Gesher Benot Ya'aqov

"Jacob's Ford" redirects here. For other uses, see Jacob's Ford (disambiguation).

Gesher Bnot Ya'akov ( Hebrew: גשר בנות יעקב, Gesher Bnot Ya'akov; translation: Daughters of Jacob Bridge Arabic: جسر بنات يعقوب, Jisr Benat Ya'kub)^[1] is a bridge that spans the last natural ford of the Jordan River at the southern end of the Hula Basin between the Korazim Plateau and the Golan Heights. It has been a crossing point for thousands of years.

Bnot Ya'akov Bailey bridge, 2015

Daughters of Jacob Bridge 1799, from the north, with the Mamluk Khan to the left

Within the vicinity of the bridge is the location of a well known Paleolithic archaeological site with Acheulean artifacts, dating to around 780,000 years ago.

The Crusaders called the site Jacob's Ford. The medieval bridge was replaced in 1934 by a modern bridge further south during the draining of Lake Hula by the Palestine Land Development Company.^[2]

Located southwest of the bridge are the remains of a Crusader castle known as Chastellet and east of the bridge are the remains of a Mamluk khan (caravanserai).

The bridge is now part of Highway 91 and straddles the border between the Galilee and the Golan Heights (which was annexed by Israel in 1981). It is of strategic military significance as it is one of the few fixed crossing points over the upper Jordan River that enable access from the Golan Heights to the Upper Galilee.

The caravan route from China to Morocco via Mesopotamia and Egypt used this crossing. It was part of the ancient highway recently dubbed "Via Maris", which was strategically important to the Ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, Hittites, Jews, Saracens (early Muslims), Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Ottomans, and modern inhabitants and armies who crossed the river at this place.^[3][4] The Crusaders built a castle overlooking the ford which threatened Damascus which was destroyed by Saladin in 1179 in the Battle of Jacob's Ford. The old arched stone bridge marked the northern limit of Napoleon's advance in 1799.^[3][4]

Etymology

The place was first associated with the biblical forefather of the Jews, Jacob/Israel, due to a confusion. The Crusader-era nunnery of Saint James (Saint Jacques in French) from Safed received part of the customs paid at the ford, and since James/Jacques is derived from Jacob, this led to the name Jacob's Ford.^[5]

History and archaeology of the ford site

 

Jacob's Ford battlefield, looking from the west bank to the east bank of the Jordan River

Prehistory

Archaeological excavations at the prehistoric Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site have revealed evidence of human habitation in the area, from as early as 750,000 years ago.^[6] Archaeologists from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem claim that the site provides evidence of "advanced human behavior" half a million years earlier than has previously been estimated as possible. Their report describes a layer at the site belonging to the Acheulian (a culture dating to the Lower Palaeolithic, at the very beginning of the Stone Age), where numerous stone tools, animal bones and plant remains have been found,^[7] including those of an elephant (either Palaeoloxodon recki or Palaeoloxodon antiquus),^[8] which is associated with stone tools, including a handaxe, and shows cut and fracture marks indicating that it was butchered by archaic humans.^[9] According to the archaeologists Paul Pettitt and Mark White, the site has produced the earliest widely accepted evidence for the use of fire, dated approximately 790,000 years ago.^[10][11][12] A Tel-Aviv University study found remains of a huge carp fish cooked with the use of fire at the site 780,000 years ago.^[13]

Crusader and Ayyubid period

Main article: Siege of Jacob's Ford

Jacob's Ford was a key river crossing point and major trade route between Acre and Damascus.^[14] It was utilized by Christian Palestine and Seljuk Syria as a major intersection between the two civilizations, making it strategically important. When Humphrey II of Toron was besieged in the city of Banyas in 1157, King Baldwin III of Jerusalem was able to break the siege, only to be ambushed at Jacob's Ford in June of that year.^[15]

Later in the twelfth century, Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Saladin continually contested the area around Jacob's Ford. Baldwin allowed the Templars to build Chastelet castle overlooking Jacob's Ford known to the Arabs as Qasr al-'Ata^[16] commanding the road from Quneitra to Tiberias.^[17] On 23 August 1179, Saladin successfully conducted the siege of Jacob's Ford, destroying the unfinished fortification, known as the castle of Vadum Iacob or Chastellet.

Mamluk and Ottoman bridge

 

Jisr Benat Yacob marked on the Jacotin 1799 map

In the late Mamluk period, Sefad became a principal town and Baibars' postal road from Cairo to Damascus was extended with a branch that went through the north of Palestine. To accomplish this, the bridge was built over the Crusaders' Vadum Jacob (Jacob's ford). The bridge had the Mamluk characteristic dual-slope pathway like the Yibna Bridge.^{[citation needed]} Al-Dimashqi (1256–1327) noted that "the Jordan traverses the district of Al Khaitah and comes to the Jisr Ya'kub (lit. "Jacob's Bridge"), under Kasr Ya'kub (lit. "Jacob's Castle"), and reaching the Sea of Tiberias, falls into it."^{[18][dubious ]}

Before 1444, a merchant constructed a khan (caravanserai) on the eastern side of the bridge, one of a series of such khans built at the time.^[19] Edward Robinson noted that during the 14th century, travellers crossed the river Jordan below the Lake of Tiberias, while the first crossing in the area of Jisr Benat Yakob was noted in 1450 CE. The khan, at the eastern end of the bridge, and the bridge itself, were both probably built before 1450, according to Robinson.^[20]

For the year 1555−1556 CE (AH 963) the toll post at the bridge collected 25,000 akçe,^[19] and in 1577 (985 H) a firman commanded that the place had post horses ready.^[19]

On June 4th 1771, a combined force of Zahir al Umar's men and mamluk commander Abu al-Dhahab met the Damascene Pasha in battle, The result was a victory for the Zayadina coalition and established control of Irbid and Quneitra to Zahir al Umar. This also set in motion the later Final Invasion of Damascus Eyalet & Siege of Damascus by Abu al-Dhahab^[21]

The bridge was maintained through the Ottoman period, with a caravanserai on one end of the bridge, as shown in the 1799 Jacotin map.^[22] During the Egyptian campaign of 1799, Napoleon sent his cavalry commander, general Murat, to defend the bridge, as a measure of preempting reinforcement from Damascus being sent to Akko during the siege laid by the French.^[23] Murat occupied nearby Safed and Tiberias, as well as the bridge^[24] and, by relying on the superior quality of French troops, managed to defeat Turkish units far outnumbering him.^[25] Jacotin's map marks the west side of the bridge with the name of General Murat and the date of 2 April 1799.

In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) also noted about Jisr Benat Yakub: "The bridge itself appears to be of later date than the Crusader period."^[26]

20th century

See also: Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub

 

The Daughters of Jacob Bridge in 1918

Another battle was fought there on 27 September 1918 during the Palestine Campaign of World War I, at the beginning of the pursuit by the British Army of the retreating remnants of the Ottoman Yildirim Army Group towards Damascus. The central arch of the bridge was destroyed by the Turkish forces. The bridge was shortly repaired by ANZAC sappers, flattening the original dual-slope pathway, making it useful for modern vehicles.^{[citation needed]}

In 1934, during the draining of Lake Hula as part of a Zionist land reclamation project, the old bridge was replaced by a modern one further south.^{[2][dubious ]}

On the "Night of the Bridges" between 16 and 17 June 1946, the bridge^[which?] was again destroyed by the Jewish Haganah. The Syrians captured the bridge on June 11, 1948, during the 1948 Palestine war, but later withdrew as a result of the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and Syria. After the war, the bridge was in the central demilitarised zone established by the armistice agreement.^{[citation needed]}

In 1953, the site was chosen as the original location for the water intake of Israel's National Water Carrier project, but after US pressure the intake was moved downstream to the Sea of Galilee at Eshed Kinrot,^[27] which later became known as the Sapir Pumping Station at Tel Kinrot/Tell el-'Oreimeh.^{[citation needed]}

During the Six-Day War, an Israeli paratrooper brigade captured the area and after the war the Israeli Combat Engineering Corps constructed a Bailey bridge. In the Yom Kippur War, Syrian forces approached the vicinity of the bridge and as a precaution Israeli sappers placed explosives on the bridge but did not detonate them as the Syrians did not attempt to cross it.^[28]

21st century

In 2007, one of the two Bailey bridges at the site (one for traffic from east to west and the other handling traffic in the opposite direction) was replaced with a modern concrete span, while the other Bailey bridge was left intact for emergency use.

See also

• Archaeology of Israel and Levantine archaeology
• Barid, Muslim postal network renewed during Mamluk period (roads, bridges, khans)
  • Jisr al-Ghajar, stone bridge south of Ghajar
  • Al-Sinnabra Crusader bridge, with nearby Jisr Umm el-Qanatir/Jisr Semakh and Jisr es-Sidd further downstream
  • Jisr al-Majami bridge over the Jordan, with Mamluk khan
  • Jisr Jindas bridge over the Ayalon near Lydda and Ramla
  • Yibna Bridge or "Nahr Rubin Bridge"
  • Isdud Bridge (Mamluk, 13th century) outside Ashdod/Isdud
  • Jisr ed-Damiye, bridges over the Jordan (Roman, Mamluk, modern)
• Bir Ma'in, Arab village near Ramle, connected by a foundation legend to Jacob/Ya'kub and Daughters of Jacob Bridge/Jisr Benat Ya'kub.^[29]
• Jacob's Well, site associated with biblical Jacob in Samaritan and Christian tradition
• Jubb Yussef (Joseph's Well), site associated with biblical Joseph in Muslim tradition

References

1. Sharon, 1999, p. 41
2. Sufian, 2008, pp. 165 ff
3. Preston, 1921, p. 261
4. Jill, Duchess of Hamilton (2002). First to Damascus: the great ride and Lawrence of Arabia. Roseville: Kangaroo Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780731810710. OCLC 248935397.
5. Jacob's Ford by Metzad Ateret, Israel and You (blog), accessed 27 April 2020
6. Evidence found of early modern humans (January 5, 2010) in Israel 21c Innovation News Service Retrieved 2010-01-05
7. [1] ^{[permanent dead link]}
8. Larramendi, Asier; Zhang, Hanwen; Palombo, Maria Rita; Ferretti, Marco P. (February 2020). "The evolution of Palaeoloxodon skull structure: Disentangling phylogenetic, sexually dimorphic, ontogenetic, and allometric morphological signals". Quaternary Science Reviews. 229: 106090. Bibcode:2020QSRv..22906090L. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106090. S2CID 213676377.
9. Haynes, Gary (March 2022). "Late Quaternary Proboscidean Sites in Africa and Eurasia with Possible or Probable Evidence for Hominin Involvement". Quaternary. 5 (1): 18. doi:10.3390/quat5010018. ISSN 2571-550X.
10. Pettitt and White, 2012, p. 194
11. Wilford, John Noble (22 December 2009). "Excavation Sites Show Distinct Living Areas Early in Stone Age". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
12. . Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
13. Zohar, Irit; Alperson-Afil, Nira; Goren-Inbar, Naama; Prévost, Marion; Tütken, Thomas; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Hershkovitz, Israel; Najorka, Jens (14 November 2022). "Evidence for the cooking of fish 780,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (12): 2016–2028. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01910-z. PMID 36376603. S2CID 253522354.
14. Murray, 2006, p. 649
15. Richard, 1999, pp. 175-176
16. Pringle, 1997, pg. 85
17. Payne, 1998, p. 188
18. Le Strange, 1890, p. 53
19. Petersen, 1991, pp. 182−183
20. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp. 361−363
21. Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century.
22. Karmon, 1960, pp. 250−252 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
23. Stephane Cohen (6 February 2018). "The parable of Tel Hazor". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
24. Amson, Daniel (1992). Israël et Palestine: Territoires sans frontières (PDF). Politique d'aujourd'hui (in French). Presses Universitaires de France (Réédition Numérique Fenixx). p. 9. ISBN 9782130450276. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
25. Bonaparte in Egypt and Syria, 1798-1799: A Counter Stroke Stopped, Napoleonics blog, accessed 27 April 2020
26. Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, 217
27. Sosland, 2007, p. 70
28. Abraham Rabinovich (2004). The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed The Middle East. New York: Schocken Books. p. 175. ISBN 0-8052-4176-0.
29. Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2, pp. 77 ff.

Bibliography

• Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. Vol. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 78.
• Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
• El-Eini, Roza (23 November 2004). Mandated Landscape: British Imperial Rule in Palestine 1929-1948. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-77240-6.
• Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. (pp. 341−344)
• Karmon, Y. (1960). (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
• Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
• Murray, Alan V. editor. (2006), The Crusades: An Encyclopaedia, ISBN 1-57607-862-0
• Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 76.
• Payne, R. (1998). The Crusades: A History. ISBN 1-85326-689-2.
• Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
• Petersen, Andrew (2010). Medieval bridges of Palestine. Leuven−Paris−Walpole,MA: Uitgeverij Peeters.
• Pettitt, P.; White, Mark (2012). The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-67455-3.
• Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries. Vol. 2. London: Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer. p. 73.
• Preston, R.M.P. (1921). The Desert Mounted Corps: An Account of the Cavalry Operations in Palestine and Syria 1917–1918. London: Constable & Co. OCLC 3900439.
• Pringle, D. (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0521-46010-7.
• Richard, J. (1999). The Crusades c.1071-c.1291. Cambridge University press. ISBN 0-521-62566-1.
• Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
• Sharon, M. (1999). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B-C. Vol. 2. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-11083-6.
• Sosland, Jeffrey (2007). Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7201-9.
• Sufian, Sandra M. (15 November 2008). Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920-1947. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77938-6.

External links

• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons
• Bridge at Jisr Banat Ya'qub, 12th-century bridge pictured early 20th century.
• . Paratroopers Brigade website. (in Hebrew)
• Bridge Destruction During the Night of the Bridges (in Hebrew)
• Gesher Benot Ya'aqov Acheulian Site Project

33°0′37.02″N 35°37′41.83″E / 33.0102833°N 35.6282861°E / 33.0102833; 35.6282861