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Constanze Mozart

May 11, 2023

Maria Constanze Cäcilia Josepha Johanna Aloysia Mozart (née Weber; 5 January 1762 – 6 March 1842) was a trained Austrian singer. She was married twice, first to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; then to Georg Nikolaus von Nissen. She and Mozart had six children: Karl Thomas Mozart, Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, and four others who died in infancy. She became Mozart's biographer jointly with her second husband.

Constanze Mozart as portrayed in 1782 by her brother-in-law Joseph Lange

Early years

Constanze Weber was born in Zell im Wiesental, a town near Lörrach in Baden-Württemberg, in the southwest of Germany, then Further Austria. Her mother was Cäcilia Weber, née Stamm. Her father, Fridolin Weber, worked as a "double bass player, prompter, and music copyist".[1] Fridolin's half-brother was the father of composer Carl Maria von Weber. Constanze had two older sisters, Josepha and Aloysia, and one younger one, Sophie. All four were trained as singers and Josepha and Aloysia both went on to distinguished musical careers, later on performing in the premieres of a number of Mozart's works.

During most of Constanze's upbringing, the family lived in her mother's hometown of Mannheim, an important cultural, intellectual and musical center. The 21-year-old Mozart visited Mannheim in 1777 on a job-hunting tour with his mother and developed a close relationship with the Weber family. He fell in love—not with 15-year-old Constanze, but with Aloysia.[2] While he was in Paris, Aloysia obtained a position as a singer in Munich, and the family accompanied her there. She rejected Mozart when he passed through Munich on his way back to Salzburg.[2]

The family moved to Vienna in 1779, again following Aloysia as she pursued her career. One month after their arrival, Fridolin died.[2] By the time Mozart moved to Vienna in 1781, Aloysia had married Joseph Lange, who agreed to help Cäcilia Weber with an annual stipend; she also took in boarders to make ends meet. The house where the Webers lived (on the second floor) was at Am Peter 11, and bore a name (as houses often did at the time): Zum Auge Gottes ("God's Eye").[3]

Marriage to Mozart

On first arriving in Vienna on 16 March 1781,[4] Mozart stayed at the house of the Teutonic Order with the staff of his patron, Archbishop Colloredo. In May, he "was obliged to leave", and chose to board in the Weber household, originally intending "to stay there only a week".[5]

After a while, it became apparent to Cäcilia Weber that Mozart was courting Constanze, now 19, and in the interest of propriety, she requested that he leave.[6] Mozart moved out on 5 September to a third-floor room in the Graben.

The courtship continued, not entirely smoothly. Surviving correspondence indicates that Mozart and Constanze briefly broke up in April 1782, over an episode involving jealousy (Constanze had permitted another young man to measure her calves in a parlor game).[7] Mozart also faced a very difficult task getting permission for the marriage from his father, Leopold.[8]

The marriage finally took place in an atmosphere of crisis. Daniel Heartz suggests that eventually Constanze moved in with Mozart, which would have placed her in disgrace by the mores of the time.[9] Mozart wrote to Leopold on 31 July 1782, "All the good and well-intentioned advice you have sent fails to address the case of a man who has already gone so far with a maiden. Further postponement is out of the question."[9] Heartz relates, "Constanze's sister Sophie had tearfully declared that her mother would send the police after Constanze if she did not return home [presumably from Mozart's apartment]."[9] On 4 August, Mozart wrote to Baroness von Waldstätten, asking: "Can the police here enter anyone's house in this way? Perhaps it is only a ruse of Madame Weber to get her daughter back. If not, I know no better remedy than to marry Constanze tomorrow morning or if possible today."[9]

The marriage did indeed take place that day, 4 August 1782. In the marriage contract, Constanze "assigns to her bridegroom five hundred gulden which [...] the latter has promised to augment with one thousand gulden", with the total "to pass to the survivor". Further, all joint acquisitions during the marriage were to remain the common property of both.[10] A day after the marriage took place, the consent of Wolfgang's father arrived in the mail.

The couple had six children, of whom only two survived infancy.

  1. Raimund Leopold (17 June – 19 August 1783)[11]
  2. Karl Thomas Mozart (21 September 1784 – 31 October 1858)
  3. Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October – 15 November 1786)[12]
  4. Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 December 1787 – 29 June 1788)[13][14]
  5. Anna Maria (b/d 16 November 1789)[15]
  6. Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844)

After Mozart's death

 
Constanze in 1802, portrait by Hans Hansen

Mozart died in 1791, leaving debts and placing Constanze in a difficult position. At this point Constanze's business skills came into fruition: she obtained a pension from the emperor, organized profitable memorial concerts, and embarked on a campaign to publish the works of her late husband.[16] These efforts gradually made Constanze financially secure and ultimately, wealthy.[17] She sent Karl and Franz to Prague to be educated by Franz Xaver Niemetschek, with whom she collaborated on the first full-length biography of Mozart.

Toward the end of 1797, she met Georg Nikolaus von Nissen, a Danish diplomat and writer who, initially, was her tenant.[18] The two began living together in September 1798,[19] and were married in Pressburg (today Bratislava) in 1809. From 1810 to 1820, they lived in Copenhagen, and subsequently travelled throughout Europe, especially Germany and Italy. They settled in Salzburg in 1824. Both worked on a biography of Mozart; Constanze eventually published it in 1828, two years after her second husband's death.

During Constanze's last years in Salzburg, she had the company of her two surviving sisters, Aloysia and Sophie, also widows, who moved to Salzburg and lived out their lives there.[20]

Influences on Mozart's music

 
Tombstone of Constanze Mozart, cemetery of Sebastian Church, Salzburg

Constanze was a trained musician and played a role in her husband's career. Two instances can be given.

The extraordinary writing for soprano solo in the Great Mass in C minor (for example, in the "Christe eleison" section of the Kyrie movement, or the aria "Et incarnatus est") was intended for Constanze, who sang in the 1783 premiere of this work in Salzburg. Maynard Solomon in his Mozart biography speculatively describes the work as a love offering.

During the period of the couple's courtship, Mozart began making visits to Baron Gottfried van Swieten, who let him examine his extensive collection of manuscripts of work by Bach and Handel. Mozart was excited by this material, and a number of compositions show its influence on his own works. An important impetus was Constanze, who apparently had fallen in love with Baroque counterpoint. This is known from a letter Mozart wrote to his sister Nannerl on 20 April 1782. The letter was accompanied by a manuscript copy of the composer's Fantasy and Fugue, K. 394.

I composed the fugue first and wrote it down while I was thinking out the prelude. I only hope that you will be able to read it, for it is written so very small; and I hope further that you will like it. Another time I shall send you something better for the clavier. My dear Constanze is really the cause of this fugue's coming into the world. Baron van Swieten, to whom I go every Sunday, gave me all the works of Händel and Sebastian Bach to take home with me (after I had played them to him). When Constanze heard the fugues, she absolutely fell in love with them. Now she will listen to nothing but fugues, and particularly (in this kind of composition) the works of Händel and Bach. Well, as she has often heard me play fugues out of my head, she asked me if I had ever written any down, and when I said I had not, she scolded me roundly for not recording some of my compositions in this most artistically beautiful of all musical forms and never ceased to entreat me until I wrote down a fugue for her.[21]

Treatment by biographers

 
1840 daguerreotype reportedly showing Constanze Mozart (see text for serious doubts), front on the far left, two years before her death; Bavarian composer Max Keller [de] is seated center front and to his left is his wife, Josefa; from left to right in rear are the family cook, Philip Lattner (Keller's brother in law), and Keller's daughters, Luise and Josefa; the image was first brought to scholarly attention in 1958.[22]

According to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Constanze has been treated harshly and unfairly by a number of her biographers: "Early 20th-century scholarship severely criticized her as unintelligent, unmusical and even unfaithful, and as a neglectful and unworthy wife to Mozart. Such assessments (still current) were based on no good evidence, were tainted with anti-feminism and were probably wrong on all counts."[1] Complaints about unfairness to Constanze also appear in modern Mozart biographies by Braunbehrens (1990), Solomon (1995), and Halliwell (1998).[23]

Alleged photograph

Since first being brought to scholarly attention in 1958, numerous media sources and publications have asserted over the years that a single surviving photograph reportedly showing the only known image of Mozart's widow is that of Constanze (Mozart) Nissen herself at age 78. The photo, or daguerreotype, was supposedly taken in Altötting, Bavaria in October 1840 outside the home of composer Max Keller. However, several Mozart scholars have refuted the claim as false for various reasons. First, the photograph could not have been taken outdoors, since the lenses required to produce such images were not invented by Joseph Petzval until after Constanze had died in 1842.[24] Second, it is documented that Constanze was crippled from debilitating arthritis in her final years of life. As Agnes Selby, author of Constanze, Mozart's Beloved, offered her opinion regarding the photograph on the Classical Music Guide Forums website on July 8, 2006: "There is absolutely no way she could have traveled to visit Maximillian Keller during the period when the photograph was taken. Contrary to the statements made in the newspaper, Constanze had no contact with Keller since 1826."[24][25] Third, author and historian Sean Munger noted that Constanze would have been 78 years of age in 1840; stating that living in that time period was "hard", and Constanze would have looked more like the woman seated to Keller's left: "wizened and ancient with white hair".[26]

Legacy

The Royal Conservatory of Brussels conserves several autograph documents from Constance Mozart, including letters to her son Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, as well as a small illustrated Album de Souvenirs, dated 1789 but covering the 1801–1823 period in which she collects memories, impressions and poems (ref. Jean-Lucien Hollenfeltz fund, B-Bc-FH-163).

See also

  • Biographies of Mozart – for Constanze's possible role in launching a variety of biographical myths about her first husband
  • Johann Traeg – Cliff Eisen's conjecture for how Constanze quickly addressed her financial situation after her husband's death through a quick sale of manuscripts to this local dealer

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Grove, article "Mozart", section 4
  2. ^ a b c Solomon 1995, p. [page needed]
  3. ^ Solomon 1995, p. 253.
  4. ^ Deutsch 1965, p. 193.
  5. ^ Deutsch 1965, p. 196.
  6. ^ Solomon 1995, p. 255.
  7. ^ Solomon 1995, p. 259.
  8. ^ Solomon 1995, p. 258.
  9. ^ a b c d Heartz 2009, p. 47.
  10. ^ Deutsch 1965, p. 204.
  11. ^ Mozart Day by Day – 1783 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, Mozarteum
  12. ^ Mozart Day by Day – 1786 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, Mozarteum
  13. ^ Mozart Day by Day – 1787 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, Mozarteum
  14. ^ Mozart Day by Day – 1788 2017-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, Mozarteum
  15. ^ Mozart Day by Day – 1789, Mozarteum
  16. ^ Griffin, Lynne; Kelly McCann (1992). The Book of Women. Holbrook, Massachusetts: Bob Adams, Inc. p. 5. ISBN 1-55850-106-1.
  17. ^ Wolff 2012, p. 8, citing Bauer 2009, writes, "Constanze, who survived the composer by more than a half-century and upon her death in 1842 still left her two sons a major fortune of some 30,000 florins in cash, bonds, and savings accounts – all based on earnings from Mozart's music,"
  18. ^ Grove[not specific enough to verify]
  19. ^ Deutsch 1965, pp. 485–486.
  20. ^ Solomon 1995, p. 502.
  21. ^ Text of letter taken from http://www.schillerinstitut.dk/bach.html. Not all scholars take Mozart at his word; he had a motivation to exaggerate Constanze's refinement and taste, since Leopold was opposed strongly to his son marrying her (Heartz 2009, p. 63; Halliwell 1998).
  22. ^ Mueller von Asow, E. H. "Zu einer unbekannten Photographie Constanze Mozarts.", Österreichische Musikzeitschrift 13 (1958): 93–95.
  23. ^ The earlier critics accused of unfairness variously include Alfred Einstein, Wolfgang Hildesheimer, and Arthur Schurig [de].
  24. ^ a b Chris Pasles (July 16, 2006). "Photo of Mozart's wife a hoax". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  25. ^ Rosie Pentreathr (27 January 2016). "10 Mozart myths". Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  26. ^ Sean Munger (February 23, 2014). "Historic photo, and a mystery: is this Mozart's wife?". History, Music. Retrieved January 10, 2019.

Sources

  • Bauer, Günther (2009). Mozart: Geld, Ruhm, und Ehre. Bad Honnef.
  • Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Halliwell, Ruth (1998). The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Heartz, Daniel (2009). Mozart, Haydn and early Beethoven, 1781–1802. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06634-0.
  • Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. On-line edition, copyright 2007 by Oxford University Press.
  • Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life. Harper Collins.
  • Wolff, Christoph (2012). Mozart at the Gateway to His Fortune. New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393050707.

Further reading

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constanze Mozart.
  • Website about Constanze Mozart (in German)
  • Constanze Mozart genealogy, Rodovid

May 11, 2023
constanze, mozart, maria, constanze, cäcilia, josepha, johanna, aloysia, mozart, née, weber, january, 1762, march, 1842, trained, austrian, singer, married, twice, first, wolfgang, amadeus, mozart, then, georg, nikolaus, nissen, mozart, children, karl, thomas,. Maria Constanze Cacilia Josepha Johanna Aloysia Mozart nee Weber 5 January 1762 6 March 1842 was a trained Austrian singer She was married twice first to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart then to Georg Nikolaus von Nissen She and Mozart had six children Karl Thomas Mozart Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart and four others who died in infancy She became Mozart s biographer jointly with her second husband Constanze Mozart as portrayed in 1782 by her brother in law Joseph Lange Contents 1 Early years 2 Marriage to Mozart 3 After Mozart s death 4 Influences on Mozart s music 5 Treatment by biographers 6 Alleged photograph 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksEarly years EditConstanze Weber was born in Zell im Wiesental a town near Lorrach in Baden Wurttemberg in the southwest of Germany then Further Austria Her mother was Cacilia Weber nee Stamm Her father Fridolin Weber worked as a double bass player prompter and music copyist 1 Fridolin s half brother was the father of composer Carl Maria von Weber Constanze had two older sisters Josepha and Aloysia and one younger one Sophie All four were trained as singers and Josepha and Aloysia both went on to distinguished musical careers later on performing in the premieres of a number of Mozart s works During most of Constanze s upbringing the family lived in her mother s hometown of Mannheim an important cultural intellectual and musical center The 21 year old Mozart visited Mannheim in 1777 on a job hunting tour with his mother and developed a close relationship with the Weber family He fell in love not with 15 year old Constanze but with Aloysia 2 While he was in Paris Aloysia obtained a position as a singer in Munich and the family accompanied her there She rejected Mozart when he passed through Munich on his way back to Salzburg 2 The family moved to Vienna in 1779 again following Aloysia as she pursued her career One month after their arrival Fridolin died 2 By the time Mozart moved to Vienna in 1781 Aloysia had married Joseph Lange who agreed to help Cacilia Weber with an annual stipend she also took in boarders to make ends meet The house where the Webers lived on the second floor was at Am Peter 11 and bore a name as houses often did at the time Zum Auge Gottes God s Eye 3 Marriage to Mozart EditOn first arriving in Vienna on 16 March 1781 4 Mozart stayed at the house of the Teutonic Order with the staff of his patron Archbishop Colloredo In May he was obliged to leave and chose to board in the Weber household originally intending to stay there only a week 5 After a while it became apparent to Cacilia Weber that Mozart was courting Constanze now 19 and in the interest of propriety she requested that he leave 6 Mozart moved out on 5 September to a third floor room in the Graben The courtship continued not entirely smoothly Surviving correspondence indicates that Mozart and Constanze briefly broke up in April 1782 over an episode involving jealousy Constanze had permitted another young man to measure her calves in a parlor game 7 Mozart also faced a very difficult task getting permission for the marriage from his father Leopold 8 The marriage finally took place in an atmosphere of crisis Daniel Heartz suggests that eventually Constanze moved in with Mozart which would have placed her in disgrace by the mores of the time 9 Mozart wrote to Leopold on 31 July 1782 All the good and well intentioned advice you have sent fails to address the case of a man who has already gone so far with a maiden Further postponement is out of the question 9 Heartz relates Constanze s sister Sophie had tearfully declared that her mother would send the police after Constanze if she did not return home presumably from Mozart s apartment 9 On 4 August Mozart wrote to Baroness von Waldstatten asking Can the police here enter anyone s house in this way Perhaps it is only a ruse of Madame Weber to get her daughter back If not I know no better remedy than to marry Constanze tomorrow morning or if possible today 9 The marriage did indeed take place that day 4 August 1782 In the marriage contract Constanze assigns to her bridegroom five hundred gulden which the latter has promised to augment with one thousand gulden with the total to pass to the survivor Further all joint acquisitions during the marriage were to remain the common property of both 10 A day after the marriage took place the consent of Wolfgang s father arrived in the mail The couple had six children of whom only two survived infancy Raimund Leopold 17 June 19 August 1783 11 Karl Thomas Mozart 21 September 1784 31 October 1858 Johann Thomas Leopold 18 October 15 November 1786 12 Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna 27 December 1787 29 June 1788 13 14 Anna Maria b d 16 November 1789 15 Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart 26 July 1791 29 July 1844 After Mozart s death Edit Constanze in 1802 portrait by Hans Hansen Mozart died in 1791 leaving debts and placing Constanze in a difficult position At this point Constanze s business skills came into fruition she obtained a pension from the emperor organized profitable memorial concerts and embarked on a campaign to publish the works of her late husband 16 These efforts gradually made Constanze financially secure and ultimately wealthy 17 She sent Karl and Franz to Prague to be educated by Franz Xaver Niemetschek with whom she collaborated on the first full length biography of Mozart Toward the end of 1797 she met Georg Nikolaus von Nissen a Danish diplomat and writer who initially was her tenant 18 The two began living together in September 1798 19 and were married in Pressburg today Bratislava in 1809 From 1810 to 1820 they lived in Copenhagen and subsequently travelled throughout Europe especially Germany and Italy They settled in Salzburg in 1824 Both worked on a biography of Mozart Constanze eventually published it in 1828 two years after her second husband s death During Constanze s last years in Salzburg she had the company of her two surviving sisters Aloysia and Sophie also widows who moved to Salzburg and lived out their lives there 20 Influences on Mozart s music Edit Tombstone of Constanze Mozart cemetery of Sebastian Church Salzburg Constanze was a trained musician and played a role in her husband s career Two instances can be given The extraordinary writing for soprano solo in the Great Mass in C minor for example in the Christe eleison section of the Kyrie movement or the aria Et incarnatus est was intended for Constanze who sang in the 1783 premiere of this work in Salzburg Maynard Solomon in his Mozart biography speculatively describes the work as a love offering During the period of the couple s courtship Mozart began making visits to Baron Gottfried van Swieten who let him examine his extensive collection of manuscripts of work by Bach and Handel Mozart was excited by this material and a number of compositions show its influence on his own works An important impetus was Constanze who apparently had fallen in love with Baroque counterpoint This is known from a letter Mozart wrote to his sister Nannerl on 20 April 1782 The letter was accompanied by a manuscript copy of the composer s Fantasy and Fugue K 394 I composed the fugue first and wrote it down while I was thinking out the prelude I only hope that you will be able to read it for it is written so very small and I hope further that you will like it Another time I shall send you something better for the clavier My dear Constanze is really the cause of this fugue s coming into the world Baron van Swieten to whom I go every Sunday gave me all the works of Handel and Sebastian Bach to take home with me after I had played them to him When Constanze heard the fugues she absolutely fell in love with them Now she will listen to nothing but fugues and particularly in this kind of composition the works of Handel and Bach Well as she has often heard me play fugues out of my head she asked me if I had ever written any down and when I said I had not she scolded me roundly for not recording some of my compositions in this most artistically beautiful of all musical forms and never ceased to entreat me until I wrote down a fugue for her 21 Treatment by biographers Edit 1840 daguerreotype reportedly showing Constanze Mozart see text for serious doubts front on the far left two years before her death Bavarian composer Max Keller de is seated center front and to his left is his wife Josefa from left to right in rear are the family cook Philip Lattner Keller s brother in law and Keller s daughters Luise and Josefa the image was first brought to scholarly attention in 1958 22 According to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Constanze has been treated harshly and unfairly by a number of her biographers Early 20th century scholarship severely criticized her as unintelligent unmusical and even unfaithful and as a neglectful and unworthy wife to Mozart Such assessments still current were based on no good evidence were tainted with anti feminism and were probably wrong on all counts 1 Complaints about unfairness to Constanze also appear in modern Mozart biographies by Braunbehrens 1990 Solomon 1995 and Halliwell 1998 23 Alleged photograph EditSince first being brought to scholarly attention in 1958 numerous media sources and publications have asserted over the years that a single surviving photograph reportedly showing the only known image of Mozart s widow is that of Constanze Mozart Nissen herself at age 78 The photo or daguerreotype was supposedly taken in Altotting Bavaria in October 1840 outside the home of composer Max Keller However several Mozart scholars have refuted the claim as false for various reasons First the photograph could not have been taken outdoors since the lenses required to produce such images were not invented by Joseph Petzval until after Constanze had died in 1842 24 Second it is documented that Constanze was crippled from debilitating arthritis in her final years of life As Agnes Selby author of Constanze Mozart s Beloved offered her opinion regarding the photograph on the Classical Music Guide Forums website on July 8 2006 There is absolutely no way she could have traveled to visit Maximillian Keller during the period when the photograph was taken Contrary to the statements made in the newspaper Constanze had no contact with Keller since 1826 24 25 Third author and historian Sean Munger noted that Constanze would have been 78 years of age in 1840 stating that living in that time period was hard and Constanze would have looked more like the woman seated to Keller s left wizened and ancient with white hair 26 Legacy EditThe Royal Conservatory of Brussels conserves several autograph documents from Constance Mozart including letters to her son Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart as well as a small illustrated Album de Souvenirs dated 1789 but covering the 1801 1823 period in which she collects memories impressions and poems ref Jean Lucien Hollenfeltz fund B Bc FH 163 See also EditBiographies of Mozart for Constanze s possible role in launching a variety of biographical myths about her first husband Johann Traeg Cliff Eisen s conjecture for how Constanze quickly addressed her financial situation after her husband s death through a quick sale of manuscripts to this local dealerReferences EditNotes a b Grove article Mozart section 4 a b c Solomon 1995 p page needed Solomon 1995 p 253 Deutsch 1965 p 193 Deutsch 1965 p 196 Solomon 1995 p 255 Solomon 1995 p 259 Solomon 1995 p 258 a b c d Heartz 2009 p 47 Deutsch 1965 p 204 Mozart Day by Day 1783 Archived 2016 03 05 at the Wayback Machine Mozarteum Mozart Day by Day 1786 Archived 2016 03 05 at the Wayback Machine Mozarteum Mozart Day by Day 1787 Archived 2016 03 05 at the Wayback Machine Mozarteum Mozart Day by Day 1788 Archived 2017 10 09 at the Wayback Machine Mozarteum Mozart Day by Day 1789 Mozarteum Griffin Lynne Kelly McCann 1992 The Book of Women Holbrook Massachusetts Bob Adams Inc p 5 ISBN 1 55850 106 1 Wolff 2012 p 8 citing Bauer 2009 writes Constanze who survived the composer by more than a half century and upon her death in 1842 still left her two sons a major fortune of some 30 000 florins in cash bonds and savings accounts all based on earnings from Mozart s music Grove not specific enough to verify Deutsch 1965 pp 485 486 Solomon 1995 p 502 Text of letter taken from http www schillerinstitut dk bach html Not all scholars take Mozart at his word he had a motivation to exaggerate Constanze s refinement and taste since Leopold was opposed strongly to his son marrying her Heartz 2009 p 63 Halliwell 1998 Mueller von Asow E H Zu einer unbekannten Photographie Constanze Mozarts Osterreichische Musikzeitschrift 13 1958 93 95 The earlier critics accused of unfairness variously include Alfred Einstein Wolfgang Hildesheimer and Arthur Schurig de a b Chris Pasles July 16 2006 Photo of Mozart s wife a hoax Los Angeles Times Retrieved September 8 2016 Rosie Pentreathr 27 January 2016 10 Mozart myths Retrieved September 8 2016 Sean Munger February 23 2014 Historic photo and a mystery is this Mozart s wife History Music Retrieved January 10 2019 Sources Bauer Gunther 2009 Mozart Geld Ruhm und Ehre Bad Honnef Deutsch Otto Erich 1965 Mozart A Documentary Biography Stanford California Stanford University Press Halliwell Ruth 1998 The Mozart Family Four Lives in a Social Context Oxford Oxford University Press Heartz Daniel 2009 Mozart Haydn and early Beethoven 1781 1802 New York W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 06634 0 Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians On line edition copyright 2007 by Oxford University Press Solomon Maynard 1995 Mozart A Life Harper Collins Wolff Christoph 2012 Mozart at the Gateway to His Fortune New York Norton ISBN 9780393050707 Further reading EditBraunbehrens Volkmar 1986 Mozart in Vienna 1781 1791 Timothy Bell Trans HarperPerennial ISBN 0 06 097405 2 Carr Francis 1983 Mozart amp Constanze London Murray 1983 ISBN 0 7195 4091 7 Davenport Marcia 1932 Mozart The Chautauqua Press Einstein Alfred 1945 Mozart His Character His Work Translated by Arthur Mendel and Nathan Broder Oxford University Press Gartner Heinz 1991 Constanze Mozart after the Requiem Portland Amadeus Press 1991 ISBN 0 931340 39 X Glover Jane 2005 Mozart s Women Hildesheimer Wolfgang 1982 1977 Mozart 3rd ed Suhrkamp ISBN 3 518 37098 7 Selby Agnes November 1999 Constanze Mozart s Beloved Wahroonga Turton amp Armstrong ISBN 0 908031 71 8 Servatius Viveca Constanze Mozart Eine Biographie Bohlau Verlag 2018 ISBN 978 3 205 20596 8External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constanze Mozart Website about Constanze Mozart in German Constanze Mozart genealogy Rodovid Portals Biography Classical music Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Constanze Mozart amp oldid 1129743703, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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