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Gliese 436 b

January 01, 1970

Gliese 436 b /ˈɡliːzə/ (sometimes called GJ 436 b,[7] formally named Awohali[2]) is a Neptune-sized exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 436.[1] It was the first hot Neptune discovered with certainty (in 2007) and was among the smallest-known transiting planets in mass and radius, until the much smaller Kepler exoplanet discoveries began circa 2010.

Gliese 436 b / Awohali
Size comparison of Awohali with Neptune
Discovery[1]
Discovered byButler, Vogt,
Marcy et al.
Discovery siteCalifornia, USA
Discovery dateAugust 31, 2004
Radial velocity, Transit
Designations
Awohali[2]
Orbital characteristics
0.028±0.01 AU
Eccentricity0.152+0.009
−0.008[3]
2.643904±0.000005[4] d
Inclination85.8+0.21
−0.25[4]
2451552.077[3]
325.8+5.5
−5.7[3]
Semi-amplitude17.38±0.17[3]
StarNoquisi
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
4.327 ± 0.183[5][6] R🜨
Mass21.36+0.20
−0.21[3] ME
Mean density
1.51 g/cm3 (0.055 lb/cu in)
1.18 g
Temperature712 K (439 °C; 822 °F)[5]

In December 2013, NASA reported that clouds may have been detected in the atmosphere of GJ 436 b.[8][9][10][11]

Nomenclature edit

In August 2022, this planet and its host star were included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project.[12] The approved names, proposed by a team from the United States, were announced in June 2023. Gliese 436 b is named Awohali and its host star is named Noquisi, after the Cherokee words for "eagle" and "star".[2]

Discovery edit

Awohali was discovered in August 2004 by R. Paul Butler and Geoffrey Marcy of the Carnegie Institute of Washington and University of California, Berkeley, respectively, using the radial velocity method. Together with 55 Cancri e, it was the first of a new class of planets with a minimum mass (M sini) similar to Neptune.[1]

The planet was recorded to transit its star by an automatic process at NMSU on January 11, 2005, but this event went unheeded at the time.[13] In 2007, Michael Gillon from Geneva University in Switzerland led a team that observed the transit, grazing the stellar disc relative to Earth. Transit observations led to the determination of its exact mass and radius, both of which are very similar to that of Neptune, making Awohali at that time the smallest known transiting extrasolar planet. The planet is about four thousand kilometers larger in diameter than Uranus and five thousand kilometers larger than Neptune and slightly more massive. Awohali orbits at a distance of four million kilometers or one-fifteenth the average distance of Mercury from the Sun.[14]

Physical characteristics edit

 
Possible interior structure of Gliese 436 b
 
Formation of a helium atmosphere on a helium planet, possibly like Gliese 436 b.

The planet's surface temperature is estimated from measurements taken as it passes behind the star to be 712 K (439 °C; 822 °F).[5] This temperature is significantly higher than would be expected if the planet were only heated by radiation from its star, which was prior to this measurement, estimated at 520 K. Whatever energy tidal effects deliver to the planet, it does not affect its temperature significantly.[15] A greenhouse effect would result in a much greater temperature than the predicted 520–620 K.[14]

In 2019, USA Today reported that the exoplanet's burning ice continued to have scientists "flabbergasted."[16] Its main constituent was initially predicted to be hot "ice" in various exotic high-pressure forms,[14][17] which would remain solid despite the high temperatures, because of the planet's gravity.[18] The planet could have formed further from its current position, as a gas giant, and migrated inwards with the other gas giants. As it approached its present position, radiation from the star would have blown off the planet's hydrogen layer via coronal mass ejection.[19]

However, when the radius became better known, ice alone was not enough to account for the observed size. An outer layer of hydrogen and helium, accounting for up to ten percent of the mass, was needed on top of the ice to account for the observed planetary radius.[5][4] This obviates the need for an ice core. Alternatively, the planet may consist of a dense rocky core surrounded by a lesser amount of hydrogen.[20]

Observations of the planet's brightness temperature with the Spitzer Space Telescope suggest a possible thermochemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of this exoplanet. Results published in Nature suggest that Awohali’s dayside atmosphere is abundant in CO and deficient in methane (CH4) by a factor of ~7,000. This result is unexpected because, based on current models at its temperature, atmospheric carbon should prefer CH4 over CO.[21][22][23][24] In part for this reason, it has also been hypothesized to be a possible helium planet.[25]

In June 2015, scientists reported that the atmosphere of Awohali was evaporating,[26] resulting in a giant cloud around the planet and, due to radiation from the host star, a long trailing tail 14×10^6 km (9×10^6 mi) long.[27]

 
Artist impression of Gliese 436b shows the enormous comet-like cloud of hydrogen boiling off.[28]

Orbital characteristics edit

One orbit around the star takes only about two days, 15.5 hours. Awohali orbit is likely misaligned with its star's rotation.[23] The eccentricity of Awohali’s orbit is inconsistent with models of planetary system evolution. To have maintained its eccentricity over time requires that it be accompanied by another planet.[5][29]

A study published in Nature found that the orbit of Awohali is nearly perpendicular (inclined by 103.2+12.8
−11.5 degrees)[30] to the stellar equator of Noquisi and suggests that the eccentricity and misalignment of the orbit could have resulted from interactions with a yet undetected companion. The inward migration caused by this interaction could have triggered the atmospheric escape that sustains its giant exosphere.[31]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Butler, R. Paul; et al. (2004). "A Neptune-Mass Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ 436". The Astrophysical Journal. 617 (1): 580–588. arXiv:astro-ph/0408587. Bibcode:2004ApJ...617..580B. doi:10.1086/425173. S2CID 118893640.
  2. ^ a b c "2022 Approved Names". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e Trifonov, Trifon; Kürster, Martin; Zechmeister, Mathias; Tal-Or, Lev; Caballero, José A.; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Amado, Pedro J.; Ribas, Ignasi; Reiners, Ansgar; et al. (2018). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 609. A117. arXiv:1710.01595. Bibcode:2018A&A...609A.117T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731442. S2CID 119340839.
  4. ^ a b c Bean, J.L.; et al. (2008). "A Hubble Space Telescope transit light curve for GJ 436b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 486 (3): 1039–1046. arXiv:0806.0851. Bibcode:2008A&A...486.1039B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810013. S2CID 6351375.
  5. ^ a b c d e Drake Deming; Joseph Harrington; Gregory Laughlin; Sara Seager; Navarro, Sarah B.; Bowman, William C.; Karen Horning (2007). "Spitzer Transit and Secondary Eclipse Photometry of GJ 436b". The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (2): L199–L202. arXiv:0707.2778. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667L.199D. doi:10.1086/522496. S2CID 13349666.
  6. ^ Confirmed, Pont, F.; Gilliland, R. L.; Knutson, H.; Holman, M.; Charbonneau, D. (2008). "Transit infrared spectroscopy of the hot neptune around GJ 436 with the Hubble Space Telescope". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 393 (1): L6–L10. arXiv:0810.5731. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.393L...6P. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00582.x. S2CID 3746845.
  7. ^ Beust, Hervé; et al. (August 1, 2012). "Dynamical evolution of the Gliese 436 planetary system - Kozai migration as a potential source for Gliese 436b's eccentricity". Astronomy. 545: A88. arXiv:1208.0237. Bibcode:2012A&A...545A..88B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219183. S2CID 10253533.
  8. ^ Harrington, J.D.; Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (December 31, 2013). "Release 13-383 - NASA's Hubble Sees Cloudy Super-Worlds With Chance for More Clouds". NASA. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
  9. ^ Moses, Julianne (January 1, 2014). "Extrasolar planets: Cloudy with a chance of dustballs". Nature. 505 (7481): 31–32. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...31M. doi:10.1038/505031a. PMID 24380949. S2CID 4408861.
  10. ^ Knutson, Heather; et al. (January 1, 2014). "A featureless transmission spectrum for the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b". Nature. 505 (7481): 66–68. arXiv:1401.3350. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...66K. doi:10.1038/nature12887. PMID 24380953. S2CID 4454617.
  11. ^ Kreidberg, Laura; et al. (January 1, 2014). "Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b". Nature. 505 (7481): 69–72. arXiv:1401.0022. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...69K. doi:10.1038/nature12888. hdl:1721.1/118780. PMID 24380954. S2CID 4447642.
  12. ^ "List of ExoWorlds 2022". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  13. ^ Coughlin, Jeffrey L.; Stringfellow, Guy S.; Becker, Andrew C.; Mercedes Lopez-Morales; Fabio Mezzalira; Tom Krajci (2008). "New observations and a possible detection of parameter variations in the transits of Gliese 436b". The Astrophysical Journal. 689 (2): L149–L152. arXiv:0809.1664. Bibcode:2008ApJ...689L.149C. doi:10.1086/595822. S2CID 14893633.
  14. ^ a b c M. Gillon; et al. (2007). "Detection of transits of the nearby hot Neptune GJ 436 b" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 472 (2): L13–L16. arXiv:0705.2219. Bibcode:2007A&A...472L..13G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077799. S2CID 13552824.
  15. ^ Brian Jackson; Richard Greenberg; Rory Barnes (2008). "Tidal Heating of Extra-Solar Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 681 (2): 1631–1638. arXiv:0803.0026. Bibcode:2008ApJ...681.1631J. doi:10.1086/587641. S2CID 42315630.
  16. ^ "Exoplanet that's coated in burning ice is probably the strangest ever". USA TODAY.
  17. ^ Shiga, David (6 May 2007). . New Scientist. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  18. ^ Fox, Maggie (May 16, 2007). "Hot "ice" may cover recently discovered planet". Science News. Scientific American.com. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  19. ^ H. Lammer; et al. (2007). "The impact of nonthermal loss processes on planet masses from Neptunes to Jupiters" (PDF). Geophysical Research Abstracts. 9 (7850). By analogy with Gliese 876 d.
  20. ^ E. R. Adams; S. Seager; L. Elkins-Tanton (February 2008). "Ocean Planet or Thick Atmosphere: On the Mass-Radius Relationship for Solid Exoplanets with Massive Atmospheres". The Astrophysical Journal. 673 (2): 1160–1164. arXiv:0710.4941. Bibcode:2008ApJ...673.1160A. doi:10.1086/524925. S2CID 6676647.
  21. ^ Stevenson, KB; Harrington, J; Nymeyer, S; et al. (22 April 2010). "Possible thermochemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of the exoplanet GJ 436b". Nature. 464 (7292): 1161–1164. arXiv:1010.4591. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1161S. doi:10.1038/nature09013. PMID 20414304. S2CID 4416249.
  22. ^ GJ436b - Where's the methane? 2010-05-14 at the Wayback Machine Planetary Sciences Group at the University of Central Florida, Orlando
  23. ^ a b Knutson, Heather A. (2011). "A Spitzer Transmission Spectrum for the Exoplanet GJ 436b". Astrophysical Journal. 735, 27 (1): 27. arXiv:1104.2901. Bibcode:2011ApJ...735...27K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/735/1/27. S2CID 18669291.
  24. ^ LINE, Michael R.; VASISHT, Gautam; CHEN, Pin; ANGERHAUSEN, D.; YANG, Yuk L. (2011). "Thermochemical and Photochemical Kinetics in Cooler Hydrogen Dominated Extrasolar Planets". Astrophysical Journal. 738, 32 (1): 32. arXiv:1104.3183. Bibcode:2011ApJ...738...32L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/738/1/32. S2CID 15087062., abstract in the arXiv titled "Thermochemistry and Photochemistry in Cooler Hydrogen Dominated Extrasolar Planets: The Case of GJ436b"
  25. ^ "Helium-Shrouded Planets May Be Common in Our Galaxy". SpaceDaily. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  26. ^ D. Ehrenreich; V. Bourrier; P. Wheatley; A. Lecavelier des Etangs; G. Hébrard; S. Udry; X. Bonfils; X. Delfosse; J.-M. Désert; D. K. Sing; A. Vidal-Madjar (25 June 2015). "A Giant Comet-like Cloud of Hydrogen Escaping from the warm Neptune-mass Exoplanet GJ 436b". Nature. 522 (7557): 459–461. arXiv:1506.07541. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..459E. doi:10.1038/nature14501. PMID 26108854. S2CID 4388969.
  27. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (25 June 2015). "A Planet with a Tail Nine Million Miles Long". New York Times. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  28. ^ "Hubble sees atmosphere being stripped from Neptune-sized exoplanet". Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  29. ^ Bean, Jacob L.; Andreas Seifahrt (2008). "Observational Consequences of the Recently Proposed Super-Earth Orbiting GJ436". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 487 (2): L25–L28. arXiv:0806.3270. Bibcode:2008A&A...487L..25B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810278. S2CID 14811323.
  30. ^ Bourrier, V.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Allart, R.; Attia, O.; Cretignier, M.; Dumusque, X.; Lovis, C.; Adibekyan, V.; Borsa, F.; Figueira, P.; Hernández, J. I. González; Mehner, A.; Santos, N. C.; Schmidt, T.; Seidel, J. V.; Sozzetti, A.; Alibert, Y.; Casasayas-Barris, N.; Ehrenreich, D.; Lo Curto, G.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Mégevand, D.; Nunes, N. J.; Palle, E.; Poretti, E.; Sousa, S. G. (2022), "The polar orbit of the warm Neptune GJ 436b seen with VLT/ESPRESSO", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 663: A160, arXiv:2203.06109, Bibcode:2022A&A...663A.160B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142559, S2CID 247139822
  31. ^ Bourrier, Vincent; et al. (2018). "Orbital misalignment of the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b with the spin of its cool star". Nature. 553 (7689): 477–480. arXiv:1712.06638. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..477B. doi:10.1038/nature24677. PMID 29258300. S2CID 4468186.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Selected media articles edit

 
Wikinews has related news:
  • Recently discovered planet may contain 'hot ice'
  • How Do Artists Portray Exoplanets They've Never Seen? 4/9, Scientific American October 2, 2007.
  • Astronomers Detect Shadow Of Water World In Front Of Nearby Star (from Science Daily).

External links edit

  Media related to Gliese 436 b at Wikimedia Commons


January 01, 1970
gliese, sometimes, called, formally, named, awohali, neptune, sized, exoplanet, orbiting, dwarf, gliese, first, neptune, discovered, with, certainty, 2007, among, smallest, known, transiting, planets, mass, radius, until, much, smaller, kepler, exoplanet, disc. Gliese 436 b ˈ ɡ l iː z e sometimes called GJ 436 b 7 formally named Awohali 2 is a Neptune sized exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 436 1 It was the first hot Neptune discovered with certainty in 2007 and was among the smallest known transiting planets in mass and radius until the much smaller Kepler exoplanet discoveries began circa 2010 Gliese 436 b AwohaliSize comparison of Awohali with NeptuneDiscovery 1 Discovered byButler Vogt Marcy et al Discovery siteCalifornia USADiscovery dateAugust 31 2004Detection methodRadial velocity TransitDesignationsAlternative namesAwohali 2 Orbital characteristicsSemi major axis0 028 0 01 AUEccentricity0 152 0 009 0 008 3 Orbital period sidereal 2 643904 0 000005 4 dInclination85 8 0 21 0 25 4 Time of periastron2451 552 077 3 Argument of periastron325 8 5 5 5 7 3 Semi amplitude17 38 0 17 3 StarNoquisiPhysical characteristicsMean radius4 327 0 183 5 6 R Mass21 36 0 20 0 21 3 MEMean density1 51 g cm3 0 055 lb cu in Surface gravity1 18 gTemperature712 K 439 C 822 F 5 In December 2013 NASA reported that clouds may have been detected in the atmosphere of GJ 436 b 8 9 10 11 Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Discovery 3 Physical characteristics 4 Orbital characteristics 5 See also 6 References 7 Selected media articles 8 External linksNomenclature editIn August 2022 this planet and its host star were included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project 12 The approved names proposed by a team from the United States were announced in June 2023 Gliese 436 b is named Awohali and its host star is named Noquisi after the Cherokee words for eagle and star 2 Discovery editAwohali was discovered in August 2004 by R Paul Butler and Geoffrey Marcy of the Carnegie Institute of Washington and University of California Berkeley respectively using the radial velocity method Together with 55 Cancri e it was the first of a new class of planets with a minimum mass M sini similar to Neptune 1 The planet was recorded to transit its star by an automatic process at NMSU on January 11 2005 but this event went unheeded at the time 13 In 2007 Michael Gillon from Geneva University in Switzerland led a team that observed the transit grazing the stellar disc relative to Earth Transit observations led to the determination of its exact mass and radius both of which are very similar to that of Neptune making Awohali at that time the smallest known transiting extrasolar planet The planet is about four thousand kilometers larger in diameter than Uranus and five thousand kilometers larger than Neptune and slightly more massive Awohali orbits at a distance of four million kilometers or one fifteenth the average distance of Mercury from the Sun 14 Physical characteristics edit nbsp Possible interior structure of Gliese 436 b nbsp Formation of a helium atmosphere on a helium planet possibly like Gliese 436 b The planet s surface temperature is estimated from measurements taken as it passes behind the star to be 712 K 439 C 822 F 5 This temperature is significantly higher than would be expected if the planet were only heated by radiation from its star which was prior to this measurement estimated at 520 K Whatever energy tidal effects deliver to the planet it does not affect its temperature significantly 15 A greenhouse effect would result in a much greater temperature than the predicted 520 620 K 14 In 2019 USA Today reported that the exoplanet s burning ice continued to have scientists flabbergasted 16 Its main constituent was initially predicted to be hot ice in various exotic high pressure forms 14 17 which would remain solid despite the high temperatures because of the planet s gravity 18 The planet could have formed further from its current position as a gas giant and migrated inwards with the other gas giants As it approached its present position radiation from the star would have blown off the planet s hydrogen layer via coronal mass ejection 19 However when the radius became better known ice alone was not enough to account for the observed size An outer layer of hydrogen and helium accounting for up to ten percent of the mass was needed on top of the ice to account for the observed planetary radius 5 4 This obviates the need for an ice core Alternatively the planet may consist of a dense rocky core surrounded by a lesser amount of hydrogen 20 Observations of the planet s brightness temperature with the Spitzer Space Telescope suggest a possible thermochemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of this exoplanet Results published in Nature suggest that Awohali s dayside atmosphere is abundant in CO and deficient in methane CH4 by a factor of 7 000 This result is unexpected because based on current models at its temperature atmospheric carbon should prefer CH4 over CO 21 22 23 24 In part for this reason it has also been hypothesized to be a possible helium planet 25 In June 2015 scientists reported that the atmosphere of Awohali was evaporating 26 resulting in a giant cloud around the planet and due to radiation from the host star a long trailing tail 14 10 6 km 9 10 6 mi long 27 nbsp Artist impression of Gliese 436b shows the enormous comet like cloud of hydrogen boiling off 28 Orbital characteristics editOne orbit around the star takes only about two days 15 5 hours Awohali orbit is likely misaligned with its star s rotation 23 The eccentricity of Awohali s orbit is inconsistent with models of planetary system evolution To have maintained its eccentricity over time requires that it be accompanied by another planet 5 29 A study published in Nature found that the orbit of Awohali is nearly perpendicular inclined by 103 2 12 8 11 5 degrees 30 to the stellar equator of Noquisi and suggests that the eccentricity and misalignment of the orbit could have resulted from interactions with a yet undetected companion The inward migration caused by this interaction could have triggered the atmospheric escape that sustains its giant exosphere 31 See also editJanssen Gliese 581 b Gliese 876 d HAT P 11bReferences edit a b c Butler R Paul et al 2004 A Neptune Mass Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ 436 The Astrophysical Journal 617 1 580 588 arXiv astro ph 0408587 Bibcode 2004ApJ 617 580B doi 10 1086 425173 S2CID 118893640 a b c 2022 Approved Names nameexoworlds iau org IAU Retrieved 7 June 2023 a b c d e Trifonov Trifon Kurster Martin Zechmeister Mathias Tal Or Lev Caballero Jose A Quirrenbach Andreas Amado Pedro J Ribas Ignasi Reiners Ansgar et al 2018 The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs First visual channel radial velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M dwarf planetary systems Astronomy and Astrophysics 609 A117 arXiv 1710 01595 Bibcode 2018A amp A 609A 117T doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201731442 S2CID 119340839 a b c Bean J L et al 2008 A Hubble Space Telescope transit light curve for GJ 436b Astronomy amp Astrophysics 486 3 1039 1046 arXiv 0806 0851 Bibcode 2008A amp A 486 1039B doi 10 1051 0004 6361 200810013 S2CID 6351375 a b c d e Drake Deming Joseph Harrington Gregory Laughlin Sara Seager Navarro Sarah B Bowman William C Karen Horning 2007 Spitzer Transit and Secondary Eclipse Photometry of GJ 436b The Astrophysical Journal 667 2 L199 L202 arXiv 0707 2778 Bibcode 2007ApJ 667L 199D doi 10 1086 522496 S2CID 13349666 Confirmed Pont F Gilliland R L Knutson H Holman M Charbonneau D 2008 Transit infrared spectroscopy of the hot neptune around GJ 436 with the Hubble Space Telescope Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters 393 1 L6 L10 arXiv 0810 5731 Bibcode 2009MNRAS 393L 6P doi 10 1111 j 1745 3933 2008 00582 x S2CID 3746845 Beust Herve et al August 1 2012 Dynamical evolution of the Gliese 436 planetary system Kozai migration as a potential source for Gliese 436b s eccentricity Astronomy 545 A88 arXiv 1208 0237 Bibcode 2012A amp A 545A 88B doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201219183 S2CID 10253533 Harrington J D Weaver Donna Villard Ray December 31 2013 Release 13 383 NASA s Hubble Sees Cloudy Super Worlds With Chance for More Clouds NASA Retrieved January 1 2014 Moses Julianne January 1 2014 Extrasolar planets Cloudy with a chance of dustballs Nature 505 7481 31 32 Bibcode 2014Natur 505 31M doi 10 1038 505031a PMID 24380949 S2CID 4408861 Knutson Heather et al January 1 2014 A featureless transmission spectrum for the Neptune mass exoplanet GJ 436b Nature 505 7481 66 68 arXiv 1401 3350 Bibcode 2014Natur 505 66K doi 10 1038 nature12887 PMID 24380953 S2CID 4454617 Kreidberg Laura et al January 1 2014 Clouds in the atmosphere of the super Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b Nature 505 7481 69 72 arXiv 1401 0022 Bibcode 2014Natur 505 69K doi 10 1038 nature12888 hdl 1721 1 118780 PMID 24380954 S2CID 4447642 List of ExoWorlds 2022 nameexoworlds iau org IAU 8 August 2022 Retrieved 27 August 2022 Coughlin Jeffrey L Stringfellow Guy S Becker Andrew C Mercedes Lopez Morales Fabio Mezzalira Tom Krajci 2008 New observations and a possible detection of parameter variations in the transits of Gliese 436b The Astrophysical Journal 689 2 L149 L152 arXiv 0809 1664 Bibcode 2008ApJ 689L 149C doi 10 1086 595822 S2CID 14893633 a b c M Gillon et al 2007 Detection of transits of the nearby hot Neptune GJ 436 b PDF Astronomy and Astrophysics 472 2 L13 L16 arXiv 0705 2219 Bibcode 2007A amp A 472L 13G doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20077799 S2CID 13552824 Brian Jackson Richard Greenberg Rory Barnes 2008 Tidal Heating of Extra Solar Planets The Astrophysical Journal 681 2 1631 1638 arXiv 0803 0026 Bibcode 2008ApJ 681 1631J doi 10 1086 587641 S2CID 42315630 Exoplanet that s coated in burning ice is probably the strangest ever USA TODAY Shiga David 6 May 2007 Strange alien world made of hot ice New Scientist Archived from the original on July 6 2008 Retrieved 2007 05 16 Fox Maggie May 16 2007 Hot ice may cover recently discovered planet Science News Scientific American com Retrieved 2008 08 06 H Lammer et al 2007 The impact of nonthermal loss processes on planet masses from Neptunes to Jupiters PDF Geophysical Research Abstracts 9 7850 By analogy with Gliese 876 d E R Adams S Seager L Elkins Tanton February 2008 Ocean Planet or Thick Atmosphere On the Mass Radius Relationship for Solid Exoplanets with Massive Atmospheres The Astrophysical Journal 673 2 1160 1164 arXiv 0710 4941 Bibcode 2008ApJ 673 1160A doi 10 1086 524925 S2CID 6676647 Stevenson KB Harrington J Nymeyer S et al 22 April 2010 Possible thermochemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of the exoplanet GJ 436b Nature 464 7292 1161 1164 arXiv 1010 4591 Bibcode 2010Natur 464 1161S doi 10 1038 nature09013 PMID 20414304 S2CID 4416249 GJ436b Where s the methane Archived 2010 05 14 at the Wayback Machine Planetary Sciences Group at the University of Central Florida Orlando a b Knutson Heather A 2011 A Spitzer Transmission Spectrum for the Exoplanet GJ 436b Astrophysical Journal 735 27 1 27 arXiv 1104 2901 Bibcode 2011ApJ 735 27K doi 10 1088 0004 637X 735 1 27 S2CID 18669291 LINE Michael R VASISHT Gautam CHEN Pin ANGERHAUSEN D YANG Yuk L 2011 Thermochemical and Photochemical Kinetics in Cooler Hydrogen Dominated Extrasolar Planets Astrophysical Journal 738 32 1 32 arXiv 1104 3183 Bibcode 2011ApJ 738 32L doi 10 1088 0004 637X 738 1 32 S2CID 15087062 abstract in the arXiv titled Thermochemistry and Photochemistry in Cooler Hydrogen Dominated Extrasolar Planets The Case of GJ436b Helium Shrouded Planets May Be Common in Our Galaxy SpaceDaily 16 June 2015 Retrieved 3 August 2015 D Ehrenreich V Bourrier P Wheatley A Lecavelier des Etangs G Hebrard S Udry X Bonfils X Delfosse J M Desert D K Sing A Vidal Madjar 25 June 2015 A Giant Comet like Cloud of Hydrogen Escaping from the warm Neptune mass Exoplanet GJ 436b Nature 522 7557 459 461 arXiv 1506 07541 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 459E doi 10 1038 nature14501 PMID 26108854 S2CID 4388969 Bhanoo Sindya N 25 June 2015 A Planet with a Tail Nine Million Miles Long New York Times Retrieved 25 June 2015 Hubble sees atmosphere being stripped from Neptune sized exoplanet Retrieved 25 June 2015 Bean Jacob L Andreas Seifahrt 2008 Observational Consequences of the Recently Proposed Super Earth Orbiting GJ436 Astronomy amp Astrophysics 487 2 L25 L28 arXiv 0806 3270 Bibcode 2008A amp A 487L 25B doi 10 1051 0004 6361 200810278 S2CID 14811323 Bourrier V Zapatero Osorio M R Allart R Attia O Cretignier M Dumusque X Lovis C Adibekyan V Borsa F Figueira P Hernandez J I Gonzalez Mehner A Santos N C Schmidt T Seidel J V Sozzetti A Alibert Y Casasayas Barris N Ehrenreich D Lo Curto G Martins C J A P Di Marcantonio P Megevand D Nunes N J Palle E Poretti E Sousa S G 2022 The polar orbit of the warm Neptune GJ 436b seen with VLT ESPRESSO Astronomy amp Astrophysics 663 A160 arXiv 2203 06109 Bibcode 2022A amp A 663A 160B doi 10 1051 0004 6361 202142559 S2CID 247139822 Bourrier Vincent et al 2018 Orbital misalignment of the Neptune mass exoplanet GJ 436b with the spin of its cool star Nature 553 7689 477 480 arXiv 1712 06638 Bibcode 2018Natur 553 477B doi 10 1038 nature24677 PMID 29258300 S2CID 4468186 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Selected media articles edit nbsp Wikinews has related news Recently discovered planet may contain hot ice How Do Artists Portray Exoplanets They ve Never Seen 4 9 Scientific American October 2 2007 Astronomers Detect Shadow Of Water World In Front Of Nearby Star from Science Daily External links edit nbsp Media related to Gliese 436 b at Wikimedia Commons Portals nbsp Astronomy nbsp Stars nbsp Spaceflight nbsp Outer space nbsp Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gliese 436 b amp oldid 1215929600, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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