Gongsun Shu (Chinese: 公孫述, died 24 December 36 AD) was the founder and only emperor of Chengjia, a state that controlled China's Sichuan Basin from 25 to 36. A successful official of the Western Han and short-lived Xin dynasties, Gongsun was the Administrator of Daojiang Commandery when the Xin regime fell in 23, amid rebellions aimed at restoring the Han dynasty. Through a series of political and military maneuvers, Gongsun secured control of Yi Province and in 24 proclaimed himself king of Shu. In the following year, he assumed imperial title and founded the Cheng dynasty. Under his administration, the Sichuan region experienced a period of peace and economic prosperity, and the city of Chengdu was developed into an imperial capital. But Gongsun adopted a defensive military posture that kept his influence confined within Sichuan while Liu Xiu's revived Eastern Han regime secured the North China Plain. In 36, Gongsun was mortally wounded in battle against an Eastern Han invasion force, and Chengjia capitulated on the following day.
Gongsun Shu was born into a family of officials in Youfufeng (右扶風, present day Xingping) during the Western Han dynasty; his precise year of birth is unknown. His courtesy name was Ziyang (Chinese: 子陽). His father, Gongsun Ren, served as an imperial clerk in the Censorate in the court of Emperor Ai of Han, and was later appointed Governor of Henan Commandery (modern Luoyang). His father's high position entitled Shu to entry into officialdom as a gentleman cadet.[1]
When Gongsun Shu was appointed magistrate of Qingshui County in Tianshui Commandery, his father was worried about his inexperience and sent one of his subordinates to advise him, but the officer returned only a month later, saying Shu did not need help. His capability was recognized by his superior, the Governor of Tianshui, who made him the head of four more counties. His ability to maintain order earned him a reputation throughout the commandery.[1]
After Wang Mang usurped the Han throne and established the Xin dynasty, in about 15 AD he appointed Gongsun Shu the Governor of Daojiang (導江, the former Shu Commandery of Han), with its capital at Linqiong, near Chengdu. Gongsun held the position until the forces of the Gengshi Emperor overthrew the Xin dynasty in 23 AD.[1]
As the Xin dynasty was facing a large number of rebellions, Gongsun proclaimed himself to be the King of Shu (蜀王) and in 25 asserted independence by adopting the title of Emperor of Chengjia while adopting the era name of Longxing (龍興, "Dragon Rising).[1][2][3]
As ruler of Chengjia, Gongsun Shu built an imperial palace and created a bureaucracy to oversee the administration of his new empire. He controlled the entirety of the former Yi Province, an economically prosperous region that allowed Gongsun Shu to build and supply a large military force. In 26, Gongsun Shu sent general Hou Dan to conquer the region of Hanzhong north of Sichuan in southern Shaanxi along the Han River.[1][3]
In 33 Gongsun Shu sent generals Tian Rong (田戎) and Yan Cen (延岑) down the Three Gorges of the Yangtze to conquer the Nan Commandery in modern Hubei but did not advance far.[1]
Deathedit
In 35, Emperor Guangwu ordered an army to conquer Chengjia. When the Han forces entered Sichuan, Guangwu offered Gongsun Shu terms of surrender, which Gongsun refused.[1] The campaign was slow and difficult and lasted more than a year. In December 36, Han forces under generals Wu Han and Zang Gong reached Chengdu with only a week's supplies left.[2] They were on the verge of accepting failure and withdrawing, when Gongsun Shu personally led an attack on the Han forces on 24 December. Wounded in the battle, he died in the night, and the defenders of Chengdu under general Yan Cen surrendered the following day, marking the end of Chengjia.[1][2][3]
After entering Chengdu, Wu Han ordered the massacre of Gongsun Shu's wife, children, and other relatives, as well as Yan Cen and his family.[1]
^ abcTwitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King; Loewe, Michael (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–6. ISBN978-0-521-24327-8.
^ abcLin, Jianming (2003). 秦汉史 [History of Qin and Han] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House. pp. 732–3. ISBN978-7-208-04226-1.
Further readingedit
Fan Ye. "隗囂公孫述列傳 (Biographies of Wei Ao and Gongsun Shu)". Book of Later Han (in Chinese (China)).
April 11, 2024
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In this Chinese name the family name is Gongsun Gongsun Shu Chinese 公孫述 died 24 December 36 AD was the founder and only emperor of Chengjia a state that controlled China s Sichuan Basin from 25 to 36 A successful official of the Western Han and short lived Xin dynasties Gongsun was the Administrator of Daojiang Commandery when the Xin regime fell in 23 amid rebellions aimed at restoring the Han dynasty Through a series of political and military maneuvers Gongsun secured control of Yi Province and in 24 proclaimed himself king of Shu In the following year he assumed imperial title and founded the Cheng dynasty Under his administration the Sichuan region experienced a period of peace and economic prosperity and the city of Chengdu was developed into an imperial capital But Gongsun adopted a defensive military posture that kept his influence confined within Sichuan while Liu Xiu s revived Eastern Han regime secured the North China Plain In 36 Gongsun was mortally wounded in battle against an Eastern Han invasion force and Chengjia capitulated on the following day Gongsun ShuTraditional Chinese公孫述Simplified Chinese公孙述TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGōngsun ShuWade GilesKung1 sun1 Shu4IPA kʊ ŋ swe n ʂu Contents 1 Early life and career 2 As Emperor of Chengjia 3 Death 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingEarly life and career editGongsun Shu was born into a family of officials in Youfufeng 右扶風 present day Xingping during the Western Han dynasty his precise year of birth is unknown His courtesy name was Ziyang Chinese 子陽 His father Gongsun Ren served as an imperial clerk in the Censorate in the court of Emperor Ai of Han and was later appointed Governor of Henan Commandery modern Luoyang His father s high position entitled Shu to entry into officialdom as a gentleman cadet 1 When Gongsun Shu was appointed magistrate of Qingshui County in Tianshui Commandery his father was worried about his inexperience and sent one of his subordinates to advise him but the officer returned only a month later saying Shu did not need help His capability was recognized by his superior the Governor of Tianshui who made him the head of four more counties His ability to maintain order earned him a reputation throughout the commandery 1 After Wang Mang usurped the Han throne and established the Xin dynasty in about 15 AD he appointed Gongsun Shu the Governor of Daojiang 導江 the former Shu Commandery of Han with its capital at Linqiong near Chengdu Gongsun held the position until the forces of the Gengshi Emperor overthrew the Xin dynasty in 23 AD 1 As Emperor of Chengjia editMain article Chengjia As the Xin dynasty was facing a large number of rebellions Gongsun proclaimed himself to be the King of Shu 蜀王 and in 25 asserted independence by adopting the title of Emperor of Chengjia while adopting the era name of Longxing 龍興 Dragon Rising 1 2 3 As ruler of Chengjia Gongsun Shu built an imperial palace and created a bureaucracy to oversee the administration of his new empire He controlled the entirety of the former Yi Province an economically prosperous region that allowed Gongsun Shu to build and supply a large military force In 26 Gongsun Shu sent general Hou Dan to conquer the region of Hanzhong north of Sichuan in southern Shaanxi along the Han River 1 3 In 33 Gongsun Shu sent generals Tian Rong 田戎 and Yan Cen 延岑 down the Three Gorges of the Yangtze to conquer the Nan Commandery in modern Hubei but did not advance far 1 Death editIn 35 Emperor Guangwu ordered an army to conquer Chengjia When the Han forces entered Sichuan Guangwu offered Gongsun Shu terms of surrender which Gongsun refused 1 The campaign was slow and difficult and lasted more than a year In December 36 Han forces under generals Wu Han and Zang Gong reached Chengdu with only a week s supplies left 2 They were on the verge of accepting failure and withdrawing when Gongsun Shu personally led an attack on the Han forces on 24 December Wounded in the battle he died in the night and the defenders of Chengdu under general Yan Cen surrendered the following day marking the end of Chengjia 1 2 3 After entering Chengdu Wu Han ordered the massacre of Gongsun Shu s wife children and other relatives as well as Yan Cen and his family 1 See also editBaidichengReferences edit a b c d e f g h i de Crespigny Rafe 2006 A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23 220 AD BRILL pp 268 270 ISBN 978 90 474 1184 0 a b c Twitchett Denis Fairbank John King Loewe Michael 1978 The Cambridge History of China Volume 1 The Ch in and Han Empires 221 BC AD 220 Cambridge University Press pp 254 6 ISBN 978 0 521 24327 8 a b c Lin Jianming 2003 秦汉史 History of Qin and Han in Chinese Shanghai People s Publishing House pp 732 3 ISBN 978 7 208 04226 1 Further reading editFan Ye 隗囂公孫述列傳 Biographies of Wei Ao and Gongsun Shu Book of Later Han in Chinese China Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gongsun Shu amp oldid 1191698725, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
