus/Edition Peters), Richard Maunder (1990, Oxford University Press/Carus Verlag), Philip Wilby (2004, Novello), Robert Levin (2005, Carus-Verlag), Clemens Kemme (2018, Breitkopf & Härtel), and Ulrich Leisinger (2019, Bärenreiter).

The editions by Landon, Eder, Beyer, Maunder and Kemme aim to simply fill out the missing orchestrations and choral parts in the Credo and Sanctus, whereas the editions by Schmitt, Wilby and Levin aim to complete the work by either using movements from other masses or composing new music for the Credo and Agnus Dei through the use of parody or elaboration of period sketches by Mozart. Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs (Musikproduktion Höflich) just offers a complete Credo and an Agnus Dei. For the Credo this means a completions of the 'Credo in unum Deum' and the 'Et incarnatus est' and additional music for the rest of the Credo. This edition, therefore, is intended to be used in combination with any other version of the Mass. Robert Xavier Rodriguez has also completed the Agnus Dei.[4]

Mozart later reused the music from the Kyrie and Gloria, almost without changes except for the text, in the cantata Davide penitente, K. 469.

Structure

 
I. Kyrie
II. Gloria
Gloria in excelsis Deo
Laudamus te
Gratias agimus tibi
Domine Deus
Qui tollis
Quoniam tu solus
Jesu Christe
Cum Sanctu Spiritu
III. Credo
Credo in unum Deum
Et incarnatus est
IV. Sanctus
Sanctus - Hosanna
V. Benedictus
Benedictus qui venit
Ferenc Fricsay, Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Chor der St. Hedwigs-Kathedrale Berlin, Maria Stader, Hertha Töpper, Ernst Haefliger, Ivan Sardi, 1960
Problems playing these files? See media help.
  1. Kyrie (Andante moderato: Chorus and soprano)
  2. Gloria
    Gloria in excelsis Deo (Allegro vivace: Chorus)
    Laudamus te (Allegro aperto: Soprano II)
    Gratias agimus tibi (Adagio: Chorus)
    Domine Deus (Allegro moderato: Sopranos I and II)
    Qui tollis (Largo: Double choir)
    Quoniam tu solus (Allegro: Sopranos I and II, tenor)
    Jesu Christe (Adagio: Chorus)
    Cum Sancto Spiritu (Chorus)
  3. Credo
    Credo in unum Deum (Allegro maestoso: Chorus)
    Et incarnatus est (Andante: Soprano I)
  4. Sanctus (Largo: Double choir)
    Sanctus Dominus
    Hosanna in excelsis
  5. Benedictus
    Benedictus qui venit (Allegro comodo: Quartet and double chorus)


Influence

The work embodies pomp and solemnity associated with the Salzburg traditions of the time, but it also anticipates the symphonic masses of Joseph Haydn in its solo-choral sharing. The mass shows the influence of Bach and Handel, whose music Mozart was studying at this time (see Gottfried van Swieten).[2]

On 20 August 2016 the version reconstructed by Helmut Eder was performed at the Royal Albert Hall, for the first time as part of The Proms series, by the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra and BBC Symphony Chorus, with Ilan Volkov conducting and featuring Louise Alder, Carolyn Sampson, Benjamin Hulett and Matthew Rose.[5]

Discography

Here is a selection or recordings:

Videography

References

Notes

  1. ^ Einstein, Alfred (1953). "Kirchenmusik". Mozart. Sein Charakter, sein Werk (in German). Zurich, Stuttgart. pp. 362–403.
  2. ^ a b Mozart, W. A. (2006). Mass in C minor (Urtext). Holl, Monika (preface), Thalmann, Gabriele (transl.). Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag. pp. VII–X. ISMN M-0006-20223-2
  3. ^ a b Deutsch 1965, p. 219
  4. ^ "Robert Xavier Rodríguez: Agnus Dei (completion of Mozart's Mass in C minor), G. Schirmer Inc.
  5. ^ "Prom 46: Mahler's Ruckert-Lieder and Mozart's Mass in C minor, 2016, BBC Proms". bbc.co.uk. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  6. ^ Mozart: Great Choral Works. Philips. ASIN B000004180 – via Amazon.
  7. ^ "Beethoven Missa Solemnis. Mozart Mass in C minor". Gramophone.
  8. ^ "Mozart: Great Mass in C minor K.427". Deutsche Grammophon. 1991.
  9. ^ . Christopher Hogwood. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2016.

Sources

Further reading

  • Black, David (2007) "Mozart and the Practice of Sacred Music, 1781–91". PhD diss., Harvard University, 84–126.
  • Solomon, Maynard (1995) Mozart: A Life. HarperCollins.

External links

March 18, 2023
great, mass, minor, great, mass, minor, german, große, messe, moll, 417a, common, name, musical, setting, mass, wolfgang, amadeus, mozart, which, considered, greatest, works, composed, vienna, 1782, 1783, after, marriage, when, moved, vienna, from, salzburg, l. Great Mass in C minor German Grosse Messe in c Moll K 427 417a is the common name of the musical setting of the mass by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart which is considered one of his greatest works He composed it in Vienna in 1782 and 1783 after his marriage when he moved to Vienna from Salzburg The large scale work a missa solemnis is scored for two soprano soloists a tenor and a bass double chorus and large orchestra It remained unfinished missing large portions of the Credo and the complete Agnus Dei Great Mass in C minorUnfinished missa solemnis by W A MozartInterior of St Peter s Abbey Salzburg where the mass was first performedCatalogueK 427 417aPerformed26 October 1783 1783 10 26 SalzburgVocalSATB double chorus soloists 2 sopranos tenor bassInstrumentalorchestra Contents 1 Composition and first performance 2 Fragmentary status 3 Structure 4 Influence 5 Discography 6 Videography 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksComposition and first performance EditSee also List of masses by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart The work was composed during 1782 83 In a letter to his father Leopold dated 4 January 1783 Mozart mentioned a vow he had made to write a mass when he would bring his then fiancee Constanze as his wife to Salzburg to meet his family for the first time after his father s earlier opposition Constanze then sang the Et incarnatus est at its premiere 1 The first performance took place in Salzburg on Sunday 26 October 1783 the twentieth Sunday after Pentecost 2 Mozart had moved to Vienna in 1781 but was paying a visit to his home town in the company of Constanze who had not yet met his father or his sister Nannerl The performance consisted of just the Kyrie Gloria Sanctus and Benedictus as surviving parts and a score copy from ca 1800 show It took place in the Church of St Peter s Abbey in the context of a Roman Catholic mass Mozart s sister s diary mentions that the performers were the entire Hofmusik that is the musicians employed at the court of Salzburg s ruler Prince Archbishop Count Hieronymus von Colloredo and thus Mozart s former colleagues 3 There was a rehearsal in the nearby Kapellhaus on 23 October 1783 3 Fragmentary status EditAutograph of two of the pages of the mass Kyrie Larger version of page 1 recto and page 2 verso The work is incomplete missing the Credo movements following the aria Et incarnatus est the orchestration of the only two surviving Credo movements being incomplete and all of the Agnus Dei The Sanctus and the Benedictus are partially lost and require editorial reconstructions There is a good deal of speculation concerning why the work was left unfinished For purposes of modern performances the editions and completions available are those by Alois Schmitt 1901 Breitkopf amp Hartel H C Robbins Landon 1956 Eulenburg Helmut Eder 1985 Barenreiter Franz Beyer 1989 Amadeus Edition Peters Richard Maunder 1990 Oxford University Press Carus Verlag Philip Wilby 2004 Novello Robert Levin 2005 Carus Verlag Clemens Kemme 2018 Breitkopf amp Hartel and Ulrich Leisinger 2019 Barenreiter The editions by Landon Eder Beyer Maunder and Kemme aim to simply fill out the missing orchestrations and choral parts in the Credo and Sanctus whereas the editions by Schmitt Wilby and Levin aim to complete the work by either using movements from other masses or composing new music for the Credo and Agnus Dei through the use of parody or elaboration of period sketches by Mozart Benjamin Gunnar Cohrs Musikproduktion Hoflich just offers a complete Credo and an Agnus Dei For the Credo this means a completions of the Credo in unum Deum and the Et incarnatus est and additional music for the rest of the Credo This edition therefore is intended to be used in combination with any other version of the Mass Robert Xavier Rodriguez has also completed the Agnus Dei 4 Mozart later reused the music from the Kyrie and Gloria almost without changes except for the text in the cantata Davide penitente K 469 Structure Edit I Kyrie source source II GloriaGloria in excelsis Deo source source Laudamus te source source Gratias agimus tibi source source Domine Deus source source Qui tollis source source Quoniam tu solus source source Jesu Christe source source Cum Sanctu Spiritu source source III CredoCredo in unum Deum source source Et incarnatus est source source IV SanctusSanctus Hosanna source source V BenedictusBenedictus qui venit source source Ferenc Fricsay Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra Chor der St Hedwigs Kathedrale Berlin Maria Stader Hertha Topper Ernst Haefliger Ivan Sardi 1960 Problems playing these files See media help Kyrie Andante moderato Chorus and soprano Gloria Gloria in excelsis Deo Allegro vivace Chorus Laudamus te Allegro aperto Soprano II Gratias agimus tibi Adagio Chorus Domine Deus Allegro moderato Sopranos I and II Qui tollis Largo Double choir Quoniam tu solus Allegro Sopranos I and II tenor Jesu Christe Adagio Chorus Cum Sancto Spiritu Chorus Credo Credo in unum Deum Allegro maestoso Chorus Et incarnatus est Andante Soprano I Sanctus Largo Double choir Sanctus Dominus Hosanna in excelsisBenedictus Benedictus qui venit Allegro comodo Quartet and double chorus Influence EditThe work embodies pomp and solemnity associated with the Salzburg traditions of the time but it also anticipates the symphonic masses of Joseph Haydn in its solo choral sharing The mass shows the influence of Bach and Handel whose music Mozart was studying at this time see Gottfried van Swieten 2 On 20 August 2016 the version reconstructed by Helmut Eder was performed at the Royal Albert Hall for the first time as part of The Proms series by the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra and BBC Symphony Chorus with Ilan Volkov conducting and featuring Louise Alder Carolyn Sampson Benjamin Hulett and Matthew Rose 5 Discography EditHere is a selection or recordings Ferenc Fricsay Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra Chor der St Hedwigs Kathedrale Berlin Maria Stader Hertha Topper Ernst Haefliger Ivan Sardi Label Deutsche Grammophon 1959 Sir Colin Davis London Symphony Orchestra London Symphony Chorus Helen Donath Heather Harper Ryland Davies Stafford Dean Label Philips Classics February 1971 6 Raymond Leppard New Philharmonia Orchestra John Alldis Choir Ileana Cotrubaș Kiri Te Kanawa Werner Krenn Hans Sotin Label EMI 1974 Herbert von Karajan Berliner Philharmoniker Wiener Singverein Barbara Hendricks Janet Perry Peter Schreier Benjamin Luxon Label Deutsche Grammophon 1981 John Eliot Gardiner English Baroque Soloists Monteverdi Choir Sylvia McNair Diana Montague Anthony Rolfe Johnson Cornelius Hauptmann Label Archiv November 1986 Robert Shaw Atlanta Symphony Orchestra amp Chorus Edith Wiens Delores Ziegler John Aler William Stone Label Telarc 1988 7 Peter Neumann de Collegium Cartusianum Orchestra Cologne Chamber Choir Barbara Schlick Monika Frimmer Christoph Pregardien Klaus Mertens Label EMI Electrola November 19 22 1989 Leonard Bernstein Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and Choir Arleen Auger Frederica von Stade Frank Lopardo Cornelius Hauptmann Label Deutsche Grammophon 431 791 2 1991 8 Version of Richard Maunder Christopher Hogwood Academy of Ancient Music Westminster College Quiristers Winchester Cathedral Choir Arleen Auger Lynne Dawson John Mark Ainsley David Thomas Label L Oiseau Lyre 1990 9 James Levine Wiener Philharmoniker chorus Kathleen Battle Martin Haselbock others Label Deutsche Grammophon 1998 Masaaki Suzuki Bach Collegium Japan instrumental and vocal ensembles Christian Immler Makoto Sakurada Carolyn Sampson Olivia Vermeulen de Label BIS Records 2016Videography EditLeonard Bernstein Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and Chorus Arleen Auger Frederica von Stade Frank Lopardo Cornelius Hauptmann Label Deutsche Grammophon 2006References EditNotes Einstein Alfred 1953 Kirchenmusik Mozart Sein Charakter sein Werk in German Zurich Stuttgart pp 362 403 a b Mozart W A 2006 Mass in C minor Urtext Holl Monika preface Thalmann Gabriele transl Kassel Barenreiter Verlag pp VII X ISMN M 0006 20223 2 a b Deutsch 1965 p 219 Robert Xavier Rodriguez Agnus Dei completion of Mozart s Mass in C minor G Schirmer Inc Prom 46 Mahler s Ruckert Lieder and Mozart s Mass in C minor 2016 BBC Proms bbc co uk 20 August 2016 Retrieved 20 August 2016 Mozart Great Choral Works Philips ASIN B000004180 via Amazon Beethoven Missa Solemnis Mozart Mass in C minor Gramophone Mozart Great Mass in C minor K 427 Deutsche Grammophon 1991 Mass in C minor K427 Christopher Hogwood Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 20 August 2016 Sources Deutsch Otto Erich 1965 Mozart A Documentary Biography Stanford California Stanford University Press Further reading EditBlack David 2007 Mozart and the Practice of Sacred Music 1781 91 PhD diss Harvard University 84 126 Solomon Maynard 1995 Mozart A Life HarperCollins External links EditGreat Mass in C minor K 427 Score and critical report in German in the Neue Mozart Ausgabe Great Mass in C minor Scores at the International Music Score Library Project h2g2 Mozart s Mass in C Minor Mozart Great Mass in C minor preface German English of the completion by Benjamin Gunnar Cohrs 2010 Portal Classical music Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Great Mass in C minor K 427 amp oldid 1142683563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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