Garshuni or Karshuni (Syriac alphabet: ܓܪܫܘܢܝ, Arabic alphabet: كرشوني) are Arabic writings using the Syriac alphabet. The word "Garshuni", derived from the word "grasha" which literally translates as "pulling", was used by George Kiraz to coin the term "garshunography", denoting the writing of one language in the script of another.[1]
Garshuni originated in the seventh century,[citation needed] when Arabic was becoming the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent, but the Arabic alphabet was not yet fully developed. There is evidence that writing Arabic in Garshuni influenced the style of modern Arabic script.
After this initial period, Garshuni writing has continued to the present day among some Syriac Christian communities in the Arabic-speaking regions of the Levant and Mesopotamia, who commonly use the Sertâ script.[2]
Madnhâyâ (the Eastern Syriac script, often called "Assyrian" or "Nestorian"),
Sertâ (the Western Syriac script, often called "Jacobite" or "Maronite").
The Syriac alphabet is extended by use of diacritics to write Arabic Garshuni.
Garshuni script of the sertâ variety used for a story in Arabic: وَقَدْ فَاتَ ٱلْيَوْمُ بَعْدَ ٱلْيَوْمِ، وٱلْأُسْبُوعُ بًعْدَ ٱلْأُسْبُوعِ، وَلَمْ يَرْجِعْ ٱلْأَمِيرُ ٱلْأَكْبَرُ كَذَلِكَ، وَمَكَثَتِ ٱلْأَمِيرَة ٱلْمِسْكِيَنةُ مًضْطَرِبَةً مَشْغُولَةَ ٱلْبَالِ عَلَى أخَوَيْهَا. وَكُلَّمَا ٱسْتَيْقَظَتْ…
Similarities
Occasionally, other languages such as Turkish, Persian, Sogdian, the Kurdish languages and Malayalam have been written in the Syriac alphabet, and these are sometimes also referred to as "Garshunis". With several additional characters, the Malayalam version is better known as Karsoni and had been in use till early 20th century among the Keralite Syriac Christian clergymen and followers.
For the analogous Jewish practice of writing Arabic in Hebrew letters, see Judeo-Arabic languages.
Today, Assyrians use the word 'garshuni' when referring to a spoken language written using something other than its corresponding script, i.e. spoken Assyrian written using Latin script.
Aljamiado – Writing with the Arabic or Hebrew script for European languages
Bibliography
Briquel-Chatonnet, F., “De l'intérêt de l'étude du garshouni et des manuscrits écrits selon ce système” in: L’Orient chrétien dans l’empire musulman: Hommage au professeur Gérard Troupeau (Studia arabica III). Versailles: Editions de Paris, 2005, pp. 463–475.
Briquel-Chatonnet, F.; Desreumaux, A.; Binggeli, A., “Un cas très ancien de garshouni? Quelques réflexions sur le manuscrit BL Add. 14644” in: P. G. Borbone, A. Mengozzi, M. Tosco (éds.), Loquentes linguis. Studi linguistici e orientali in onore di Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006, pp. 141–147.
Mengozzi, A., “The History of Garshuni as a Writing System: Evidence from the Rabbula Codex” in: F. M. Fales & G. F. Grassi (eds), CAMSEMUD 2007. Proceedings of the 13th Italian Meeting of Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, held in Udine, May 21–24, 2007, Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria, 2010, pp. 297–304.
Mingana, A., “Garshūni or Karshūni?” in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1928) 891–893.
Morozov, D.A., “Garshuni: Syriac script in Christian Arabic texts” (in Russian: “Karshuni: Sirijskaja pisjmennostj v arabo-hristianskih tekstah”) in: 5-je chtenija pamiati N. F. Kaptereva: Rossija i pravoslavnyj Vostok (Moscow, 30-31 Oct. 2007). Moscow, 2007, pp. 70–72.
Ram, H., Qiṣṣat Mar Eliĭa (Die Legende vom Hl. Elias). Als Beitrag zur Kenntnis der arabischen Vulgar-Dialekte Mesopotamiens nach der Handschrift Kod. Sachau 15 der Konigl. Bibliothek zu Berlin herausgegeben, ubersetzt und mit einer Schriftlehre versehen. Inaugural-Dissertation. Leipzig, 1906.
Seleznyov, Nikolai N., “Un clerc syro-occidental d’Arfad et le métropolitain de Jérusalem, de l’Église de l’Orient: Le livre “De l’unanimité de la foi” et sa recension en garshuni" (in Russian: “Zapadnosirijskij knizhnik iz Afrada i ijerusalimskij mitropolit Cerkvi Vostoka: “Kniga obschnosti very” i jejo rukopisnaja redakcija na karshuni") in: Symbol 58: Syriaca et Arabica. Paris-Moscow, 2010, pp. 34–87 (text in Garshuni: pp. 45–72).
References
^Kiraz, George (2012). Turras Mamlla: A Grammar of the Syriac Language. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. volume 1, 291 ff. ISBN978-1-4632-0183-8.
^"Garshuni". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press. 2011.
External links
Commentary on Pentateuch(Torah) / Manuscript on Garshuni[permanent dead link]
"The Unique Explanation of the Secrets' is a manuscript in Garshuni, dating back to 1740
garshuni, karshuni, syriac, alphabet, ܓܪܫܘܢܝ, arabic, alphabet, كرشوني, arabic, writings, using, syriac, alphabet, word, derived, from, word, grasha, which, literally, translates, pulling, used, george, kiraz, coin, term, garshunography, denoting, writing, lan. Garshuni or Karshuni Syriac alphabet ܓܪܫܘܢܝ Arabic alphabet كرشوني are Arabic writings using the Syriac alphabet The word Garshuni derived from the word grasha which literally translates as pulling was used by George Kiraz to coin the term garshunography denoting the writing of one language in the script of another 1 Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 Similarities 4 See also 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditGarshuni originated in the seventh century citation needed when Arabic was becoming the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent but the Arabic alphabet was not yet fully developed There is evidence that writing Arabic in Garshuni influenced the style of modern Arabic script After this initial period Garshuni writing has continued to the present day among some Syriac Christian communities in the Arabic speaking regions of the Levant and Mesopotamia who commonly use the Serta script 2 Characteristics EditThe Syriac alphabet has three principal varieties Estrangela the Classical Syriac script Madnhaya the Eastern Syriac script often called Assyrian or Nestorian Serta the Western Syriac script often called Jacobite or Maronite The Syriac alphabet is extended by use of diacritics to write Arabic Garshuni Garshuni script of the serta variety used for a story in Arabic و ق د ف ات ٱل ي و م ب ع د ٱل ي و م وٱل أ س ب وع ب ع د ٱل أ س ب وع و ل م ي ر ج ع ٱل أ م ير ٱل أ ك ب ر ك ذ ل ك و م ك ث ت ٱل أ م ير ة ٱل م س ك ي نة م ض ط ر ب ة م ش غ ول ة ٱل ب ال ع ل ى أخ و ي ه ا و ك ل م ا ٱس ت ي ق ظ ت Similarities EditOccasionally other languages such as Turkish Persian Sogdian the Kurdish languages and Malayalam have been written in the Syriac alphabet and these are sometimes also referred to as Garshunis With several additional characters the Malayalam version is better known as Karsoni and had been in use till early 20th century among the Keralite Syriac Christian clergymen and followers For the analogous Jewish practice of writing Arabic in Hebrew letters see Judeo Arabic languages Today Assyrians use the word garshuni when referring to a spoken language written using something other than its corresponding script i e spoken Assyrian written using Latin script See also EditSyriac language Arabic Karsoni The Syro Aramaic Reading of the Koran Aljamiado Writing with the Arabic or Hebrew script for European languagesBibliography EditBriquel Chatonnet F De l interet de l etude du garshouni et des manuscrits ecrits selon ce systeme in L Orient chretien dans l empire musulman Hommage au professeur Gerard Troupeau Studia arabica III Versailles Editions de Paris 2005 pp 463 475 Briquel Chatonnet F Desreumaux A Binggeli A Un cas tres ancien de garshouni Quelques reflexions sur le manuscrit BL Add 14644 in P G Borbone A Mengozzi M Tosco eds Loquentes linguis Studi linguistici e orientali in onore di Fabrizio A Pennacchietti Wiesbaden Harrassowitz 2006 pp 141 147 Mengozzi A The History of Garshuni as a Writing System Evidence from the Rabbula Codex in F M Fales amp G F Grassi eds CAMSEMUD 2007 Proceedings of the 13th Italian Meeting of Afro Asiatic Linguistics held in Udine May 21 24 2007 Padova S A R G O N Editrice e Libreria 2010 pp 297 304 Mingana A Garshuni or Karshuni in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1928 891 893 Morozov D A Garshuni Syriac script in Christian Arabic texts in Russian Karshuni Sirijskaja pisjmennostj v arabo hristianskih tekstah in 5 je chtenija pamiati N F Kaptereva Rossija i pravoslavnyj Vostok Moscow 30 31 Oct 2007 Moscow 2007 pp 70 72 Ram H Qiṣṣat Mar Eliĭa Die Legende vom Hl Elias Als Beitrag zur Kenntnis der arabischen Vulgar Dialekte Mesopotamiens nach der Handschrift Kod Sachau 15 der Konigl Bibliothek zu Berlin herausgegeben ubersetzt und mit einer Schriftlehre versehen Inaugural Dissertation Leipzig 1906 Seleznyov Nikolai N Un clerc syro occidental d Arfad et le metropolitain de Jerusalem de l Eglise de l Orient Le livre De l unanimite de la foi et sa recension en garshuni in Russian Zapadnosirijskij knizhnik iz Afrada i ijerusalimskij mitropolit Cerkvi Vostoka Kniga obschnosti very i jejo rukopisnaja redakcija na karshuni in Symbol 58 Syriaca et Arabica Paris Moscow 2010 pp 34 87 text in Garshuni pp 45 72 References Edit Kiraz George 2012 Turras Mamlla A Grammar of the Syriac Language Piscataway NJ Gorgias Press pp volume 1 291 ff ISBN 978 1 4632 0183 8 Garshuni Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage Electronic Edition Gorgias Press 2011 External links EditCommentary on Pentateuch Torah Manuscript on Garshuni permanent dead link The Unique Explanation of the Secrets is a manuscript in Garshuni dating back to 1740 Dib Yusuf 1888 The Festive Maronite World Digital Library Garshuni works at the World Digital Library Syriac Garshuni glossary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Garshuni amp oldid 1134824839, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
