fbpx
Wikipedia

Great Hungarian Plain

October 21, 2023

For the Great Plains region in the United States, see Great Plains.

The Great Hungarian Plain (also known as Alföld or Great Alföld, Hungarian: Alföld [ˈɒlføld] or Nagy Alföld)[1][2] is a plain occupying the majority of the modern territory of Hungary. It is the largest part of the wider Pannonian Plain. (However, the Great Hungarian plain was not part of the ancient Roman province Pannonia). Its territory significantly shrank due to its eastern and southern boundaries being adjusted by the new political borders created after World War I when the Treaty of Trianon was signed in 1920.

Alföld

Boundaries Edit

 
Wells in the Hortobágy National Park Puszta, with a stable

Its boundaries are the Carpathians in the north and east, the Transdanubian Mountains and the Dinaric Alps in the southwest, and approximately the Sava river in the south.

Geography Edit

Plain in Hungary Edit

 
The territory of the GHP in Hungary.

Its territory covers approximately 52,000 km2 (20,000 sq mi) of Hungary, approximately 56% of its total area of 93,030 km2 (35,920 sq mi). The highest point of the plain is Hoportyó (183 m (600 ft)); the lowest point is the Tisza River. The terrain ranges from flat to rolling plains.

The most important Hungarian writers inspired by and associated with the plain are Ferenc Móra and Zsigmond Móricz, as well as the poets Sándor Petőfi and Gyula Juhász.

Hungarian scientists born on the plain include Zoltán Bay, physicist; János Irinyi, chemist, inventor of the noiseless match; János Kabay, pharmacologist; Gábor Kátai, physician and pharmacist; and Frigyes Korányi, physician and pulmonologist.

The most important river of the plain is the Tisza.

The notable cities and towns with medicinal baths are Debrecen, Berekfürdő, Cserkeszőlő, Gyula, Hajdúszoboszló, Orosháza, Szentes and Szolnok.

Among the cultural festivals and programmes characteristic of the region are the Csángófesztivál (Csángó Festival) in Jászberény, the Cseresznyefesztivál (Sweet Cherry Festival) in Nagykörű, the Gulyásfesztivál (Goulash Festival) in Szolnok, the Hídi Vásár (Bridge Fair) in Hortobágy National Park, the Hunniális at Ópusztaszer, the Szabadtéri Játékok (Open-air Theater) in Szeged, the Várjátékok (Castle Games) in Gyula, the Virágkarnevál (Flower Carnival) in Debrecen and the Bajai Halászléfőző Népünnepély (Fisherman's Soup Boiling Festival) in Baja.

 
A farm in Great Hungarian Plain, 19th century, by Géza Mészöly
 
Hortobágy National Park on the Great Hungarian Plain with Racka sheep

The part of the plain located in Hungary comprises the following areas:

Plain in Serbia Edit

The term is used in Serbia to denote the Hungarian portion of the Pannonian plain.

The portion of the Pannonian plain in Serbia is mostly divided into 3 large geographical areas: Bačka, Banat and Srem (Syrmia), most of which are located in the Vojvodina province.

Plain in Croatia Edit

The term is rarely used in Croatia, and is usually associated there with the geography of Hungary.

Parts of Pannonian Croatia can be considered an extension of Alföld, particularly eastern Slavonia and the connected parts of Syrmia.[3]

Plain in Slovakia Edit

The portion of the plain located in Slovakia is known as the Eastern Slovak Lowland.

Plain in Ukraine Edit

The part of the plain located in Ukraine is known as the Transcarpathian Lowland.

Plain in Romania Edit

In Romania, the plain (Rom. câmp or câmpia, from Lat. campus) includes the regions of Banat and Crişana. It is referred to in Romanian as The Western Plain (Câmpia de Vest [ro]).

History Edit

 
Local autonomies (including Cumania and Jazygia) in the Kingdom of Hungary in late 13th century
 
János Tornyai: Clouding over the Great Hungarian Plain

Prehistoric culture Edit

During the prehistoric era, the Great Hungarian Plain was a place of cultural and technological changes, as well as an important meeting point of cultures of Eastern and Western Europe.[4] It is a region of great archaeological importance to major European cultural transitions.

Agriculture began in the Great Hungarian Plain with the Early Neolithic Körös culture, located in present-day Serbia, 6.000-5.500 B.C.E.[5] followed 5.500 B.C.E. by the Linear Pottery culture (LBK)[6][7][8] which later became the dominant agricultural culture of Europe. The LBK was followed by the Lengyel culture in the Late Neolithic 5000-3400 BC.

During the Early Bronze Age (2.800 - 1.800 BC), the growing demand for metal ores in Europe resulted in the new pan-European and intercontinental trade networks.[9] During that period cultures of the Great Hungarian Plain incorporated many elements from the other cultures of Bronze Age Near Eastern, Steppe and Central Europe

During the early Iron Age (first millennium BC), a variant of the Central European Hallstatt culture inhabited Transdanubia, while pre-Scythian and later Scythian cultures were found in the eastern region of the Great Hungarian Plain.

In 2014, a major study of DNA from burials in the Great Hungarian Plain was published.[10] The 5,000-year record indicated significant genomic shifts at the beginning of the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, with periods of stability in between. The earliest Neolithic genome was similar to other European hunter-gatherers and surprisingly there was no evidence of lactase persistence at that period. The most recent samples, from the Iron Age, showed an eastern genomic influence contemporary with introduced Steppe burial rites. There was also a transition towards lighter pigmentation.

Nomadic migrations and conquests Edit

The Hungarian plain became the heartland of the Eurasian nomads, being in its natural environment similar to the Pontic–Caspian steppe. The plain had formed the base for Huns, Avars, Magyars, Cumans, Jasz people and other nomadic tribes from the Eurasian Steppe.[11][12]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Gábor Gercsák (2002). (PDF). Studia Cartologica. Eötvös Loránd University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  2. ^ Gábor Gercsák (2005). (PDF). Fasciculi Linguistici / Series Lexicographica (in Hungarian). Eötvös Loránd University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  3. ^ Heršak, Emil; Nikšić, Boris (September 2007). "Hrvatska etnogeneza: pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija (s naglaskom na euroazijske/nomadske sadržaje)" [Croatian Ethnogenesis: A Review of Component Stages and Interpretations (with Emphasis on Eurasian/Nomadic Elements)]. Migration and Ethnic Themes (in Croatian). Zagreb: Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies. 23 (3): 255. ISSN 1848-9184. U velikoj mađarskoj nizini Alföld zapadno od Karpata tradicionalno su se smještale euroazijske nomadske skupine, a dio panonske Hrvatske može se smatrati ekstenzijom tog područja, osobito istočna Slavonija i s njome povezani dijelovi Srijema.[5]
  4. ^ Milisauskas, S. (2011). European Prehistory: a Survey. Springer.
  5. ^ Whittle, A. (1996). Europe in the Neolithic: the Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge University Press.
  6. ^ Kalicz, N.; Makkay, J. (1977). Die Linienbandkeramik in der Großen Ungarischen. Akadémiai Kiadó.
  7. ^ Sherratt, A. (1997). Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Changing Perspectives. Edinburgh University Press.
  8. ^ Oross, K.; Bánffy, E. (2009). "Three successive waves of Neolithisation: LBK development in Transdanubia". Doc. Praehist. 36: 175–189. doi:10.4312/dp.36.11.
  9. ^ McIntosh, J. (2009). Handbook to Life in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford University Press.
  10. ^ Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; McLaughlin, Russell L.; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Domboróczki, László; Kővári, Ivett; Pap, Ildikó; Anders, Alexandra; Whittle, Alasdair; Dani, János; Raczky, Pál; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Pinhasi, Ron (2014). "Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory". Nature Communications. 5: 5257. doi:10.1038/ncomms6257. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4218962. PMID 25334030.
  11. ^ "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Nature. 12 November 2019.
  12. ^ "Hungary – History". Encyclopædia Britannica.

External links Edit

  Media related to Great Hungarian Plain at Wikimedia Commons

  •   Great Hungarian Plain travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Körös Regional Archaeological Project: Neolithic and Copper Age archaeology in the Great Hungarian Plain

47°00′N 20°30′E / 47.000°N 20.500°E / 47.000; 20.500

October 21, 2023
great, hungarian, plain, great, plains, region, united, states, great, plains, also, known, alföld, great, alföld, hungarian, alföld, ˈɒlføld, nagy, alföld, plain, occupying, majority, modern, territory, hungary, largest, part, wider, pannonian, plain, however. For the Great Plains region in the United States see Great Plains The Great Hungarian Plain also known as Alfold or Great Alfold Hungarian Alfold ˈɒlfold or Nagy Alfold 1 2 is a plain occupying the majority of the modern territory of Hungary It is the largest part of the wider Pannonian Plain However the Great Hungarian plain was not part of the ancient Roman province Pannonia Its territory significantly shrank due to its eastern and southern boundaries being adjusted by the new political borders created after World War I when the Treaty of Trianon was signed in 1920 Alfold Contents 1 Boundaries 2 Geography 2 1 Plain in Hungary 2 2 Plain in Serbia 2 3 Plain in Croatia 2 4 Plain in Slovakia 2 5 Plain in Ukraine 2 6 Plain in Romania 3 History 3 1 Prehistoric culture 3 2 Nomadic migrations and conquests 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksBoundaries Edit nbsp Wells in the Hortobagy National Park Puszta with a stableIts boundaries are the Carpathians in the north and east the Transdanubian Mountains and the Dinaric Alps in the southwest and approximately the Sava river in the south Geography EditPlain in Hungary Edit nbsp The territory of the GHP in Hungary Its territory covers approximately 52 000 km2 20 000 sq mi of Hungary approximately 56 of its total area of 93 030 km2 35 920 sq mi The highest point of the plain is Hoportyo 183 m 600 ft the lowest point is the Tisza River The terrain ranges from flat to rolling plains The most important Hungarian writers inspired by and associated with the plain are Ferenc Mora and Zsigmond Moricz as well as the poets Sandor Petofi and Gyula Juhasz Hungarian scientists born on the plain include Zoltan Bay physicist Janos Irinyi chemist inventor of the noiseless match Janos Kabay pharmacologist Gabor Katai physician and pharmacist and Frigyes Koranyi physician and pulmonologist The most important river of the plain is the Tisza The notable cities and towns with medicinal baths are Debrecen Berekfurdo Cserkeszolo Gyula Hajduszoboszlo Oroshaza Szentes and Szolnok Among the cultural festivals and programmes characteristic of the region are the Csangofesztival Csango Festival in Jaszbereny the Cseresznyefesztival Sweet Cherry Festival in Nagykoru the Gulyasfesztival Goulash Festival in Szolnok the Hidi Vasar Bridge Fair in Hortobagy National Park the Hunnialis at opusztaszer the Szabadteri Jatekok Open air Theater in Szeged the Varjatekok Castle Games in Gyula the Viragkarneval Flower Carnival in Debrecen and the Bajai Halaszlefozo Nepunnepely Fisherman s Soup Boiling Festival in Baja nbsp A farm in Great Hungarian Plain 19th century by Geza Meszoly nbsp Hortobagy National Park on the Great Hungarian Plain with Racka sheepThe part of the plain located in Hungary comprises the following areas Mezofold Sarret Sarkoz Dravamellek Kiskunsag Jaszsag Pest Plain Heves Plain Borsodi Mezoseg Bodrogkoz Tiszahat Szatmar Plain Maros Koros koze Koros videk Nagykunsag Hortobagy National Park Hajdusag Nyirseg Plain in Serbia Edit The term is used in Serbia to denote the Hungarian portion of the Pannonian plain The portion of the Pannonian plain in Serbia is mostly divided into 3 large geographical areas Backa Banat and Srem Syrmia most of which are located in the Vojvodina province Plain in Croatia Edit The term is rarely used in Croatia and is usually associated there with the geography of Hungary Parts of Pannonian Croatia can be considered an extension of Alfold particularly eastern Slavonia and the connected parts of Syrmia 3 Plain in Slovakia Edit The portion of the plain located in Slovakia is known as the Eastern Slovak Lowland Plain in Ukraine Edit The part of the plain located in Ukraine is known as the Transcarpathian Lowland Plain in Romania Edit In Romania the plain Rom camp or campia from Lat campus includes the regions of Banat and Crisana It is referred to in Romanian as The Western Plain Campia de Vest ro History Edit nbsp Local autonomies including Cumania and Jazygia in the Kingdom of Hungary in late 13th century nbsp Janos Tornyai Clouding over the Great Hungarian PlainPrehistoric culture Edit During the prehistoric era the Great Hungarian Plain was a place of cultural and technological changes as well as an important meeting point of cultures of Eastern and Western Europe 4 It is a region of great archaeological importance to major European cultural transitions Agriculture began in the Great Hungarian Plain with the Early Neolithic Koros culture located in present day Serbia 6 000 5 500 B C E 5 followed 5 500 B C E by the Linear Pottery culture LBK 6 7 8 which later became the dominant agricultural culture of Europe The LBK was followed by the Lengyel culture in the Late Neolithic 5000 3400 BC During the Early Bronze Age 2 800 1 800 BC the growing demand for metal ores in Europe resulted in the new pan European and intercontinental trade networks 9 During that period cultures of the Great Hungarian Plain incorporated many elements from the other cultures of Bronze Age Near Eastern Steppe and Central EuropeDuring the early Iron Age first millennium BC a variant of the Central European Hallstatt culture inhabited Transdanubia while pre Scythian and later Scythian cultures were found in the eastern region of the Great Hungarian Plain In 2014 a major study of DNA from burials in the Great Hungarian Plain was published 10 The 5 000 year record indicated significant genomic shifts at the beginning of the Neolithic Bronze and Iron Ages with periods of stability in between The earliest Neolithic genome was similar to other European hunter gatherers and surprisingly there was no evidence of lactase persistence at that period The most recent samples from the Iron Age showed an eastern genomic influence contemporary with introduced Steppe burial rites There was also a transition towards lighter pigmentation Nomadic migrations and conquests Edit The Hungarian plain became the heartland of the Eurasian nomads being in its natural environment similar to the Pontic Caspian steppe The plain had formed the base for Huns Avars Magyars Cumans Jasz people and other nomadic tribes from the Eurasian Steppe 11 12 See also EditBerehove Raion Eurasian Steppe Little Hungarian Plain Pannonian Basin Pannonian Steppe Steppe Route Vienna BasinReferences Edit Gabor Gercsak 2002 Hungarian geographical names in English language publications PDF Studia Cartologica Eotvos Lorand University Archived from the original PDF on 20 March 2012 Retrieved 30 April 2011 Gabor Gercsak 2005 Magyar tajnevek angol forditasa PDF Fasciculi Linguistici Series Lexicographica in Hungarian Eotvos Lorand University Archived from the original PDF on 20 March 2012 Retrieved 30 April 2011 Hersak Emil Niksic Boris September 2007 Hrvatska etnogeneza pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija s naglaskom na euroazijske nomadske sadrzaje Croatian Ethnogenesis A Review of Component Stages and Interpretations with Emphasis on Eurasian Nomadic Elements Migration and Ethnic Themes in Croatian Zagreb Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies 23 3 255 ISSN 1848 9184 U velikoj mađarskoj nizini Alfold zapadno od Karpata tradicionalno su se smjestale euroazijske nomadske skupine a dio panonske Hrvatske moze se smatrati ekstenzijom tog podrucja osobito istocna Slavonija i s njome povezani dijelovi Srijema 5 Milisauskas S 2011 European Prehistory a Survey Springer Whittle A 1996 Europe in the Neolithic the Creation of New Worlds Cambridge University Press Kalicz N Makkay J 1977 Die Linienbandkeramik in der Grossen Ungarischen Akademiai Kiado Sherratt A 1997 Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe Changing Perspectives Edinburgh University Press Oross K Banffy E 2009 Three successive waves of Neolithisation LBK development in Transdanubia Doc Praehist 36 175 189 doi 10 4312 dp 36 11 McIntosh J 2009 Handbook to Life in Prehistoric Europe Oxford University Press Gamba Cristina Jones Eppie R Teasdale Matthew D McLaughlin Russell L Gonzalez Fortes Gloria Mattiangeli Valeria Domboroczki Laszlo Kovari Ivett Pap Ildiko Anders Alexandra Whittle Alasdair Dani Janos Raczky Pal Higham Thomas F G Hofreiter Michael Bradley Daniel G Pinhasi Ron 2014 Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory Nature Communications 5 5257 doi 10 1038 ncomms6257 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 4218962 PMID 25334030 Y chromosome haplogroups from Hun Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin Nature 12 November 2019 Hungary History Encyclopaedia Britannica External links Edit nbsp Media related to Great Hungarian Plain at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Great Hungarian Plain travel guide from Wikivoyage Koros Regional Archaeological Project Neolithic and Copper Age archaeology in the Great Hungarian Plain 47 00 N 20 30 E 47 000 N 20 500 E 47 000 20 500 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Great Hungarian Plain amp oldid 1173306994, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.