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Gaetano Bresci

April 11, 2023

Gaetano Bresci (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaeˈtaːno ˈbreʃʃi]; 11 November 1869 – 22 May 1901) was an Italian anarchist who assassinated King Umberto I of Italy. A weaver by trade, Bresci was radicalised to anarchism at a young age, due to his experiences in poverty. He emigrated to Paterson, New Jersey, where he became involved with other Italian immigrant anarchists, before news of the Bava Beccaris massacre motivated him to return to Italy. There, he assassinated Umberto and was sentenced to life imprisonment, although he would be found dead of an apparent suicide within the year.

Gaetano Bresci
Born(1869-11-11)11 November 1869
Prato, Tuscany, Italy
Died22 May 1901(1901-05-22) (aged 31)
Santo Stefano Island, Latina, Lazio, Italy
Cause of deathSuicide by hanging
NationalityItalian
OccupationWeaver
MovementAnarchism in Italy
Conviction(s)Murder of Umberto I
Criminal penaltyLife imprisonment

Biography

Early life

On 11 November 1869,[1] Gaetano Bresci was born into a lower middle class family, in Prato, Tuscany, where he worked as a silk weaver.[2]

He became radicalised by his experiences in the workplace and joined the Italian anarchist movement at the age of 15.[3] After being arrested and falling under police surveillance for his political dissidence, in 1895, he was exiled to Lampedusa by the government of Francesco Crispi.[4] In prison, Bresci studied anarchist literature and became radicalised even further by the experience.[5]

Bresci was granted amnesty in 1896 and returned to Italy, where he went back to work in a wool factory. During his time there, he developed a reputation as a dandy and engaged in numerous affairs, possibly fathering a child with one of his co-workers.[6]

Emigration

In 1897, Bresci emigrated to the United States.[7] From New York, Bresci moved to Hoboken, New Jersey,[8] where he met Sophie Kneiland, an Irish-American with whom he fathered two daughters: Madeleine and Gaetanina.[9] To support his family,[10] Bresci spent his weekdays working as a silk weaver in Paterson,[11] returning to Hoboken on weekends.[10]

In Paterson, Bresci quickly became involved in the local trade unions and the immigrant anarchist movement, regularly attending meetings.[12] As a member of the Right to Existence Group (Italian: Gruppo diritti all' esistenza),[13] Bresci co-founded the newspaper La Questione Sociale,[14] which he financially supported and contributed to its publication as a prolific "firebrand".[15] At one of the group's meetings, Bresci reportedly saved the life of Errico Malatesta, when he disarmed a disgruntled individualist anarchist that had attempted to murder the old anarchist.[16] But Bresci ended up leaving the Right to Existence after a few months, as he considered it to be insufficiently radical.[17]

Assassination

 
Bresci assassinating Umberto I of Italy

After receiving news of the Bava Beccaris massacre, Bresci swore revenge against the "murderer king" Umberto I of Italy.[18] With money from La Questione Sociale,[19] he bought a .38 caliber revolver and a one-way ticket back to Italy,[20] informing his wife that he was returning in order to take care of family business.[21]

Bresci was accompanied on his journey by a number of other Italian anarchists.[22] Upon arriving in Le Havre, he and his travelling companions continued on to Paris, where they stayed for a week before finally making for Italy.[23] In June 1900, Bresci returned to his home city of Prato, where he stayed with his brother's family.[24] Although the local police chief was aware of his presence and knew of Bresci as a "dangerous anarchist", he failed to inform the interior ministry or confiscate his passport, leaving Bresci to freely practise firing his revolver on a daily basis.[25]

The following month, he visited his sister in Castel San Pietro Terme, before moving on to Milan.[26] On 25 July, he met his friend Luigi Granotti, with whom he saw the sights of Milan before travelling to Monza.[27] Here, Bresci learnt that the King of Italy was due to attend a gymnastics competition, while staying at the local Royal Villa. Bresci found a room near the Monza train station and waited to strike.[28] For two days, he scouted the area and inquired for information about the king's activities.[29]

After preparing his weapon and thoroughly grooming himself, in the morning of 29 July 1900, Bresci left his hotel intent on assassinating the king at the conclusion of the contest. He spent most of the day walking around town and eating ice cream, briefly stopping for lunch with a stranger, who he told "Look at me carefully, because you will perhaps remember me for the rest of your life."[30] That evening at 21:30, Umberto began on his largely-unguarded route to the stadium, where he was to hand out medals to the competition's athletes at 22:00.[31]

Bresci had positioned himself along the road that led out of the stadium, in order to give himself a chance at escape,[30] but the excited crowd swept him within three meters of the king's car and blocked his own way out.[32] In amongst the crowd, Bresci drew his revolver and shot Umberto.[31] As the king lay dying, Bresci was accosted by the now angry crowd, but was arrested by Andrea Braggio before he could be lynched.[33] He accepted arrest without resistance, declaring: "I did not kill Umberto. I have killed the King. I killed a principle."[34]

Trial and death

 
Gaetano Bresci during his trial

A month after the assassination, Bresci's trial was held on 30 August 1900.[35] At his trial, Bresci was defended by Francesco Saverio Merlino,[36] who argued that the idolisation of kings had weakened Italy and that the criminalisation of the anarchist movement had directly led to Umberto's assassination. He then proposed that the decriminalization of radical ideologies and the resumption of civil liberties would be an end to the anarchist "propaganda of the deed".[37] His character was further defended by his old foreman,[38] a long-time co-worker,[39] and his own wife, who herself expressed surprise that her husband could have committed the assassination.[40] Examinations by Cesare Lombroso found no evidence of mental illness, which meant that the prosecution was unable to establish criminal insanity.[39]

Nevertheless, Bresci was swiftly convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment,[41] the most severe punishment available, as Italy had already abolished the death penalty.[42] He was held in solitary confinement on Santo Stefano Island,[43] in a small, unfurnished cell,[44] with his feet clamped in shackles.[33]

Meanwhile, the interior minister Giovanni Giolitti had become obsessed with the Bresci case.[45] He was convinced that the assassination had been plotted by Paterson anarchists, including Errico Malatesta, together with the exiled Neapolitan Queen Maria Sofia, who he alleged was planning to return to power in Italy.[46] But despite attempts by the Italian government to prove that the Paterson anarchists had ordered Bresci to assassinate the king, the Supreme Court of New Jersey found no evidence of such a plot.[47] Giolitti then claimed that the conspirators were planning to break Bresci out of prison on 18 May 1901.[45]

On 22 May 1901,[33] Gaetano Bresci was found hanging by the neck in his cell. The word "Vengeance" had been carved into the wall.[41] The circumstances of Bresci's death aroused suspicion, with many contesting whether his death was truly a suicide.[48]

Legacy

 
Bresci monument in Carrara

Bresci's assassination of Umberto quickly became a cornerstone of the Italian left-wing counterculture,[49] while anarchists came to regard Bresci himself as a martyr.[50] On Italian anarchist postcards, Bresci's face was superimposed onto the Statue of Liberty,[49] while his deeds were eulogised in a poem by Voltairine de Cleyre and in Italian revolutionary music.[51] One Roman Catholic priest was imprisoned for declaring his support for Bresci's actions, which he characterised as "an instrument of divine vengeance against a dynasty that has deprived the Popes of their temporal power."[52] On the anniversary of the assassination, the socialist activist Benito Mussolini praised Bresci in the pages of Lotta di Classe.[53] Bresci's actions were also admired by Luigi Lucheni, who himself had assassinated Empress Elisabeth of Austria a few years prior.[54]

When an Italian monarchist newspaper L'Araldo Italiano raised one thousand dollars for a decoration for Umberto's tomb,[49] the Paterson anarchists responded by quickly raising the same amount to support his widow and two daughters,[55] despite police harassment of their fundraising events.[56] After Bresci's regicide inspired the anarchist Leon Czolgosz to assassinate United States President William McKinley later that year,[33] Bresci's family was forced to flee their home in Cliffside Park, due to mounting public pressure and police surveillance.[57]

Anarchists in New York City formed the Bresci Circle in his honor.[58] By 1914, the group had reached 600 members, who met frequently in East Harlem's 106th Street.[59] That year, members of the Bresci group were implicated in a plot to assassinate John D. Rockefeller, the richest person of the fin de siècle era. The following year, the group was infiltrated by an undercover operation and two of its members were convicted of plotting to bomb St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan.[60][61]

In 1976, a street in Bresci's home town of Prato was named after him.[33] During the 1980s, Tuscan anarchists commissioned a monument to Bresci for his hometown but were blocked by the government.[62][63] It was erected overnight in Carrara's Turigliano cemetery [it] in 1990.[64] Vittorio Emanuele III commissioned the Expiatory Chapel of Monza to commemorate the place where his father was assassinated.[65]

In 2021, an Italian darkwave duo named itself GBRESCI after Bresci.[66]

See also

References

  1. ^ Carey 1978, p. 50; Levy 2007, p. 210; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 133.
  2. ^ Carey 1978, p. 50; Jensen 2014, pp. 187–188; Kemp 2018, p. 60; Levy 2007, p. 210; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 133–134.
  3. ^ Carey 1978, p. 50; Jensen 2014, pp. 187–188; Kemp 2018, p. 60; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 134.
  4. ^ Jensen 2014, pp. 187–188; Kemp 2018, p. 60; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 134–135.
  5. ^ Jensen 2014, pp. 187–188.
  6. ^ Kemp 2018, pp. 60–61; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 135.
  7. ^ Carey 1978, p. 50; Jensen 2014, pp. 187–188; Kemp 2018, pp. 60–61; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 135.
  8. ^ Carey 1978, p. 51; Kemp 2018, p. 61; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 140–141.
  9. ^ Carey 1978, p. 51; Kemp 2018, p. 61; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 141.
  10. ^ a b Carey 1978, p. 51; Levy 2007, p. 211; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 141.
  11. ^ Carey 1978, p. 51; Jensen 2014, p. 188; Kemp 2018, p. 61; Levy 2007, p. 211; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 140–141.
  12. ^ Jensen 2014, pp. 188–189; Kemp 2018, p. 61; Levy 2007, p. 211; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 140–143.
  13. ^ Jensen 2014, pp. 189–190; Kemp 2018, p. 61; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 142–143.
  14. ^ Goyens 2017, p. 93; Kemp 2018, p. 61.
  15. ^ Kemp 2018, p. 61; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 142–143.
  16. ^ Carey 1978, pp. 51–52; Levy 2007, p. 211; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 142.
  17. ^ Jensen 2014, pp. 190–191; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 143–144.
  18. ^ Jensen 2014, p. 191; Kemp 2018, p. 61; Levy 2007, p. 211; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 144.
  19. ^ Kemp 2018, p. 61.
  20. ^ Carey 1978, p. 47; Kemp 2018, p. 61; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 145.
  21. ^ Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 145.
  22. ^ Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 146.
  23. ^ Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 146–147.
  24. ^ Kemp 2018, pp. 61–62; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 147.
  25. ^ Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 147.
  26. ^ Kemp 2018, pp. 61–62; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 147–148.
  27. ^ Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 148–149.
  28. ^ Kemp 2018, pp. 61–62; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, p. 149.
  29. ^ Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 149.
  30. ^ a b Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 149–150.
  31. ^ a b Jensen 2014, p. 199; Kemp 2018, p. 62.
  32. ^ Jensen 2014, p. 199; Kemp 2018, p. 62; Pernicone & Ottanelli 2018, pp. 149–150.
  33. ^ a b c d e Kemp 2018, p. 62.
  34. ^ Carey 1978, p. 46; Kemp 2018, p. 62; Levy 2007, p. 213.
  35. ^ Carey 1978, p. 53.
  36. ^ Goyens 2017, pp. 93–94; Kemp 2018, p. 62; Levy 2007, pp. 216–217.
  37. ^ Levy 2007, pp. 216–217.
  38. ^ Carey 1978, p. 46; Jensen 2014, pp. 192–193.
  39. ^ a b Jensen 2014, pp. 192–193.
  40. ^ Carey 1978, p. 52; Jensen 2014, pp. 192–193.
  41. ^ a b Carey 1978, p. 53; Kemp 2018, p. 62.
  42. ^ Jensen 2014, p. 192.
  43. ^ Jensen 2014, p. 192; Kemp 2018, p. 62; Levy 2007, p. 215.
  44. ^ Kemp 2018, p. 62; Levy 2007, p. 215.
  45. ^ a b Levy 2007, p. 215.
  46. ^ Carey 1978, p. 47; Levy 2007, p. 215.
  47. ^ Carey 1978, p. 50; Jensen 2014, pp. 195–196; Levy 2007, p. 214.
  48. ^ Goyens 2017, p. 93; Kemp 2018, p. 62; Levy 2007, pp. 214–215.
  49. ^ a b c Levy 2007, p. 213.
  50. ^ Carey 1978, p. 53; Goyens 2017, p. 94.
  51. ^ Kemp 2018, pp. 62–64.
  52. ^ Levy 2007, pp. 211–212.
  53. ^ Levy 2007, pp. 212–213.
  54. ^ Jensen 2014, pp. 193–194.
  55. ^ Carey 1978, p. 54; Goyens 2017, pp. 93–94; Levy 2007, p. 213.
  56. ^ Carey 1978, p. 54; Goyens 2017, p. 93-94.
  57. ^ Carey 1978, pp. 53–54.
  58. ^ Goyens 2017, p. 94.
  59. ^ Goyens 2017, pp. 59–60.
  60. ^ Goyens 2017, p. 68.
  61. ^ Lardner, James; Reppetto, Thomas (2001). NYPD: A City and Its Police. Macmillan. pp. 173–174. ISBN 978-0-8050-6737-8.
  62. ^ Paul Hofmann (1991). That Fine Italian Hand. Henry Holt and Company. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-8050-1729-8.
  63. ^ "Lost their marbles". The Economist. 30 August 1986. p. 38. ISSN 0013-0613 – via Gale.
  64. ^ "'A Gaetano Bresci, Gli Anarchici' in Piazza La Statua Contestata". La Repubblica. 4 May 1990. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  65. ^ Northern Italy: From the Alps to Rome. A&C Black. 1997. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7136-4294-0.
  66. ^ Mazziotta, Claudia (16 March 2021). "GBRESCI, come l'anarchico che uccise il re". Rockit. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

Bibliography

Further reading

April 11, 2023
gaetano, bresci, italian, pronunciation, ɡaeˈtaːno, ˈbreʃʃi, november, 1869, 1901, italian, anarchist, assassinated, king, umberto, italy, weaver, trade, bresci, radicalised, anarchism, young, experiences, poverty, emigrated, paterson, jersey, where, became, i. Gaetano Bresci Italian pronunciation ɡaeˈtaːno ˈbreʃʃi 11 November 1869 22 May 1901 was an Italian anarchist who assassinated King Umberto I of Italy A weaver by trade Bresci was radicalised to anarchism at a young age due to his experiences in poverty He emigrated to Paterson New Jersey where he became involved with other Italian immigrant anarchists before news of the Bava Beccaris massacre motivated him to return to Italy There he assassinated Umberto and was sentenced to life imprisonment although he would be found dead of an apparent suicide within the year Gaetano BresciBorn 1869 11 11 11 November 1869Prato Tuscany ItalyDied22 May 1901 1901 05 22 aged 31 Santo Stefano Island Latina Lazio ItalyCause of deathSuicide by hangingNationalityItalianOccupationWeaverMovementAnarchism in ItalyConviction s Murder of Umberto ICriminal penaltyLife imprisonment Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life 1 2 Emigration 1 3 Assassination 1 4 Trial and death 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further readingBiography EditEarly life Edit On 11 November 1869 1 Gaetano Bresci was born into a lower middle class family in Prato Tuscany where he worked as a silk weaver 2 He became radicalised by his experiences in the workplace and joined the Italian anarchist movement at the age of 15 3 After being arrested and falling under police surveillance for his political dissidence in 1895 he was exiled to Lampedusa by the government of Francesco Crispi 4 In prison Bresci studied anarchist literature and became radicalised even further by the experience 5 Bresci was granted amnesty in 1896 and returned to Italy where he went back to work in a wool factory During his time there he developed a reputation as a dandy and engaged in numerous affairs possibly fathering a child with one of his co workers 6 Emigration Edit In 1897 Bresci emigrated to the United States 7 From New York Bresci moved to Hoboken New Jersey 8 where he met Sophie Kneiland an Irish American with whom he fathered two daughters Madeleine and Gaetanina 9 To support his family 10 Bresci spent his weekdays working as a silk weaver in Paterson 11 returning to Hoboken on weekends 10 In Paterson Bresci quickly became involved in the local trade unions and the immigrant anarchist movement regularly attending meetings 12 As a member of the Right to Existence Group Italian Gruppo diritti all esistenza 13 Bresci co founded the newspaper La Questione Sociale 14 which he financially supported and contributed to its publication as a prolific firebrand 15 At one of the group s meetings Bresci reportedly saved the life of Errico Malatesta when he disarmed a disgruntled individualist anarchist that had attempted to murder the old anarchist 16 But Bresci ended up leaving the Right to Existence after a few months as he considered it to be insufficiently radical 17 Assassination Edit Bresci assassinating Umberto I of Italy After receiving news of the Bava Beccaris massacre Bresci swore revenge against the murderer king Umberto I of Italy 18 With money from La Questione Sociale 19 he bought a 38 caliber revolver and a one way ticket back to Italy 20 informing his wife that he was returning in order to take care of family business 21 Bresci was accompanied on his journey by a number of other Italian anarchists 22 Upon arriving in Le Havre he and his travelling companions continued on to Paris where they stayed for a week before finally making for Italy 23 In June 1900 Bresci returned to his home city of Prato where he stayed with his brother s family 24 Although the local police chief was aware of his presence and knew of Bresci as a dangerous anarchist he failed to inform the interior ministry or confiscate his passport leaving Bresci to freely practise firing his revolver on a daily basis 25 The following month he visited his sister in Castel San Pietro Terme before moving on to Milan 26 On 25 July he met his friend Luigi Granotti with whom he saw the sights of Milan before travelling to Monza 27 Here Bresci learnt that the King of Italy was due to attend a gymnastics competition while staying at the local Royal Villa Bresci found a room near the Monza train station and waited to strike 28 For two days he scouted the area and inquired for information about the king s activities 29 After preparing his weapon and thoroughly grooming himself in the morning of 29 July 1900 Bresci left his hotel intent on assassinating the king at the conclusion of the contest He spent most of the day walking around town and eating ice cream briefly stopping for lunch with a stranger who he told Look at me carefully because you will perhaps remember me for the rest of your life 30 That evening at 21 30 Umberto began on his largely unguarded route to the stadium where he was to hand out medals to the competition s athletes at 22 00 31 Bresci had positioned himself along the road that led out of the stadium in order to give himself a chance at escape 30 but the excited crowd swept him within three meters of the king s car and blocked his own way out 32 In amongst the crowd Bresci drew his revolver and shot Umberto 31 As the king lay dying Bresci was accosted by the now angry crowd but was arrested by Andrea Braggio before he could be lynched 33 He accepted arrest without resistance declaring I did not kill Umberto I have killed the King I killed a principle 34 Trial and death Edit Gaetano Bresci during his trial A month after the assassination Bresci s trial was held on 30 August 1900 35 At his trial Bresci was defended by Francesco Saverio Merlino 36 who argued that the idolisation of kings had weakened Italy and that the criminalisation of the anarchist movement had directly led to Umberto s assassination He then proposed that the decriminalization of radical ideologies and the resumption of civil liberties would be an end to the anarchist propaganda of the deed 37 His character was further defended by his old foreman 38 a long time co worker 39 and his own wife who herself expressed surprise that her husband could have committed the assassination 40 Examinations by Cesare Lombroso found no evidence of mental illness which meant that the prosecution was unable to establish criminal insanity 39 Nevertheless Bresci was swiftly convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment 41 the most severe punishment available as Italy had already abolished the death penalty 42 He was held in solitary confinement on Santo Stefano Island 43 in a small unfurnished cell 44 with his feet clamped in shackles 33 Meanwhile the interior minister Giovanni Giolitti had become obsessed with the Bresci case 45 He was convinced that the assassination had been plotted by Paterson anarchists including Errico Malatesta together with the exiled Neapolitan Queen Maria Sofia who he alleged was planning to return to power in Italy 46 But despite attempts by the Italian government to prove that the Paterson anarchists had ordered Bresci to assassinate the king the Supreme Court of New Jersey found no evidence of such a plot 47 Giolitti then claimed that the conspirators were planning to break Bresci out of prison on 18 May 1901 45 On 22 May 1901 33 Gaetano Bresci was found hanging by the neck in his cell The word Vengeance had been carved into the wall 41 The circumstances of Bresci s death aroused suspicion with many contesting whether his death was truly a suicide 48 Legacy Edit Bresci monument in Carrara Bresci s assassination of Umberto quickly became a cornerstone of the Italian left wing counterculture 49 while anarchists came to regard Bresci himself as a martyr 50 On Italian anarchist postcards Bresci s face was superimposed onto the Statue of Liberty 49 while his deeds were eulogised in a poem by Voltairine de Cleyre and in Italian revolutionary music 51 One Roman Catholic priest was imprisoned for declaring his support for Bresci s actions which he characterised as an instrument of divine vengeance against a dynasty that has deprived the Popes of their temporal power 52 On the anniversary of the assassination the socialist activist Benito Mussolini praised Bresci in the pages of Lotta di Classe 53 Bresci s actions were also admired by Luigi Lucheni who himself had assassinated Empress Elisabeth of Austria a few years prior 54 When an Italian monarchist newspaper L Araldo Italiano raised one thousand dollars for a decoration for Umberto s tomb 49 the Paterson anarchists responded by quickly raising the same amount to support his widow and two daughters 55 despite police harassment of their fundraising events 56 After Bresci s regicide inspired the anarchist Leon Czolgosz to assassinate United States President William McKinley later that year 33 Bresci s family was forced to flee their home in Cliffside Park due to mounting public pressure and police surveillance 57 Anarchists in New York City formed the Bresci Circle in his honor 58 By 1914 the group had reached 600 members who met frequently in East Harlem s 106th Street 59 That year members of the Bresci group were implicated in a plot to assassinate John D Rockefeller the richest person of the fin de siecle era The following year the group was infiltrated by an undercover operation and two of its members were convicted of plotting to bomb St Patrick s Cathedral in Manhattan 60 61 In 1976 a street in Bresci s home town of Prato was named after him 33 During the 1980s Tuscan anarchists commissioned a monument to Bresci for his hometown but were blocked by the government 62 63 It was erected overnight in Carrara s Turigliano cemetery it in 1990 64 Vittorio Emanuele III commissioned the Expiatory Chapel of Monza to commemorate the place where his father was assassinated 65 In 2021 an Italian darkwave duo named itself GBRESCI after Bresci 66 See also EditList of unsolved deathsReferences Edit Carey 1978 p 50 Levy 2007 p 210 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 133 Carey 1978 p 50 Jensen 2014 pp 187 188 Kemp 2018 p 60 Levy 2007 p 210 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 133 134 Carey 1978 p 50 Jensen 2014 pp 187 188 Kemp 2018 p 60 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 134 Jensen 2014 pp 187 188 Kemp 2018 p 60 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 134 135 Jensen 2014 pp 187 188 Kemp 2018 pp 60 61 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 135 Carey 1978 p 50 Jensen 2014 pp 187 188 Kemp 2018 pp 60 61 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 135 Carey 1978 p 51 Kemp 2018 p 61 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 140 141 Carey 1978 p 51 Kemp 2018 p 61 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 141 a b Carey 1978 p 51 Levy 2007 p 211 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 141 Carey 1978 p 51 Jensen 2014 p 188 Kemp 2018 p 61 Levy 2007 p 211 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 140 141 Jensen 2014 pp 188 189 Kemp 2018 p 61 Levy 2007 p 211 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 140 143 Jensen 2014 pp 189 190 Kemp 2018 p 61 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 142 143 Goyens 2017 p 93 Kemp 2018 p 61 Kemp 2018 p 61 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 142 143 Carey 1978 pp 51 52 Levy 2007 p 211 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 142 Jensen 2014 pp 190 191 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 143 144 Jensen 2014 p 191 Kemp 2018 p 61 Levy 2007 p 211 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 144 Kemp 2018 p 61 Carey 1978 p 47 Kemp 2018 p 61 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 145 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 145 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 146 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 146 147 Kemp 2018 pp 61 62 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 147 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 147 Kemp 2018 pp 61 62 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 147 148 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 148 149 Kemp 2018 pp 61 62 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 p 149 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 149 a b Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 149 150 a b Jensen 2014 p 199 Kemp 2018 p 62 Jensen 2014 p 199 Kemp 2018 p 62 Pernicone amp Ottanelli 2018 pp 149 150 a b c d e Kemp 2018 p 62 Carey 1978 p 46 Kemp 2018 p 62 Levy 2007 p 213 Carey 1978 p 53 Goyens 2017 pp 93 94 Kemp 2018 p 62 Levy 2007 pp 216 217 Levy 2007 pp 216 217 Carey 1978 p 46 Jensen 2014 pp 192 193 a b Jensen 2014 pp 192 193 Carey 1978 p 52 Jensen 2014 pp 192 193 a b Carey 1978 p 53 Kemp 2018 p 62 Jensen 2014 p 192 Jensen 2014 p 192 Kemp 2018 p 62 Levy 2007 p 215 Kemp 2018 p 62 Levy 2007 p 215 a b Levy 2007 p 215 Carey 1978 p 47 Levy 2007 p 215 Carey 1978 p 50 Jensen 2014 pp 195 196 Levy 2007 p 214 Goyens 2017 p 93 Kemp 2018 p 62 Levy 2007 pp 214 215 a b c Levy 2007 p 213 Carey 1978 p 53 Goyens 2017 p 94 Kemp 2018 pp 62 64 Levy 2007 pp 211 212 Levy 2007 pp 212 213 Jensen 2014 pp 193 194 Carey 1978 p 54 Goyens 2017 pp 93 94 Levy 2007 p 213 Carey 1978 p 54 Goyens 2017 p 93 94 Carey 1978 pp 53 54 Goyens 2017 p 94 Goyens 2017 pp 59 60 Goyens 2017 p 68 Lardner James Reppetto Thomas 2001 NYPD A City and Its Police Macmillan pp 173 174 ISBN 978 0 8050 6737 8 Paul Hofmann 1991 That Fine Italian Hand Henry Holt and Company p 83 ISBN 978 0 8050 1729 8 Lost their marbles The Economist 30 August 1986 p 38 ISSN 0013 0613 via Gale A Gaetano Bresci Gli Anarchici in Piazza La Statua Contestata La Repubblica 4 May 1990 Retrieved 14 October 2018 Northern Italy From the Alps to Rome A amp C Black 1997 p 74 ISBN 978 0 7136 4294 0 Mazziotta Claudia 16 March 2021 GBRESCI come l anarchico che uccise il re Rockit Retrieved 4 November 2021 Bibliography EditCarey George W December 1978 The Vessel The Deed and the Idea Anarchists in Paterson 1895 1908 Antipode 10 11 3 1 46 58 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8330 1978 tb00115 x ISSN 1467 8330 Goyens Tom 2017 Radical Gotham Anarchism in New York City from Schwab s Saloon to Occupy Wall Street University of Illinois Press pp 93 94 ISBN 978 0 252 09959 5 Jensen Richard Bach 2014 The Assassination of Umberto I of Italy The Battle Against Anarchist Terrorism An International History 1878 1934 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 03405 1 OCLC 936070232 Kemp Michael 2018 The Cook the Blacksmith the King and the Weaver Bombs Bullets and Bread The Politics of Anarchist Terrorism Worldwide 1866 1926 McFarland pp 60 64 ISBN 978 1 4766 3211 7 Levy Carl 2007 The Anarchist Assassin and Italian History 1870s to 1930s In Gundle S Rinaldi L eds Assassinations and Murder in Modern Italy pp 207 221 doi 10 1057 9780230606913 17 ISBN 978 02306 0691 3 Pernicone Nunzio Ottanelli Fraser M 2018 Assassins Against the Old Order Italian Anarchist Violence in Fin De Siecle Europe University of Illinois Press doi 10 5406 j ctv513d7b ISBN 978 0 252 05056 5 OCLC 1050163307 S2CID 197856146 Further reading EditGalzerano Giuseppe 2001 Gaetano Bresci vita attentato processo carcere e morte dell anarchico che giustizio Umberto I in Italian Casal Velino Galzerano OCLC 49712282 Lurie Maxine N Mappen Marc 2004 Bresci Gaetano Encyclopedia of New Jersey Rutgers University Press p 97 ISBN 978 0 8135 3325 4 Nash Jay Robert 1998 Terrorism in the 20th Century A Narrative Encyclopedia From the Anarchists through the Weathermen to the Unabomber M Evans p 3 ISBN 978 1 4617 4769 7 Pasi Paolo 2014 Ho ucciso un principio Vita e morte di Gaetano Bresci l anarchico che sparo al re in Italian Milan Eleuthera ISBN 978 8896904503 OCLC 884723991 Petacco Arrigo 2001 L anarchico che venne dall America Storia di Gaetano Bresci e del complotto per uccidere Umberto I in Italian Milan Oscar Mondadori ISBN 88 04 49087 X Santin Fabio Riccomini Marco 2006 Gaetano Bresci un tessitore anarchico in Italian Montespertoli MIR Edizioni ISBN 88 88282 88 2 Vecoli Rudolph J 1999 Bresci Gaetano 1869 1901 silk weaver and regicide In Garraty John A Carnes Mark C eds American National Biography New York Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 anb 9780198606697 article 1501197 ISBN 0 19 520635 5 Portals Anarchism Italy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gaetano Bresci amp oldid 1147227986, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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