fbpx
Wikipedia

Flacourtia indica

January 01, 1970

Flacourtia indica (known commonly as ramontchi, governor's plum and Indian plum, is a species of flowering plant native to much of Africa and tropical and temperate parts of Asia. It has various uses, including folk medicine, fuel, animal food and human food.

Flacourtia indica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Flacourtia
Species:
F. indica
Binomial name
Flacourtia indica
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Gmelina indica Burm.f. in Fl. Indica: 132 (1768)
    • Gmelina javanica Christm. in Vollst. Pflanzensyst. 2: 134 (1777)
    • Flacourtia afra Pic.Serm. in Miss. Stud. Lago Tana 7(1): 97 (1951)
    • Flacourtia balansae Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 521 (1908)
    • Flacourtia elliptica (Tul.) Warb. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 43 (1893)
    • Flacourtia frondosa Clos in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 8: 217 (1857)
    • Flacourtia gambecola Clos in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 8: 219 (1857)
    • Flacourtia heterophylla Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(II): 331 (1854 publ. 1855)
    • Flacourtia hilsenbergii C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 441 (1845)
    • Flacourtia hirtiuscula Oliv. in Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 121 (1868)
    • Flacourtia indica var. innocua (Haines) H.O.Saxena & Brahmam in Fl. Orissa 1: 79 (1994)
    • Flacourtia kirkiana H.M.Gardner in Trees Shrubs Kenya: 21 (1936)
    • Flacourtia lenis Craib in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 259 (1916)
    • Flacourtia lucida Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 366 (1796)
    • Flacourtia obcordata Roxb. in Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 835 (1832)
    • Flacourtia parvifolia Merr. in Lingnan Sci. J. 6: 328 (1928 publ. 1930)
    • Flacourtia perrottetiana Clos in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 8: 218 (1857)
    • Flacourtia ramontchi var. renvoizei Fosberg in Kew Bull. 29: 254 (1974)
    • Flacourtia rotundifolia Clos in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 8: 218 (1857)
    • Flacourtia rotundifolia Roxb. in Hort. Bengal.: 73 (1814), not validly publ.
    • Flacourtia sapida Roxb. in Pl. Coromandel 1: 49 (1796)
    • Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. in Pl. Coromandel 1: 48 (1796)
    • Flacourtia sepiaria var. innocua Haines in unknown publication
    • Flacourtia thorelii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 522 (1908)
    • Myroxylon dicline Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 813 (1837)
    • Stigmarota africana Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 633 (1790)
    • Stigmarota edulis Blanco in Fl. Filip., ed. 2.: 560 (1845)
    • Xylosma elliptica Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 5, 9: 343 (1868)
    • Verlangia indica Neck. ex Raf. in Sylva Tellur.: 34 (1838)

Description edit

This is a bushy shrub or tree with a spiny trunk and branches. In shrub form, it grows up to 25 feet (7.6 m), and as a tree, it reaches a maximum height around 50 feet (15 m). The drooping branches bear oval leaves. The seeds are dispersed by birds.[3] This tree has thorns similar to that of a lime or lemon tree. If in contact with the thorns, it leaves a nasty stinging pain.[citation needed]

Taxonomy edit

It is also commonly known as the 'batako' plum.[4][5]

It was first described and published as Gmelina indica by Nicolaas Laurens Burman in Fl. Ind. 132, t. 39, fig. 5 in 1768, it was then re-published as Flacourtia indica by Elmer Drew Merrill in Interpr. Herb. Amboin. on page 377 in 1917.[2][6]

F. indica and Flacourtia ramontchi (the Madagascar plum) are treated as separate species, including by Plants of the World Online,[7][8][9] but not by GRIN (United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service).[10]

Distribution edit

It is native to the countries (and regions) of Aldabra (Seychelles), Assam, Bangladesh, Botswana, Burundi, Cambodia, southeastern China, Comoros, Congo, Ethiopia, Hainan, India, Java, Kenya, Laccadive Islands, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Rwanda, Somalia, Sri Lanka, South Africa (in the Cape Provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and Northern Provinces), Sudan, Sulawesi, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaire and Zimbabwe.[2]

It has been introduced into various places such as Angola, Bahamas, Chad, Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Mauritius, Nicobar Islands, Puerto Rico, (Island of) Réunion, Society Islands, Trinidad and Tobago.[2]

Uses edit

The ramontchi fruit itself is about an inch thick and red ripening purple. It is very fleshy and has 6 to 10 seeds in layered carpels. The pulp is yellow or white and sweet with an acidic tang. It is eaten raw or made into jelly or jam. It can be fermented to make wine.[11]

The leaves and roots are used in herbal medicine for treatment of snakebite. The bark is believed to be effective for arthritis. Most parts of the plant are used for cough, pneumonia, and bacterial throat infection. It has also been used for diarrhoea.

In India, it is used in folk medicine to treat functional disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Its berries are edible, and the bark can be triturated (ground) with sesamum oil and then used as alignment of rheumatism. Similarly, the extract of its fruit has diuretic, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic properties (Patro et al. 2013).[12] As it contains a glucoside ('Flacourside'),[13] and 'Flacourtin' (an ester).[14]

Antimalarial compounds have been found in the aerial parts of Flacourtia indica.[15]

The tree is planted as a living fence; it was one of the species used for the Indian Inland Customs Line. The wood is used for firewood and small wooden tools such as plough handles.[11]

Cultivation edit

The plant is known as an occasionally invasive introduced species in some areas. It has been cultivated in Florida in the United States, and today, it occurs as a weed in some parts of the state.[16]

References edit

  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Flacourtia indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T146188176A146223268. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146188176A146223268.en. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  3. ^ Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
  4. ^ "Flacourtia indica | batako plum /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  5. ^ Ndhlala, A.R.; Chitindingu, K.; Mupure, C.; Murenje, T.; Ndhlala, F.; Benhura, M.A.; Muchuweti, M. (2008). "Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Diospyros mespiliformis (jackal berry), Flacourtia indica (Batoka plum), Uapaca kirkiana (wild loquat) and Ziziphus mauritiana (yellow berry) fruits". Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 43 (2): 284–288. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01431.x.
  6. ^ "Flacourtia indica | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Flacourtia ramontchi L'Hér. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  8. ^ "Flacourtia ramontchi | ramontchi /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  9. ^ "Flacourtia ramontchi L'Herit. | Species". India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  11. ^ a b World Agroforestry
  12. ^ Patro, S.K.; Behera, P.C.; Kumar, P.M.; Sasmal, D.; Padhy, R.K.; Dash, S.K. (2013). "Pharmacological review of Flacourtia sepiaria (Ruxb.)". Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy. 2 (2): 89–93.
  13. ^ Amarasinghe, N.R.; Jayasinghe, L.; Hara, N.; Fujimoto, Y. (2007). "Flacourside, a new 4-oxo-2-cyclopentenylmethyl glucoside from the fruit juice of Flacourtia indica". Food Chem. 102 (1): 95–97. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.004.
  14. ^ Bhaumik, P.K.; Guha, K.P.; Biswas, G.K.; Mukherjee, B. (1987). "Flacourtin, a phenolic glucoside ester from Flacourtia indica". Phytochemistry. 26 (11): 3090–3091. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84606-3.
  15. ^ Kaou, A.M.; Mahiou-Leddet, V.; Canlet, C.; Debrauwer, L.; Hutter, S.; Laget, M.; Faure, R.; Azas, N.; Ollivier, E. (2010). "Antimalarial compounds from the aerial parts of Flacourtia indica (Flacourtiaceae)". J. Ethnopharmacol. 130 (2): 272–274. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.045. PMID 20457242.
  16. ^ "Flacourtia indica in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-08-01.

External links edit

  • USDA Plants Profile
  • Palm Beach County Cooperative Extension Service, Florida
  • Flacourtia indica in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

January 01, 1970
flacourtia, indica, known, commonly, ramontchi, governor, plum, indian, plum, species, flowering, plant, native, much, africa, tropical, temperate, parts, asia, various, uses, including, folk, medicine, fuel, animal, food, human, food, conservation, status, le. Flacourtia indica known commonly as ramontchi governor s plum and Indian plum is a species of flowering plant native to much of Africa and tropical and temperate parts of Asia It has various uses including folk medicine fuel animal food and human food Flacourtia indica Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malpighiales Family Salicaceae Genus Flacourtia Species F indica Binomial name Flacourtia indica Burm f Merr Synonyms 2 List Gmelina indica Burm f in Fl Indica 132 1768 Gmelina javanica Christm in Vollst Pflanzensyst 2 134 1777 Flacourtia afra Pic Serm in Miss Stud Lago Tana 7 1 97 1951 Flacourtia balansae Gagnep in Bull Soc Bot France 55 521 1908 Flacourtia elliptica Tul Warb in H G A Engler amp K A E Prantl Nat Pflanzenfam 3 6a 43 1893 Flacourtia frondosa Clos in Ann Sci Nat Bot ser 4 8 217 1857 Flacourtia gambecola Clos in Ann Sci Nat Bot ser 4 8 219 1857 Flacourtia heterophylla Turcz in Bull Soc Imp Naturalistes Moscou 27 II 331 1854 publ 1855 Flacourtia hilsenbergii C Presl in Abh Konigl Bohm Ges Wiss ser 5 3 441 1845 Flacourtia hirtiuscula Oliv in Fl Trop Afr 1 121 1868 Flacourtia indica var innocua Haines H O Saxena amp Brahmam in Fl Orissa 1 79 1994 Flacourtia kirkiana H M Gardner in Trees Shrubs Kenya 21 1936 Flacourtia lenis Craib in Bull Misc Inform Kew 1916 259 1916 Flacourtia lucida Salisb in Prodr Stirp Chap Allerton 366 1796 Flacourtia obcordata Roxb in Fl Ind ed 1832 3 835 1832 Flacourtia parvifolia Merr in Lingnan Sci J 6 328 1928 publ 1930 Flacourtia perrottetiana Clos in Ann Sci Nat Bot ser 4 8 218 1857 Flacourtia ramontchi var renvoizei Fosberg in Kew Bull 29 254 1974 Flacourtia rotundifolia Clos in Ann Sci Nat Bot ser 4 8 218 1857 Flacourtia rotundifolia Roxb in Hort Bengal 73 1814 not validly publ Flacourtia sapida Roxb in Pl Coromandel 1 49 1796 Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb in Pl Coromandel 1 48 1796 Flacourtia sepiaria var innocua Haines in unknown publication Flacourtia thorelii Gagnep in Bull Soc Bot France 55 522 1908 Myroxylon dicline Blanco in Fl Filip 813 1837 Stigmarota africana Lour in Fl Cochinch 633 1790 Stigmarota edulis Blanco in Fl Filip ed 2 560 1845 Xylosma elliptica Tul in Ann Sci Nat Bot ser 5 9 343 1868 Verlangia indica Neck ex Raf in Sylva Tellur 34 1838 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Uses 5 Cultivation 6 References 7 External linksDescription editThis is a bushy shrub or tree with a spiny trunk and branches In shrub form it grows up to 25 feet 7 6 m and as a tree it reaches a maximum height around 50 feet 15 m The drooping branches bear oval leaves The seeds are dispersed by birds 3 This tree has thorns similar to that of a lime or lemon tree If in contact with the thorns it leaves a nasty stinging pain citation needed Taxonomy editIt is also commonly known as the batako plum 4 5 It was first described and published as Gmelina indica by Nicolaas Laurens Burman in Fl Ind 132 t 39 fig 5 in 1768 it was then re published as Flacourtia indica by Elmer Drew Merrill in Interpr Herb Amboin on page 377 in 1917 2 6 F indica and Flacourtia ramontchi the Madagascar plum are treated as separate species including by Plants of the World Online 7 8 9 but not by GRIN United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service 10 Distribution editIt is native to the countries and regions of Aldabra Seychelles Assam Bangladesh Botswana Burundi Cambodia southeastern China Comoros Congo Ethiopia Hainan India Java Kenya Laccadive Islands Laos Lesser Sunda Islands Madagascar Malawi Malaya Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Rwanda Somalia Sri Lanka South Africa in the Cape Provinces KwaZulu Natal and Northern Provinces Sudan Sulawesi Tanzania Thailand Uganda Vietnam Zambia Zaire and Zimbabwe 2 It has been introduced into various places such as Angola Bahamas Chad Dominican Republic Hawaii Jamaica Leeward Islands Mauritius Nicobar Islands Puerto Rico Island of Reunion Society Islands Trinidad and Tobago 2 Uses editThe ramontchi fruit itself is about an inch thick and red ripening purple It is very fleshy and has 6 to 10 seeds in layered carpels The pulp is yellow or white and sweet with an acidic tang It is eaten raw or made into jelly or jam It can be fermented to make wine 11 The leaves and roots are used in herbal medicine for treatment of snakebite The bark is believed to be effective for arthritis Most parts of the plant are used for cough pneumonia and bacterial throat infection It has also been used for diarrhoea In India it is used in folk medicine to treat functional disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and gout Its berries are edible and the bark can be triturated ground with sesamum oil and then used as alignment of rheumatism Similarly the extract of its fruit has diuretic hepatoprotective and antidiabetic properties Patro et al 2013 12 As it contains a glucoside Flacourside 13 and Flacourtin an ester 14 Antimalarial compounds have been found in the aerial parts of Flacourtia indica 15 The tree is planted as a living fence it was one of the species used for the Indian Inland Customs Line The wood is used for firewood and small wooden tools such as plough handles 11 Cultivation editThe plant is known as an occasionally invasive introduced species in some areas It has been cultivated in Florida in the United States and today it occurs as a weed in some parts of the state 16 References edit Botanic Gardens Conservation International BGCI amp IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 2019 Flacourtia indica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T146188176A146223268 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T146188176A146223268 en Retrieved 6 November 2022 a b c d Flacourtia indica Burm f Merr Plants of the World Online Kew Science Plants of the World Online Retrieved 26 October 2023 Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk Flacourtia indica batako plum RHS Gardening www rhs org uk Retrieved 27 October 2023 Ndhlala A R Chitindingu K Mupure C Murenje T Ndhlala F Benhura M A Muchuweti M 2008 Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Diospyros mespiliformis jackal berry Flacourtia indica Batoka plum Uapaca kirkiana wild loquat and Ziziphus mauritiana yellow berry fruits Int J Food Sci Technol 43 2 284 288 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2621 2006 01431 x Flacourtia indica International Plant Names Index www ipni org Retrieved 27 October 2023 Flacourtia ramontchi L Her Plants of the World Online Kew Science Plants of the World Online Retrieved 26 October 2023 Flacourtia ramontchi ramontchi RHS Gardening www rhs org uk Retrieved 26 October 2023 Flacourtia ramontchi L Herit Species India Biodiversity Portal Retrieved 26 October 2023 Flacourtia indica Burm f Merr Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 27 July 2016 a b World Agroforestry Patro S K Behera P C Kumar P M Sasmal D Padhy R K Dash S K 2013 Pharmacological review of Flacourtia sepiaria Ruxb Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2 2 89 93 Amarasinghe N R Jayasinghe L Hara N Fujimoto Y 2007 Flacourside a new 4 oxo 2 cyclopentenylmethyl glucoside from the fruit juice of Flacourtia indica Food Chem 102 1 95 97 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2006 05 004 Bhaumik P K Guha K P Biswas G K Mukherjee B 1987 Flacourtin a phenolic glucoside ester from Flacourtia indica Phytochemistry 26 11 3090 3091 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 84606 3 Kaou A M Mahiou Leddet V Canlet C Debrauwer L Hutter S Laget M Faure R Azas N Ollivier E 2010 Antimalarial compounds from the aerial parts of Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae J Ethnopharmacol 130 2 272 274 doi 10 1016 j jep 2010 04 045 PMID 20457242 Flacourtia indica in Flora of North America efloras org www efloras org Retrieved 2017 08 01 External links editUSDA Plants Profile Palm Beach County Cooperative Extension Service Florida Flacourtia indica in West African plants A Photo Guide Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Flacourtia indica amp oldid 1205630592, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.