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Golden-cheeked warbler

August 29, 2023

The golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia) is an endangered species of bird that breeds in Central Texas, from Palo Pinto County southwestward along the eastern and southern edge of the Edwards Plateau to Kinney County. The golden-cheeked warbler is the only bird species with a breeding range endemic to Texas.

Golden-cheeked warbler

Imperiled (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Setophaga
Species:
S. chrysoparia
Binomial name
Setophaga chrysoparia
Range of S. chrysoparia
  Breeding range
  Winter range
Synonyms

Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater & Salvin, 1861

Print by John Gerrard Keulemans, 1890

Description Edit

The golden-cheeked warbler is very striking due to its bright yellow cheeks that are contrasted by its black throat and back. It is also identified by its unique buzzing song emerging from the wooded canyons where it breeds.[3] Golden-cheeked warblers breed in 33 counties in central Texas and are dependent on ashe juniper (blueberry juniper or cedar) for their fine bark strips used as nesting material.[4]

Distribution and habitat Edit

The golden-cheeked warbler can be found in numerous state parks within Texas. These parks include Colorado Bend State Park (SP), Dinosaur Valley SP, Garner SP, Guadalupe River SP, Honey Creek State Natural Area (SNA), Hill Country SNA, Kerr Management Area, Longhorn Cavern SNA, Lost Maples SNA, Meridian SP, Pedernales Falls SP, Possum Kingdom SP, and South Llano River SP.[5]

The golden-cheeked warbler is endemic to Texas and Mexico. Their habitat can range from moist, to dry areas around central and southern Texas. The nesting habitat in the further moist realms can be discovered in tall, closed canopy, compressed, mature stands of ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) trees along with Texas, shin, live, lacey, and post oak trees. In the drier spheres of Texas, golden-cheeked warblers can be found in upland juniper-oak woodlands off of flat topography.[6] They use ashe juniper bark and spider webs to build their nests. Females lay three to four eggs. When migration and winter hits the habitat stays relatively similar: a variety of short-lived evergreen forests with pines between 3,300 and 8,300 feet.[7]

Migration Edit

Golden-cheeked warblers will only remain in Texas for the breeding season, from March to June. They will migrate with other songbird species along Mexico's Sierra Madre Oriental. By the first week of March, the warblers will return to Texas to breed. During the winter season (November–February), warblers will travel to Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Mexico.[8]

Behavior Edit

Warblers only nest in Texas, primarily in juniper trees. However, they have also been found to nest in oak trees and cedar elms. During the winter, warblers seek warmth in Mexico and northern Central America.[9]

After winter habitation, adult male warblers beat their population back to central nesting grounds by about 5 days in order to prepare competing for the attention of female warblers. Male warblers win attention of the females through their "chip" sounds which they also make as a warning call during times of possible danger.[10]

Though male warblers are found either singing or searching for food, females carry the responsibility of nest building as well as keeping the eggs incubated. Warblers only nest once per season, laying between three and four eggs each time, which take an average of twelve days to hatch.[11] Female warblers are considered shy and go more unnoticed compared to the always-singing males.[10]

Warblers typically forage by grabbing insects from foliage and branches (foraging strategy known as gleaning), and by resting at branch edges until the opportunity to snatch insects that fly past (strategy known as sallying).[9]

Diet and feeding Edit

The golden-cheeked warbler is known to feed on various forms of insects and spiders, caterpillars are also noted as a primary source of food during the breeding season.[12][13] This species is completely insectivorous. The method for catching insects is by plucking them from all surfaces by being able to reach them through flight.[7]

Breeding Edit

Once a female has chosen a mate, she alone builds the nest. The nest is made of strips of juniper bark, rootlets, grasses, cobwebs, cocoons, and can contain animal fur to line to the outer portions of the nest. Nearly all of warbler nests contain juniper bark, and it has been seen that females do not make a nest without the presence of the bark. Golden-cheeked warblers lay 3–4 creamy-white eggs, less than 3⁄4 inch (1.9 cm) long and 1⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) wide. Incubation begins one day before the last egg is laid. For approximately the 12 days, the female warbler incubates the eggs. The male may accompany the female when she feeds away from the nest, but does not otherwise aid its partner.[14]

Conservation Edit

The occupied breeding range of the warbler is only about 1,768 square kilometres (437,000 acres), so spaces for habitation are limited.[15] Many spots of warbler habitation have been cleared for the construction of houses, roads, and stores or to grow crops or grass for livestock. Juniper trees, the primary nesting place for warblers, have also been cut down and used for different timber products, especially before the 1940s.[16] Other woodlands were flooded when large lakes were constructed.[16] Sitting at the top of the endangered list (of species in North America) since May 1990,[17] different projects are currently underway to restore the habitat of the golden-cheeked warbler. Efforts include The Safe Harbor agreement between Environmental Defense and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, with the goal of rebuilding and creating new, safe habitats for the warbler (along with other endangered species). The Balcones Canyonlands Conservation Plan (BCCP) is another project responsible for building warbler preserves, with the goal of eventually adding a total of 41,000 acres to the warbler's habitat.[18] These initiatives along with many others encourage landowners to learn more about the warbler (along with other species that inhabit their property) so local land owners may provide proper maintenance and protection of the warbler's habitat.[16] A project that significantly aided habitat restoration for the warbler includes the U.S. Army's success at Fort Cavazos in protecting the largest patch of juniper-oak trees.[19]

Population Edit

The most serious problems that are facing the golden-cheeked warbler today are the habitats that are being lost and destroyed due to their limited and specific habitat requirements.[4] Between the years of 1962 and 1974, the population estimated to an 8 to 12% drop. Based on intensive surveys and observations, it was counted that in 2015, there were 716 singing males within 39 acres in Texas.[7]

Threats Edit

The main direct threat towards the golden-cheeked warbler is the rapid loss of habitats.[4] Their specific habitat needs place warblers at an extremely vulnerable position where urban development has taken a significant amount of the available habitat away. Over-browsing by white-tailed deer, goats, and other ungulates are also believed to be a source of habitat destruction, as they decrease the survival rate of seedling oaks and other deciduous trees, which are a key habitat for warblers. Furthermore, the brown-headed cowbird (which is a brood parasite that lays eggs in other nests, then abandons the nest) and its impact on the golden-cheeked warbler population is still being studied.[20] Blue jays will also depredate Golden-cheecked warbler nests. Of four noted warbler nests in the Wild Basin in Texes all four were depredated by bluejays. As a result, the survivability of the young golden-cheeked warbler is significantly reduced.

Ecology Edit

The golden-cheeked warbler breeds in the juniper-oak woodlands. The bird starts to build its nest about 16–23 feet in the air around the end of March out of ashe juniper bark.[21] The male warbler will use song and physical abuse against other males to establish a territory in close proximity to the previous year's territory.[19] Warblers will stay with only one mate for the entirety of the breeding season. The female will produce 3-4 white eggs that are covered with brown and purple dots that will hatch 10–12 days later. The hatchlings grow rapidly and will leave the nest after 9–12 days. The family will stay together in their territory for up to a month, after which the hatchlings will become independent.[19]

In popular culture Edit

Susan Wittig Albert used the golden-cheeked warbler as a plot device in her 1992 novel, Thyme of Death.

In 2023 the golden-cheeked warbler was featured on a United States Postal Service Forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.[22]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Setophaga chrysoparia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22721692A181039629. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22721692A181039629.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  3. ^ "Golden-cheeked Warbler". The Texas Breeding Bird Atlas. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "Golden-cheeked Warbler : Scientific Name: Dendroica chrysoparia" (PDF). Tpwd.state.tc.us. Retrieved 2022-01-24. Federal Status: Endangered, 5/4/90 • State Status: Endangered
  5. ^ "Golden-cheeked Warbler" (PDF). Texas Park and Wildlife Department. 1990.
  6. ^ "golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  7. ^ a b c "Birds". Birds.audubon.org.
  8. ^ Rappole, John H., King, David I., & Barrow Jr., Wylie C. (1999). Winter Ecology of the Endangered Golden-Cheeked Warbler. The Condor, 101-4, 762-770
  9. ^ a b "Golden-cheeked Warbler Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  10. ^ a b Stout, Nichol. "Dendroica chrysoparia (golden-cheeked warbler)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  11. ^ "Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia)". Tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
  13. ^ "Golden-cheeked Warbler Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  14. ^ . Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022.
  15. ^ BirdLife International (2023). "Species factsheet: Setophaga chrysoparia". Data Zone. BirdLife International. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  16. ^ a b c "Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia)". Tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  17. ^ 50 FR 18844
  18. ^ "Dendroica chrysoparia : golden-cheeked warbler". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
  19. ^ a b c "Birds". Audubon.org. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  20. ^ . Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 8 February 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021.
  21. ^ Bird, J.; Harding, M.; Isherwood, I.; Pople, R.; Sharpe, C J; Wege, D; Symes, A. (2014). "Species factsheet: Dendroica chrysoparia". Birdlife International.
  22. ^ "Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species". United States Postal Service. April 19, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.

Hutchinson, & Scalise, J. L. (2019). FIRST OBSERVATION OF BLUE JAY (CYANOCITTA CRISTATA) DEPREDATING A GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER (SETOPHAGA CHRYSOPARIA) NEST. The Southwestern Naturalist, 64(1), 53–55. https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-64-1-53

Further reading Edit

Books Edit

  • Harper SJ, Westervelt JD & Shapiro A-M. (2002). Management application of an agent-based model: Control of cowbirds at the landscape scale. In Gimblett, H Randy [Editor, Reprint Author] Integrating geographic information systems and agent-based modeling techniques for stimulating social and ecological processes:105-123, 2002. Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016.
  • Ladd, C., and L. Gass. 1999. Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). In The Birds of North America, No. 420 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
  • Pulich, W. M. 1976. The Golden-cheeked Warbler. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Austin, TX. 172pp.
  • Shapiro A-MT, Harper SJ & Westervelt JD. (2004). The Fort Hood Avian Simulation Model-V: A spatially explicit population viability model for two endangered species. In Costanza, Robert [Editor, Reprint Author], Voinov, Alexey [Editor, Reprint Author] Landscape simulation modeling: A spatially explicit, dynamic approach:233-247, 2004. Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010-7858.

Theses Edit

  • Reidy J.L. M.S. (2007). Golden-cheeked Warbler nest success and nest predators in urban and rural landscapes. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
  • Lindsay DL. M.S. (2006). Genetic diversity of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States, Louisiana.
  • Coldren CL. Ph.D. (1998). The effects of habitat fragmentation on the golden-cheeked warbler. Texas A&M University, United States, Texas.
  • Engels TM. Ph.D. (1995). The conservation biology of the golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). The University of Texas at Austin, United States, Texas.
  • Hsu S-L. Ph.D. (1999). A model of environmental compromise between regulators and landowners under the Endangered Species Act. University of California, Davis, United States, California.
  • Shaw DM. Ph.D. (1989). Applications of GIS and remote sensing for the characterization of habitat for threatened and endangered species. University of North Texas, United States, Texas.
  • Stake MM. M.S. (2003). Golden-cheeked warbler nest predators and factors affecting nest predation. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States, Missouri.

Articles Edit

  • (1995). "Golden Cheeked Warbler" Discussed at Baylor During Academy. Baylor Business Review. vol 13, no 1. p. 17.
  • Academy of Natural Sciences of P. (1999). Golden-cheeked warbler: Dendroica chrysoparia. Birds of North America. vol 0, no 420. pp. 1–23.
  • Anders AD & Dearborn DC. (2004). Population trends of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler at Fort Hood, Texas, from 1992–2001. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 49, no 1. pp. 39–47.
  • Anders AD & Marshall MR. (2005). Increasing the accuracy of productivity and survival estimates in assessing landbird population status. Conservation Biology. vol 19, no 1. pp. 66–74.
  • Arnold KA. (2000). Texas. American Birds. vol 101, pp. 642–643.
  • Bocetti CI, Hatfield JS & Beardmore CJ. (1996). Some advice and guidelines for biologists interested in conducting population viability analyses. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. p. PART 2) 42, 1996.
  • Boice LP. (1998). Migratory bird conservation at Fort Hood. Endangered Species Update. vol 15, no 5. p. SS24.
  • Bolsinger JS. (2000). Use of two song categories by Golden-cheeked Warblers. Condor. vol 102, no 3. pp. 539–552.
  • Braun MJ, Braun DD & Terrill SB. (1986). Winter Records of the Golden-Cheeked Warbler Dendroica-Chrysoparia from Mexico. American Birds. vol 40, no 3. pp. 564–566.
  • Cathey K. (1997). The endangered birds of Balcones Canyonlands NWR. Endangered Species Update. vol 14, no 11-12. p. SS20.
  • David E. (2001). Extinction and blame. Orion. vol 20, no 3. p. 12.
  • Dearborn DC & Sanchez LL. (2001). Do Golden-cheeked Warblers select nest locations on the basis of patch vegetation?. Auk. vol 118, no 4. pp. 1052–1057.
  • DeBoer TS & Diamond DD. (2006). Predicting presence-absence of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). Southwestern Naturalist. vol 51, no 2. pp. 181–190.
  • Dunham AE, Akcakaya HR & Bridges TS. (2006). Using scalar models for precautionary assessments of threatened species. Conservation Biology. vol 20, no 5. pp. 1499–1506.
  • Eisermann K & Schulz U. (2005). Birds of a high-altitude cloud forest in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Revista de Biología Tropical. vol 53, no 3-4. pp. 577–594.
  • Engels TM & Sexton CW. (1994). Negative correlation of blue jays and golden-cheeked warblers near an urbanizing area. Conservation Biology. vol 8, no 1. pp. 286–290.
  • Fox JA & Nino-Murcia A. (2004). Species conservation banking: A solution to the conservation-development conflict. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts. vol 89, no 164.
  • Gehlbach FR. (1967). New Records of Warblers in Texas. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 12, no 1. pp. 109–110.
  • Graber AE, Davis CA & Leslie DM, Jr. (2006). Golden-cheeked Warbler males participate in nest-site selection. Wilson Journal of Ornithology. vol 118, no 2. pp. 247–251.
  • Hunn E. (1973). Noteworthy Bird Observation from Chiapas Mexico. Condor. vol 75, no 4.
  • James SM. (2002). Bridging the gap between private landowners and conservationists. Conservation Biology. vol 16, no 1. pp. 269–271.
  • John HR, David K, Jeff D & Jorge Vega R. (2005). Factors Affecting Population Size in Texas' Golden-cheeked Warbler. Endangered Species Update. vol 22, no 3. p. 95.
  • Johnson KW, Johnson JE, Albert RO & Albert TR. (1988). Sightings of Golden-Cheeked Warblers Dendroica-Chrysoparia in Northeastern Mexico. Wilson Bulletin. vol 100, no 1. pp. 130–131.
  • Joseph ADA. (2003). Green laws threaten to surround Fort Hood. Human Events. vol 59, no 15. p. 5.
  • Kroll JC. (1980). Habitat Requirements of the Golden-Cheeked Warbler Dendroica-Chrysoparia Management Implications. Journal of Range Management. vol 33, no 1. pp. 60–65.
  • Lewis TJ, Ainley DG, Greenberg D & Greenberg R. (1974). A Golden-Cheeked Warbler on the Farallon Islands. Auk. vol 91, no 2. pp. 411–412.
  • Lockwood MW. (1996). Courtship behavior of Golden-cheeked Warblers. Wilson Bulletin. vol 108, no 3. pp. 591–592.
  • Lovette IJ & Hochachka WM. (2006). Simultaneous effects of phylogenetic niche conservatism and competition on avian community structure. Ecology. p. S) S14-S28, JUL 2006.
  • Magness DR, Wilkins RN & Hejl SJ. (2006). Quantitative relationships among golden-cheeked warbler occurrence and landscape size, composition, and structure. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 34, no 2. pp. 473–479.
  • Mike MS & Paul MC. (2001). Removal of host nestlings and fecal sacs by Brown-headed Cowbirds. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 4. p. 456.
  • Ortego B. (2000). Summary of highest counts of individuals for the United States. American Birds. vol 101, pp. 661–666.
  • Perrigo G, Brundage R, Barth R, Damude N, Benesh C, Fogg C & Gower J. (1990). Spring Migration Corridor of Golden-Cheeked Warblers in Tamaulipas Mexico. American Birds. vol 44, no 1. pp. 28–31.
  • Peterson TR & Horton CC. (1995). ROOTED IN THE SOIL - HOW UNDERSTANDING THE PERSPECTIVES OF LANDOWNERS CAN ENHANCE THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES. Q J Speech. vol 81, no 2. pp. 139–166.
  • Petyk J. (2004). Predation of a Golden-cheeked Warbler nest by a Western Scrub-Jay. Wilson Bulletin. vol 116, no 3. pp. 269–271.
  • Pulich WM. (1969). Golden-Cheeked Warbler Threatened Bird of the Cedar-G Brakes Dendroica-Chrysoparia Ecology Conservation. National Parks Magazine. vol 43, no 258. pp. 10–12.
  • Quinn WJ & Penn JG. (2004). Quercus buckleyi overstory recruitment in undisturbed communities of central Texas. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts. vol 89, no 412.
  • Rappole JH, King DI & Barrow WC, Jr. (1999). Winter ecology of the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler. Condor. vol 101, no 4. pp. 762–770.
  • Rappole JH, King DI & Diez J. (2003). Winter- vs. breeding-habitat limitation for an endangered avian migrant. Ecological Applications. vol 13, no 3. pp. 735–742.
  • Rappole JH, King DI & Leimgruber P. (2000). Winter habitat and distribution of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). Anim Conserv. vol 3, pp. 45–59.
  • Rising JD. (1988). Phenetic Relationships among the Warblers in the Dendroica-Virens Complex and a Record of Dendroica-Virens from Sonora Mexico. Wilson Bulletin. vol 100, no 2. pp. 312–316.
  • Shaw DM & Atkinson SF. (1990). An Introduction to the Use of Geographic Information Systems for Ornithological Research. Condor. vol 92, no 3. pp. 564–570.
  • Smeins FE & Moses ME. (1994). Temporal analysis of golden-cheeked warbler habitat fragmentation using remote sensing and GIS. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. vol 75, no 2 PART 2. pp. 213–214.
  • Stake MM. (2001). Predation by a Great Plains rat snake on an adult female Golden-cheeked Warbler. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 4. pp. 460–461.
  • Stake MM & Cavanagh PM. (2001). Removal of host nestlings and fecal sacs by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 4. pp. 456–459.
  • Stake MM, Faaborg J & Thompson FR, III. (2004). Video identification of predators at Golden-cheeked Warbler nests. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 75, no 4. pp. 337–344.
  • Vidal RM, Macias-Caballero C & Duncan CD. (1994). The occurrence and ecology of the Golden-cheeked Warbler in the highlands of Northern Chiapas, Mexico. Condor. vol 96, no 3. pp. 684–691.


External links Edit

  • Balcones Canyonland Preserve with audio recordings of the two types of calls 2007-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
  • Golden-cheeked warblers in 2011 slideshow

August 29, 2023
golden, cheeked, warbler, golden, cheeked, warbler, setophaga, chrysoparia, endangered, species, bird, that, breeds, central, texas, from, palo, pinto, county, southwestward, along, eastern, southern, edge, edwards, plateau, kinney, county, golden, cheeked, wa. The golden cheeked warbler Setophaga chrysoparia is an endangered species of bird that breeds in Central Texas from Palo Pinto County southwestward along the eastern and southern edge of the Edwards Plateau to Kinney County The golden cheeked warbler is the only bird species with a breeding range endemic to Texas Golden cheeked warblerConservation statusEndangered IUCN 3 1 1 Imperiled NatureServe 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily ParulidaeGenus SetophagaSpecies S chrysopariaBinomial nameSetophaga chrysoparia Sclater PL amp Salvin 1860 Range of S chrysoparia Breeding range Winter rangeSynonymsDendroica chrysoparia Sclater amp Salvin 1861 Print by John Gerrard Keulemans 1890Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 2 1 Migration 3 Behavior 3 1 Diet and feeding 3 2 Breeding 4 Conservation 4 1 Population 4 2 Threats 5 Ecology 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9 1 Books 9 2 Theses 9 3 Articles 10 External linksDescription EditThe golden cheeked warbler is very striking due to its bright yellow cheeks that are contrasted by its black throat and back It is also identified by its unique buzzing song emerging from the wooded canyons where it breeds 3 Golden cheeked warblers breed in 33 counties in central Texas and are dependent on ashe juniper blueberry juniper or cedar for their fine bark strips used as nesting material 4 Distribution and habitat EditThe golden cheeked warbler can be found in numerous state parks within Texas These parks include Colorado Bend State Park SP Dinosaur Valley SP Garner SP Guadalupe River SP Honey Creek State Natural Area SNA Hill Country SNA Kerr Management Area Longhorn Cavern SNA Lost Maples SNA Meridian SP Pedernales Falls SP Possum Kingdom SP and South Llano River SP 5 The golden cheeked warbler is endemic to Texas and Mexico Their habitat can range from moist to dry areas around central and southern Texas The nesting habitat in the further moist realms can be discovered in tall closed canopy compressed mature stands of ashe juniper Juniperus ashei trees along with Texas shin live lacey and post oak trees In the drier spheres of Texas golden cheeked warblers can be found in upland juniper oak woodlands off of flat topography 6 They use ashe juniper bark and spider webs to build their nests Females lay three to four eggs When migration and winter hits the habitat stays relatively similar a variety of short lived evergreen forests with pines between 3 300 and 8 300 feet 7 Migration Edit Golden cheeked warblers will only remain in Texas for the breeding season from March to June They will migrate with other songbird species along Mexico s Sierra Madre Oriental By the first week of March the warblers will return to Texas to breed During the winter season November February warblers will travel to Guatemala Nicaragua Honduras and Mexico 8 Behavior EditWarblers only nest in Texas primarily in juniper trees However they have also been found to nest in oak trees and cedar elms During the winter warblers seek warmth in Mexico and northern Central America 9 After winter habitation adult male warblers beat their population back to central nesting grounds by about 5 days in order to prepare competing for the attention of female warblers Male warblers win attention of the females through their chip sounds which they also make as a warning call during times of possible danger 10 Though male warblers are found either singing or searching for food females carry the responsibility of nest building as well as keeping the eggs incubated Warblers only nest once per season laying between three and four eggs each time which take an average of twelve days to hatch 11 Female warblers are considered shy and go more unnoticed compared to the always singing males 10 Warblers typically forage by grabbing insects from foliage and branches foraging strategy known as gleaning and by resting at branch edges until the opportunity to snatch insects that fly past strategy known as sallying 9 Diet and feeding Edit The golden cheeked warbler is known to feed on various forms of insects and spiders caterpillars are also noted as a primary source of food during the breeding season 12 13 This species is completely insectivorous The method for catching insects is by plucking them from all surfaces by being able to reach them through flight 7 Breeding Edit Once a female has chosen a mate she alone builds the nest The nest is made of strips of juniper bark rootlets grasses cobwebs cocoons and can contain animal fur to line to the outer portions of the nest Nearly all of warbler nests contain juniper bark and it has been seen that females do not make a nest without the presence of the bark Golden cheeked warblers lay 3 4 creamy white eggs less than 3 4 inch 1 9 cm long and 1 2 inch 1 3 cm wide Incubation begins one day before the last egg is laid For approximately the 12 days the female warbler incubates the eggs The male may accompany the female when she feeds away from the nest but does not otherwise aid its partner 14 Conservation EditThe occupied breeding range of the warbler is only about 1 768 square kilometres 437 000 acres so spaces for habitation are limited 15 Many spots of warbler habitation have been cleared for the construction of houses roads and stores or to grow crops or grass for livestock Juniper trees the primary nesting place for warblers have also been cut down and used for different timber products especially before the 1940s 16 Other woodlands were flooded when large lakes were constructed 16 Sitting at the top of the endangered list of species in North America since May 1990 17 different projects are currently underway to restore the habitat of the golden cheeked warbler Efforts include The Safe Harbor agreement between Environmental Defense and the U S Fish and Wildlife Service with the goal of rebuilding and creating new safe habitats for the warbler along with other endangered species The Balcones Canyonlands Conservation Plan BCCP is another project responsible for building warbler preserves with the goal of eventually adding a total of 41 000 acres to the warbler s habitat 18 These initiatives along with many others encourage landowners to learn more about the warbler along with other species that inhabit their property so local land owners may provide proper maintenance and protection of the warbler s habitat 16 A project that significantly aided habitat restoration for the warbler includes the U S Army s success at Fort Cavazos in protecting the largest patch of juniper oak trees 19 Population Edit The most serious problems that are facing the golden cheeked warbler today are the habitats that are being lost and destroyed due to their limited and specific habitat requirements 4 Between the years of 1962 and 1974 the population estimated to an 8 to 12 drop Based on intensive surveys and observations it was counted that in 2015 there were 716 singing males within 39 acres in Texas 7 Threats Edit The main direct threat towards the golden cheeked warbler is the rapid loss of habitats 4 Their specific habitat needs place warblers at an extremely vulnerable position where urban development has taken a significant amount of the available habitat away Over browsing by white tailed deer goats and other ungulates are also believed to be a source of habitat destruction as they decrease the survival rate of seedling oaks and other deciduous trees which are a key habitat for warblers Furthermore the brown headed cowbird which is a brood parasite that lays eggs in other nests then abandons the nest and its impact on the golden cheeked warbler population is still being studied 20 Blue jays will also depredate Golden cheecked warbler nests Of four noted warbler nests in the Wild Basin in Texes all four were depredated by bluejays As a result the survivability of the young golden cheeked warbler is significantly reduced Ecology EditThe golden cheeked warbler breeds in the juniper oak woodlands The bird starts to build its nest about 16 23 feet in the air around the end of March out of ashe juniper bark 21 The male warbler will use song and physical abuse against other males to establish a territory in close proximity to the previous year s territory 19 Warblers will stay with only one mate for the entirety of the breeding season The female will produce 3 4 white eggs that are covered with brown and purple dots that will hatch 10 12 days later The hatchlings grow rapidly and will leave the nest after 9 12 days The family will stay together in their territory for up to a month after which the hatchlings will become independent 19 In popular culture EditSusan Wittig Albert used the golden cheeked warbler as a plot device in her 1992 novel Thyme of Death In 2023 the golden cheeked warbler was featured on a United States Postal Service Forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set based on a photograph from Joel Sartore s Photo Ark The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall South Dakota 22 See also EditBalcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge Government Canyon State Natural AreaReferences Edit BirdLife International 2020 Setophaga chrysoparia IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22721692A181039629 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22721692A181039629 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 NatureServe Explorer 2 0 explorer natureserve org Retrieved 5 May 2022 Golden cheeked Warbler The Texas Breeding Bird Atlas Retrieved 24 January 2022 a b c Golden cheeked Warbler Scientific Name Dendroica chrysoparia PDF Tpwd state tc us Retrieved 2022 01 24 Federal Status Endangered 5 4 90 State Status Endangered Golden cheeked Warbler PDF Texas Park and Wildlife Department 1990 golden cheeked warbler Setophaga chrysoparia Environmental Conservation Online System U S Fish amp Wildlife Service Retrieved 13 April 2023 a b c Birds Birds audubon org Rappole John H King David I amp Barrow Jr Wylie C 1999 Winter Ecology of the Endangered Golden Cheeked Warbler The Condor 101 4 762 770 a b Golden cheeked Warbler Life History All About Birds Cornell Lab of Ornithology Allaboutbirds org Retrieved 24 January 2022 a b Stout Nichol Dendroica chrysoparia golden cheeked warbler Animal Diversity Web Retrieved 24 January 2022 Golden cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia Tpwd texas gov Retrieved 24 January 2022 Golden cheeked warbler videos photos and facts Dendroica chrysoparia ARKive Archived from the original on 2015 02 15 Retrieved 2014 10 24 Golden cheeked Warbler Identification All About Birds Cornell Lab of Ornithology Allaboutbirds org Retrieved 24 January 2022 Golden cheeked Warbler Balcones Canyonlands Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge U S Fish and Wildlife Service 15 February 2019 Archived from the original on 13 January 2022 BirdLife International 2023 Species factsheet Setophaga chrysoparia Data Zone BirdLife International Retrieved 13 April 2023 a b c Golden cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia Tpwd texas gov Retrieved 24 January 2022 50 FR 18844 Dendroica chrysoparia golden cheeked warbler University of Michigan Museum of Zoology a b c Birds Audubon org Retrieved 24 January 2022 Protecting Native Species Balcones Canyonlands Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge U S Fish and Wildlife Service 8 February 2012 Archived from the original on 27 March 2021 Bird J Harding M Isherwood I Pople R Sharpe C J Wege D Symes A 2014 Species factsheet Dendroica chrysoparia Birdlife International Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species United States Postal Service April 19 2023 Retrieved May 11 2023 Hutchinson amp Scalise J L 2019 FIRST OBSERVATION OF BLUE JAY CYANOCITTA CRISTATA DEPREDATING A GOLDEN CHEEKED WARBLER SETOPHAGA CHRYSOPARIA NEST The Southwestern Naturalist 64 1 53 55 https doi org 10 1894 0038 4909 64 1 53Further reading EditBooks Edit Harper SJ Westervelt JD amp Shapiro A M 2002 Management application of an agent based model Control of cowbirds at the landscape scale In Gimblett H Randy Editor Reprint Author Integrating geographic information systems and agent based modeling techniques for stimulating social and ecological processes 105 123 2002 Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016 Ladd C and L Gass 1999 Golden cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia In The Birds of North America No 420 A Poole and F Gill eds The Birds of North America Inc Philadelphia PA Pulich W M 1976 The Golden cheeked Warbler Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Austin TX 172pp Shapiro A MT Harper SJ amp Westervelt JD 2004 The Fort Hood Avian Simulation Model V A spatially explicit population viability model for two endangered species In Costanza Robert Editor Reprint Author Voinov Alexey Editor Reprint Author Landscape simulation modeling A spatially explicit dynamic approach 233 247 2004 Springer Verlag New York Inc 175 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10010 7858 Theses Edit Reidy J L M S 2007 Golden cheeked Warbler nest success and nest predators in urban and rural landscapes University of Missouri Columbia Missouri Lindsay DL M S 2006 Genetic diversity of the endangered golden cheeked warbler Dendroica chrysoparia University of Louisiana at Lafayette United States Louisiana Coldren CL Ph D 1998 The effects of habitat fragmentation on the golden cheeked warbler Texas A amp M University United States Texas Engels TM Ph D 1995 The conservation biology of the golden cheeked warbler Dendroica chrysoparia The University of Texas at Austin United States Texas Hsu S L Ph D 1999 A model of environmental compromise between regulators and landowners under the Endangered Species Act University of California Davis United States California Shaw DM Ph D 1989 Applications of GIS and remote sensing for the characterization of habitat for threatened and endangered species University of North Texas United States Texas Stake MM M S 2003 Golden cheeked warbler nest predators and factors affecting nest predation University of Missouri Columbia United States Missouri Articles Edit 1995 Golden Cheeked Warbler Discussed at Baylor During Academy Baylor Business Review vol 13 no 1 p 17 Academy of Natural Sciences of P 1999 Golden cheeked warbler Dendroica chrysoparia Birds of North America vol 0 no 420 pp 1 23 Anders AD amp Dearborn DC 2004 Population trends of the endangered golden cheeked warbler at Fort Hood Texas from 1992 2001 Southwestern Naturalist vol 49 no 1 pp 39 47 Anders AD amp Marshall MR 2005 Increasing the accuracy of productivity and survival estimates in assessing landbird population status Conservation Biology vol 19 no 1 pp 66 74 Arnold KA 2000 Texas American Birds vol 101 pp 642 643 Bocetti CI Hatfield JS amp Beardmore CJ 1996 Some advice and guidelines for biologists interested in conducting population viability analyses Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America p PART 2 42 1996 Boice LP 1998 Migratory bird conservation at Fort Hood Endangered Species Update vol 15 no 5 p SS24 Bolsinger JS 2000 Use of two song categories by Golden cheeked Warblers Condor vol 102 no 3 pp 539 552 Braun MJ Braun DD amp Terrill SB 1986 Winter Records of the Golden Cheeked Warbler Dendroica Chrysoparia from Mexico American Birds vol 40 no 3 pp 564 566 Cathey K 1997 The endangered birds of Balcones Canyonlands NWR Endangered Species Update vol 14 no 11 12 p SS20 David E 2001 Extinction and blame Orion vol 20 no 3 p 12 Dearborn DC amp Sanchez LL 2001 Do Golden cheeked Warblers select nest locations on the basis of patch vegetation Auk vol 118 no 4 pp 1052 1057 DeBoer TS amp Diamond DD 2006 Predicting presence absence of the endangered golden cheeked warbler Dendroica chrysoparia Southwestern Naturalist vol 51 no 2 pp 181 190 Dunham AE Akcakaya HR amp Bridges TS 2006 Using scalar models for precautionary assessments of threatened species Conservation Biology vol 20 no 5 pp 1499 1506 Eisermann K amp Schulz U 2005 Birds of a high altitude cloud forest in Alta Verapaz Guatemala Revista de Biologia Tropical vol 53 no 3 4 pp 577 594 Engels TM amp Sexton CW 1994 Negative correlation of blue jays and golden cheeked warblers near an urbanizing area Conservation Biology vol 8 no 1 pp 286 290 Fox JA amp Nino Murcia A 2004 Species conservation banking A solution to the conservation development conflict Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts vol 89 no 164 Gehlbach FR 1967 New Records of Warblers in Texas Southwestern Naturalist vol 12 no 1 pp 109 110 Graber AE Davis CA amp Leslie DM Jr 2006 Golden cheeked Warbler males participate in nest site selection Wilson Journal of Ornithology vol 118 no 2 pp 247 251 Hunn E 1973 Noteworthy Bird Observation from Chiapas Mexico Condor vol 75 no 4 James SM 2002 Bridging the gap between private landowners and conservationists Conservation Biology vol 16 no 1 pp 269 271 John HR David K Jeff D amp Jorge Vega R 2005 Factors Affecting Population Size in Texas Golden cheeked Warbler Endangered Species Update vol 22 no 3 p 95 Johnson KW Johnson JE Albert RO amp Albert TR 1988 Sightings of Golden Cheeked Warblers Dendroica Chrysoparia in Northeastern Mexico Wilson Bulletin vol 100 no 1 pp 130 131 Joseph ADA 2003 Green laws threaten to surround Fort Hood Human Events vol 59 no 15 p 5 Kroll JC 1980 Habitat Requirements of the Golden Cheeked Warbler Dendroica Chrysoparia Management Implications Journal of Range Management vol 33 no 1 pp 60 65 Lewis TJ Ainley DG Greenberg D amp Greenberg R 1974 A Golden Cheeked Warbler on the Farallon Islands Auk vol 91 no 2 pp 411 412 Lockwood MW 1996 Courtship behavior of Golden cheeked Warblers Wilson Bulletin vol 108 no 3 pp 591 592 Lovette IJ amp Hochachka WM 2006 Simultaneous effects of phylogenetic niche conservatism and competition on avian community structure Ecology p S S14 S28 JUL 2006 Magness DR Wilkins RN amp Hejl SJ 2006 Quantitative relationships among golden cheeked warbler occurrence and landscape size composition and structure Wildlife Society Bulletin vol 34 no 2 pp 473 479 Mike MS amp Paul MC 2001 Removal of host nestlings and fecal sacs by Brown headed Cowbirds The Wilson Bulletin vol 113 no 4 p 456 Ortego B 2000 Summary of highest counts of individuals for the United States American Birds vol 101 pp 661 666 Perrigo G Brundage R Barth R Damude N Benesh C Fogg C amp Gower J 1990 Spring Migration Corridor of Golden Cheeked Warblers in Tamaulipas Mexico American Birds vol 44 no 1 pp 28 31 Peterson TR amp Horton CC 1995 ROOTED IN THE SOIL HOW UNDERSTANDING THE PERSPECTIVES OF LANDOWNERS CAN ENHANCE THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES Q J Speech vol 81 no 2 pp 139 166 Petyk J 2004 Predation of a Golden cheeked Warbler nest by a Western Scrub Jay Wilson Bulletin vol 116 no 3 pp 269 271 Pulich WM 1969 Golden Cheeked Warbler Threatened Bird of the Cedar G Brakes Dendroica Chrysoparia Ecology Conservation National Parks Magazine vol 43 no 258 pp 10 12 Quinn WJ amp Penn JG 2004 Quercus buckleyi overstory recruitment in undisturbed communities of central Texas Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts vol 89 no 412 Rappole JH King DI amp Barrow WC Jr 1999 Winter ecology of the endangered Golden cheeked Warbler Condor vol 101 no 4 pp 762 770 Rappole JH King DI amp Diez J 2003 Winter vs breeding habitat limitation for an endangered avian migrant Ecological Applications vol 13 no 3 pp 735 742 Rappole JH King DI amp Leimgruber P 2000 Winter habitat and distribution of the endangered golden cheeked warbler Dendroica chrysoparia Anim Conserv vol 3 pp 45 59 Rising JD 1988 Phenetic Relationships among the Warblers in the Dendroica Virens Complex and a Record of Dendroica Virens from Sonora Mexico Wilson Bulletin vol 100 no 2 pp 312 316 Shaw DM amp Atkinson SF 1990 An Introduction to the Use of Geographic Information Systems for Ornithological Research Condor vol 92 no 3 pp 564 570 Smeins FE amp Moses ME 1994 Temporal analysis of golden cheeked warbler habitat fragmentation using remote sensing and GIS Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America vol 75 no 2 PART 2 pp 213 214 Stake MM 2001 Predation by a Great Plains rat snake on an adult female Golden cheeked Warbler Wilson Bulletin vol 113 no 4 pp 460 461 Stake MM amp Cavanagh PM 2001 Removal of host nestlings and fecal sacs by Brown headed Cowbirds Wilson Bulletin vol 113 no 4 pp 456 459 Stake MM Faaborg J amp Thompson FR III 2004 Video identification of predators at Golden cheeked Warbler nests Journal of Field Ornithology vol 75 no 4 pp 337 344 Vidal RM Macias Caballero C amp Duncan CD 1994 The occurrence and ecology of the Golden cheeked Warbler in the highlands of Northern Chiapas Mexico Condor vol 96 no 3 pp 684 691 External links EditBirdLife Species Factsheet Balcones Canyonland Preserve with audio recordings of the two types of calls Archived 2007 04 06 at the Wayback Machine Golden cheeked warblers in 2011 slideshow Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Golden cheeked warbler amp oldid 1172194345, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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