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General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

April 12, 2024

The General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven is a retired electronic-warfare aircraft designed to replace the EB-66 Destroyer in the United States Air Force. Its crews and maintainers often called it the "Spark-Vark", a play on the F-111's "Aardvark" nickname.

EF-111A Raven
An EF-111A Raven electronic warfare aircraft
Role Electronic warfare
Manufacturer General Dynamics, conversion by Grumman
First flight 10 March 1977
Introduction 1983
Retired 1998
Status Retired
Primary user United States Air Force
Number built 42
Developed from General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark

The USAF contracted with Grumman in 1974 to convert some existing General Dynamics F-111As into electronic warfare/electronic countermeasures (ECM) aircraft.[N 1] The USAF had considered the Navy / Marine Corps Grumman EA-6B Prowler, but desired a penetrating aircraft with supersonic speed. The EF-111 entered service in 1983 and served until its retirement in 1998.

Design and development edit

In the late 1960s, the U.S. Air Force sought to replace its aging EB-66 and EB-57 electronic warfare aircraft. The Air Force studied the use of Navy EA-6B Prowlers during 1967–1968.[2] However, the Air Force desired a penetrating electronic jamming aircraft with supersonic speed,[1][2] and, in 1972, decided to modify F-111As into electronic warfare aircraft as a cost-effective option.[3]

In January 1974, the Air Force awarded electronic warfare study contracts to Grumman and General Dynamics.[1] Grumman was selected as the EF-111 prime contractor in December 1974, then was awarded a contract to modify two F-111As into EF-111 prototypes in January 1975.[3] The first fully equipped model, known then as the "Electric Fox", flew on 10 March 1977. A total of 42 airframes were converted at a total cost of US$1.5 billion. The first EF-111s were deployed in November 1981 to the 388th Tactical Electronic Squadron, Mountain Home AFB, Idaho.[4] The last was delivered in 1985.[5]

 
An EF-111A Raven in the foreground with a tail-mounted receiving pod and an underside-mounted transmitting pod, accompanied by an F-111F

The Raven retained the F-111A's navigation systems, with a revised AN/APQ-160 radar primarily for ground mapping. The primary feature of the Raven, however, was the AN/ALQ-99E jamming system, developed from the Navy's ALQ-99 on the Prowler. The aircraft also utilized the ALR-62 Countermeasures Receiving System (CRS) as a Radar Homing and Warning (RHAW) System, the same system carried by all F-111 fighter/bomber models in the United States and Australia. The ALQ-99E primary electronics were installed in the weapons bay, with transmitters fitted in a 16 feet (4.9 m) long ventral "canoe" radome; the complete installation weighed some 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg). Receivers were installed in a fin-tip pod, or "football", similar to that of the EA-6B. The aircraft's electrical and cooling systems had to be extensively upgraded to support this equipment. The cockpit was also rearranged, with all flight and navigation displays relocated to the pilot's side, and flight controls except throttles being removed from the other seat, where the electronic warfare officer's instrumentation and controls were installed.

The EF-111 was unarmed. Its speed and acceleration were its main means of self-defense. It was not capable of firing anti-radiation missiles in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) role, which was a tactical limitation. The Raven's engines were upgraded to the more powerful TF30-P-9 of the D-model, with 12,000 pounds-force (53 kN) dry and 19,600 lbf (87 kN) afterburning thrust[6] in 1986.[7] From 1987 to 1994 the "Spark 'Vark" underwent an Avionics Modernization Program (AMP), similar to the Pacer Strike program for the F-model. This added a dual AN/ASN-41 ring laser gyroscope INS, AN/APN-218 Doppler radar, and an updated AN/APQ-146 terrain-following radar. Cockpit displays were upgraded with multi-function displays.

Operational history edit

 
An EF-111 flies over the Alps during Operation Deny Flight

The EF-111A achieved initial operational capability in 1983.[8] The EF-111A received the official popular name Raven, although in service it acquired the nickname "Spark 'Vark". EF-111s first saw combat use with the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Upper Heyford during Operation El Dorado Canyon against Libya in 1986, and Operation Just Cause in Panama during late 1989.[9]

The Raven served in the Gulf War during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. On 17 January 1991, a USAF EF-111 crew of Captain James Denton and Captain Brent Brandon achieved an unofficial kill against an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1, which they managed to maneuver into the ground, making it the only member of the F-111 family to achieve an aerial victory over another aircraft.[5][10]

 
No Coalition aircraft were lost to a radar-guided missile during Desert Storm while an EF-111 Raven was on station.

On 13 February 1991, EF-111A, AF Ser. No. 66-0023, call sign Ratchet 75, crashed[11] into terrain while maneuvering to evade a perceived threat.[12][13] killing the pilot, Capt Douglas L. Bradt, and the EWO, Capt Paul R. Eichenlaub. It was the only EF-111A lost during combat, the only loss killing its crew, and one of just three EF-111s lost during the aircraft's service.[14] However, it is disputed whether there was an enemy present at the time, as two F-15Es watched Ratchet 75 make violent evasive maneuvers and crash into the ground, with no hostile aircraft in the area.[vague][15]

Later action edit

EF-111s were deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy in support of Operation Deliberate Force during the mid-1990s. The Raven also flew missions in Operation Provide Comfort, Operation Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch.[10]

The last deployment of the Raven was a detachment of EF-111s stationed at Al Kharj/Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia until April 1998.[7] Shortly afterward, the USAF began withdrawing the final EF-111As from service, and placed them in storage at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. The last EF-111s were retired on 2 May 1998, at Cannon AFB, New Mexico. These were the final USAF F-111s in service.[7]

Variants edit

EF-111A
Electronic warfare conversion of the F-111A, 42 conversions including two prototypes.

Operators edit

  United States edit

United States Air Force[16]

Tactical Air Command 1981–92
Air Combat Command 1992–98
42d Electronic Combat Squadron (1984–1992)
429th Electronic Combat Squadron (1992–1998)
430th Electronic Combat Squadron (1992–1993)
388th Electronic Combat Squadron (1981–1982)
390th Electronic Combat Squadron (1982–1992)

Aircraft on display edit

 
EF-111, s/n 66–0057, on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio
 
EF-111 s/n 66-0049, on display at Mountain Home AFB, ID

Of the converted aircraft, three were destroyed in crashes, four are on display, and the other 35 were scrapped.[17][18]

Specifications (EF-111A) edit

 

Specifications are for EF-111A except where noted.

Data from The Great Book of Modern Warplanes[23] General Dynamics F-111 "Aardvark"[24] Modern Fighting Aircraft[25]

General characteristics

  • Crew: Two: pilot and electronic warfare officer
  • Length: 76 ft 0 in (23.17 m)
  • Wingspan: 63 ft 0 in (19.2 m) spread, 32.0 ft (9.74 m) swept
  • Height: 20 ft 0 in (6.1 m)
  • Wing area: 657.4 sq ft (61.07 m2) spread, 525 sq ft (48.77) m2 swept
  • Airfoil: NACA 64-210.68 root, NACA 64-209.80 tip
  • Empty weight: 55,275 lb (25,072 kg)
  • Gross weight: 70,000 lb (31,751 kg) [26]
  • Max takeoff weight: 89,000 lb (40,370 kg)
  • Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0186 (F-111D)
  • Drag area: 9.36 ft2 (0.87 m2) (F-111D)
  • Aspect ratio: 7.56 unswept; 1.95 fully swept (F-111D)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney TF30-P-3 initially, later upgraded to TF30-P-9 turbofans with afterburner, 19,600 lbf (87 kN) thrust each (TF30-P-9)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 1,460 mph (2,350 km/h, 1,270 kn) ; above 30,000 ft
  • Maximum speed: Mach 2.2
  • Range: 2,000 mi (3,220 km, 1,740 nmi) [N 2]
  • Ferry range: 3,800 mi (6,110 km, 3,300 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 45,000 ft (13,715 m) [26]
  • Rate of climb: 11,000 ft/min (55.883 m/s) [26]
  • Thrust/weight: 0.598
  • Lift-to-drag ratio: 15.8 (F-111)

Avionics

See also edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Development of the EF-111A Raven ["Spark Varks"] began in 1974 when the Air Force awarded electronic warfare study contracts to Grumman and General Dynamics in January 1974.[1]
  2. ^ Note: 2,000 miles (1,740 nautical miles) for EF-111A.[27]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c Thornborough and Davies 1989, p. 85.
  2. ^ a b Gunston 1983, p. 55.
  3. ^ a b Logan 1998, p. 89.
  4. ^ "F-111". Federation of American Scientists. 24 December 1998. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  5. ^ a b "EF-111A Raven." GlobalSecurity.org, 27 April 2005. Retrieved:1 April 2009.
  6. ^ Logan 1998, pp. 17, 92, 303.
  7. ^ a b c Baugher, Joe. "Grumman EF-111A Raven". USAAC/USAAF/USAF Fighters, 20 December 1999.
  8. ^ Gunston 1983, p. 59.
  9. ^ "366tg Fighter Wing History" 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. US Air Force
  10. ^ a b Logan 1998, pp. 89–90.
  11. ^ "The B-52 Gunners". January 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  12. ^ "Accident General Dynamics EF-111A Raven 66-0023, 14 Feb 1991".
  13. ^ Mailes, Yancy (2007). Mountain Home Air Force Base. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 9780738548050.
  14. ^ YF-111A / F-111A / RF-111A / GF-111A tail no. 14 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine F-111.net, 26 February 2005. Retrieved: 4 September 2012.
  15. ^ Olsen, John Andreas (2012). Air Commanders. Potomac Books, Inc.; 1st U.S. edition (1 November 2012). p. 325. ISBN 978-1612345765.
  16. ^ "USAF: Order of Battle, circa 1989 (Combat Units)." 28 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine orbat.com. Retrieved: 9 December 2010.
  17. ^ "YF-111A / F-111A / RF-111A / GF-111A." 14 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine F-111.net, 26 February 2005. Retrieved: 23 November 2013.
  18. ^ AMARC Experience Database – EF-111A, Scrapped HVF West, Tucson, AZ, Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  19. ^ Logan 1998, pp. 90, 93.
  20. ^ Cannon airpark to relocate 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine – "EF-111 aircraft will be moved to the triangular, grassy area at the entrance of Joe Cannon Estates". 7 February 2013. Retrieved 10 Feb 2014.
  21. ^ EF-111A 66-0047 3 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Cactus Air Force. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  22. ^ "General Dynamics EF-111A Raven". National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  23. ^ Sweetman, Bill. The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. New York: Portland House, 1987 ISBN 0-517-63367-1.
  24. ^ Miller 1982, p. 66.
  25. ^ Gunston 1983, p. 64.
  26. ^ a b c Laur, Colonel Timothy M. and Steven L. Llanso. Encyclopedia of Modern U.S. Military Weapons New York: Berkley, 1995. ISBN 0-425-16437-3.
  27. ^ "F-111 Aardvark." GlobalSecurity.org, 27 April 2005. Retrieved: 1 April 2009.

Bibliography edit

  • Eden, Paul, ed. "General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark/EF-111 Raven". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
  • Gunston, Bill. F-111, Modern Fighting Aircraft, Vol. 3. New York: Salamander Books, 1983. ISBN 0-668-05904-4.
  • Logan, Don. General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1998. ISBN 0-7643-0587-5.
  • Miller, Jay. General Dynamics F-111 "Arardvark". Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1982. ISBN 0-8168-0606-3.
  • Thornborough, Anthony M. and Peter E. Davies. F-111 Success in Action. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1989. ISBN 0-85368-988-1.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to EF-111 Raven.

April 12, 2024
general, dynamics, grumman, 111a, raven, retired, electronic, warfare, aircraft, designed, replace, destroyer, united, states, force, crews, maintainers, often, called, spark, vark, play, aardvark, nickname, 111a, ravenan, 111a, raven, electronic, warfare, air. The General Dynamics Grumman EF 111A Raven is a retired electronic warfare aircraft designed to replace the EB 66 Destroyer in the United States Air Force Its crews and maintainers often called it the Spark Vark a play on the F 111 s Aardvark nickname EF 111A RavenAn EF 111A Raven electronic warfare aircraftRole Electronic warfareManufacturer General Dynamics conversion by GrummanFirst flight 10 March 1977Introduction 1983Retired 1998Status RetiredPrimary user United States Air ForceNumber built 42Developed from General Dynamics F 111 AardvarkThe USAF contracted with Grumman in 1974 to convert some existing General Dynamics F 111As into electronic warfare electronic countermeasures ECM aircraft N 1 The USAF had considered the Navy Marine Corps Grumman EA 6B Prowler but desired a penetrating aircraft with supersonic speed The EF 111 entered service in 1983 and served until its retirement in 1998 Contents 1 Design and development 2 Operational history 2 1 Later action 3 Variants 4 Operators 4 1 United States 5 Aircraft on display 6 Specifications EF 111A 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 Citations 8 3 Bibliography 9 External linksDesign and development editIn the late 1960s the U S Air Force sought to replace its aging EB 66 and EB 57 electronic warfare aircraft The Air Force studied the use of Navy EA 6B Prowlers during 1967 1968 2 However the Air Force desired a penetrating electronic jamming aircraft with supersonic speed 1 2 and in 1972 decided to modify F 111As into electronic warfare aircraft as a cost effective option 3 In January 1974 the Air Force awarded electronic warfare study contracts to Grumman and General Dynamics 1 Grumman was selected as the EF 111 prime contractor in December 1974 then was awarded a contract to modify two F 111As into EF 111 prototypes in January 1975 3 The first fully equipped model known then as the Electric Fox flew on 10 March 1977 A total of 42 airframes were converted at a total cost of US 1 5 billion The first EF 111s were deployed in November 1981 to the 388th Tactical Electronic Squadron Mountain Home AFB Idaho 4 The last was delivered in 1985 5 nbsp An EF 111A Raven in the foreground with a tail mounted receiving pod and an underside mounted transmitting pod accompanied by an F 111FThe Raven retained the F 111A s navigation systems with a revised AN APQ 160 radar primarily for ground mapping The primary feature of the Raven however was the AN ALQ 99E jamming system developed from the Navy s ALQ 99 on the Prowler The aircraft also utilized the ALR 62 Countermeasures Receiving System CRS as a Radar Homing and Warning RHAW System the same system carried by all F 111 fighter bomber models in the United States and Australia The ALQ 99E primary electronics were installed in the weapons bay with transmitters fitted in a 16 feet 4 9 m long ventral canoe radome the complete installation weighed some 6 000 pounds 2 700 kg Receivers were installed in a fin tip pod or football similar to that of the EA 6B The aircraft s electrical and cooling systems had to be extensively upgraded to support this equipment The cockpit was also rearranged with all flight and navigation displays relocated to the pilot s side and flight controls except throttles being removed from the other seat where the electronic warfare officer s instrumentation and controls were installed The EF 111 was unarmed Its speed and acceleration were its main means of self defense It was not capable of firing anti radiation missiles in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses SEAD role which was a tactical limitation The Raven s engines were upgraded to the more powerful TF30 P 9 of the D model with 12 000 pounds force 53 kN dry and 19 600 lbf 87 kN afterburning thrust 6 in 1986 7 From 1987 to 1994 the Spark Vark underwent an Avionics Modernization Program AMP similar to the Pacer Strike program for the F model This added a dual AN ASN 41 ring laser gyroscope INS AN APN 218 Doppler radar and an updated AN APQ 146 terrain following radar Cockpit displays were upgraded with multi function displays Operational history edit nbsp An EF 111 flies over the Alps during Operation Deny FlightThe EF 111A achieved initial operational capability in 1983 8 The EF 111A received the official popular name Raven although in service it acquired the nickname Spark Vark EF 111s first saw combat use with the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Upper Heyford during Operation El Dorado Canyon against Libya in 1986 and Operation Just Cause in Panama during late 1989 9 The Raven served in the Gulf War during Operation Desert Storm in 1991 On 17 January 1991 a USAF EF 111 crew of Captain James Denton and Captain Brent Brandon achieved an unofficial kill against an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1 which they managed to maneuver into the ground making it the only member of the F 111 family to achieve an aerial victory over another aircraft 5 10 nbsp No Coalition aircraft were lost to a radar guided missile during Desert Storm while an EF 111 Raven was on station On 13 February 1991 EF 111A AF Ser No 66 0023 call sign Ratchet 75 crashed 11 into terrain while maneuvering to evade a perceived threat 12 13 killing the pilot Capt Douglas L Bradt and the EWO Capt Paul R Eichenlaub It was the only EF 111A lost during combat the only loss killing its crew and one of just three EF 111s lost during the aircraft s service 14 However it is disputed whether there was an enemy present at the time as two F 15Es watched Ratchet 75 make violent evasive maneuvers and crash into the ground with no hostile aircraft in the area vague 15 Later action edit EF 111s were deployed to Aviano Air Base Italy in support of Operation Deliberate Force during the mid 1990s The Raven also flew missions in Operation Provide Comfort Operation Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch 10 The last deployment of the Raven was a detachment of EF 111s stationed at Al Kharj Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia until April 1998 7 Shortly afterward the USAF began withdrawing the final EF 111As from service and placed them in storage at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center AMARC at Davis Monthan AFB Arizona The last EF 111s were retired on 2 May 1998 at Cannon AFB New Mexico These were the final USAF F 111s in service 7 Variants editEF 111A Electronic warfare conversion of the F 111A 42 conversions including two prototypes Operators edit nbsp United States edit United States Air Force 16 Tactical Air Command 1981 92 Air Combat Command 1992 9820th Tactical Fighter Wing RAF Upper Heyford England42d Electronic Combat Squadron 1984 1992 dd 27th Fighter Wing Cannon AFB New Mexico429th Electronic Combat Squadron 1992 1998 430th Electronic Combat Squadron 1992 1993 dd 366th Tactical Fighter Wing Mountain Home AFB Idaho388th Electronic Combat Squadron 1981 1982 390th Electronic Combat Squadron 1982 1992 dd Aircraft on display edit nbsp EF 111 s n 66 0057 on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton Ohio nbsp EF 111 s n 66 0049 on display at Mountain Home AFB IDOf the converted aircraft three were destroyed in crashes four are on display and the other 35 were scrapped 17 18 66 0016 is on display at Cannon Air Force Base New Mexico It was the first EF 111 to fly a combat mission and was unofficially credited with the Mirage F1 kill 19 20 66 0047 was being restored at Silver Springs Airport Silver Springs Nevada in 2013 21 66 0049 was the first prototype EF 111 and is on display at Mountain Home Air Force Base Idaho 66 0057 is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton Ohio 22 Specifications EF 111A edit nbsp Specifications are for EF 111A except where noted Data from The Great Book of Modern Warplanes 23 General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark 24 Modern Fighting Aircraft 25 General characteristicsCrew Two pilot and electronic warfare officer Length 76 ft 0 in 23 17 m Wingspan 63 ft 0 in 19 2 m spread 32 0 ft 9 74 m swept Height 20 ft 0 in 6 1 m Wing area 657 4 sq ft 61 07 m2 spread 525 sq ft 48 77 m2 swept Airfoil NACA 64 210 68 root NACA 64 209 80 tip Empty weight 55 275 lb 25 072 kg Gross weight 70 000 lb 31 751 kg 26 Max takeoff weight 89 000 lb 40 370 kg Zero lift drag coefficient 0 0186 F 111D Drag area 9 36 ft2 0 87 m2 F 111D Aspect ratio 7 56 unswept 1 95 fully swept F 111D Powerplant 2 Pratt amp Whitney TF30 P 3 initially later upgraded to TF30 P 9 turbofans with afterburner 19 600 lbf 87 kN thrust each TF30 P 9 Performance Maximum speed 1 460 mph 2 350 km h 1 270 kn above 30 000 ft Maximum speed Mach 2 2 Range 2 000 mi 3 220 km 1 740 nmi N 2 Ferry range 3 800 mi 6 110 km 3 300 nmi Service ceiling 45 000 ft 13 715 m 26 Rate of climb 11 000 ft min 55 883 m s 26 Thrust weight 0 598 Lift to drag ratio 15 8 F 111 Avionics AN ALQ 99 electronic warfare systemSee also edit nbsp Aviation portalElectronic countermeasure Electronic warfare Signals intelligence Electronic signals intelligenceRelated development General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark General Dynamics Boeing AFTI F 111A Aardvark General Dynamics F 111C General Dynamics Grumman F 111B General Dynamics F 111K Northrop Grumman EA 6B ProwlerAircraft of comparable role configuration and era Boeing EA 18G Growler Panavia Tornado ECR Sukhoi Su 24MPRelated lists List of military aircraft of the United StatesReferences editNotes edit Development of the EF 111A Raven Spark Varks began in 1974 when the Air Force awarded electronic warfare study contracts to Grumman and General Dynamics in January 1974 1 Note 2 000 miles 1 740 nautical miles for EF 111A 27 Citations edit a b c Thornborough and Davies 1989 p 85 a b Gunston 1983 p 55 a b Logan 1998 p 89 F 111 Federation of American Scientists 24 December 1998 Retrieved 15 August 2014 a b EF 111A Raven GlobalSecurity org 27 April 2005 Retrieved 1 April 2009 Logan 1998 pp 17 92 303 a b c Baugher Joe Grumman EF 111A Raven USAAC USAAF USAF Fighters 20 December 1999 Gunston 1983 p 59 366tg Fighter Wing History Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine US Air Force a b Logan 1998 pp 89 90 The B 52 Gunners January 2012 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Accident General Dynamics EF 111A Raven 66 0023 14 Feb 1991 Mailes Yancy 2007 Mountain Home Air Force Base Chicago Arcadia Publishing p 112 ISBN 9780738548050 YF 111A F 111A RF 111A GF 111A tail no Archived 14 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine F 111 net 26 February 2005 Retrieved 4 September 2012 Olsen John Andreas 2012 Air Commanders Potomac Books Inc 1st U S edition 1 November 2012 p 325 ISBN 978 1612345765 USAF Order of Battle circa 1989 Combat Units Archived 28 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine orbat com Retrieved 9 December 2010 YF 111A F 111A RF 111A GF 111A Archived 14 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine F 111 net 26 February 2005 Retrieved 23 November 2013 AMARC Experience Database EF 111A Scrapped HVF West Tucson AZ Retrieved 10 February 2014 Logan 1998 pp 90 93 Cannon airpark to relocate Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine EF 111 aircraft will be moved to the triangular grassy area at the entrance of Joe Cannon Estates 7 February 2013 Retrieved 10 Feb 2014 EF 111A 66 0047 Archived 3 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Cactus Air Force Retrieved 10 February 2014 General Dynamics EF 111A Raven National Museum of the United States Air Force Retrieved 29 August 2015 Sweetman Bill The Great Book of Modern Warplanes New York Portland House 1987 ISBN 0 517 63367 1 Miller 1982 p 66 Gunston 1983 p 64 a b c Laur Colonel Timothy M and Steven L Llanso Encyclopedia of Modern U S Military Weapons New York Berkley 1995 ISBN 0 425 16437 3 F 111 Aardvark GlobalSecurity org 27 April 2005 Retrieved 1 April 2009 Bibliography edit Eden Paul ed General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark EF 111 Raven Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft London Amber Books 2004 ISBN 1 904687 84 9 Gunston Bill F 111 Modern Fighting Aircraft Vol 3 New York Salamander Books 1983 ISBN 0 668 05904 4 Logan Don General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark Atglen Pennsylvania Schiffer Military History 1998 ISBN 0 7643 0587 5 Miller Jay General Dynamics F 111 Arardvark Fallbrook California Aero Publishers 1982 ISBN 0 8168 0606 3 Thornborough Anthony M and Peter E Davies F 111 Success in Action London Arms and Armour Press 1989 ISBN 0 85368 988 1 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to EF 111 Raven General Dynamics EF 111A Raven National Museum of the United States Air Force EF 111 page on GlobalSecurity org Future Of Airborne Tactical Jamming report Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title General Dynamics Grumman EF 111A Raven amp oldid 1217793185, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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