fbpx
Wikipedia

Supreme Court of New Jersey

The Supreme Court of New Jersey is the highest court in the U.S. state of New Jersey. In its current form, the Supreme Court of New Jersey is the final judicial authority on all cases in the state court system, including cases challenging the validity of state laws under the state constitution. It has the sole authority to prescribe and amend court rules and regulate the practice of law, and it is the arbiter and overseer of the decennial legislative redistricting. One of its former members, William J. Brennan Jr., became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.[1]

Supreme Court of New Jersey
Seal
Established1947 in current form
LocationRichard J. Hughes Justice Complex, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.
Composition methodExecutive appointment with legislative confirmation
Authorized byNew Jersey State Constitution
Appeals toSupreme Court of the United States (on questions of federal constitutional or statutory law only)
Judge term length7 years, then until 70 years of age
Number of positions7
WebsiteOfficial website
Chief Justice
CurrentlyStuart Rabner
SinceJune 29, 2007
Lead position endsJune 30, 2030
Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex, seat of the court.

It has existed in three different forms under the three different state constitutions since the independence of the state in 1776. As currently constituted, the court replaced the prior New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals, which had been the highest court created under the Constitution of 1844.[2] Now, the Supreme Court hears appeals from the Appellate Division and, on rare occasions, other cases from within the judicial and administrative system directly, by order of the Court.[3]

Previous compositions edit

Until the Constitution of 1947, the Supreme Court was an intermediate court. Under the two previous New Jersey state constitutions (1776 and 1844), the phrase "Supreme Court" referred to a lower court, similar to the New York Supreme Court. Both the "supreme court" and the actual highest court were composed in a radically different manner from that of the current supreme court or its inferior courts.

Under the 1776 constitution edit

Under the colonial constitution of 1776, the upper house of the legislature (which was styled the Legislative Council) along with the governor was to be "the Court of Appeals", defined as the court of last resort, similar to the Law Lords of Great Britain.[4] A separate "Supreme Court" was also mentioned, but no indication of its duties was given, only term limits of its judges (7 years).[5] As time progressed and political philosophies changed, people took issue with numerous parts of the original constitution: It was hastily thrown together, used property qualifications for enfranchisement, contained scant guarantees of freedoms, was unamendable, and freely intermingled the three branches of government.[6]

Jurisdiction edit

 
The official seal of the Supreme Court, as included in certificates granted to attorneys approved by the Board on Attorney Certification in one of several specialist areas.[7]

Under the current (1947 and amended) constitution, the highest court in the state is the Supreme Court.[8] It does not have original jurisdiction; instead, it hears appeals, oversees the state's court system, and regulates the legal profession within the state.[9]

Normally, an appeal from one of the trial divisions of the New Jersey Superior Court goes to the Appellate Division of that court. Thereafter, it may be brought before the Supreme Court if a statute provides that the case may go to that court, or if it meets one or more of the following five requirements:[10]

  • as of right if the case involves a question of constitutionality;
  • as of right if an Appellate Division judge dissented from that court's ruling;
  • formerly, as of right if the case involved capital punishment (now abolished in New Jersey);
  • at the Supreme Court's discretion, when the Supreme Court grants certification; or
  • by operation of law if the case involves the drawing of political boundaries (see below).

Political functions edit

The court serves as a de facto tie-breaker in case the twelve-member New Jersey Redistricting Commission fails to come to an agreement on who the 13th independent tie-breaking member will be, following the decennial United States Census. If the commission reports ("certifies") to the court that it is evenly divided, the commission may nominate two people to become an independent 13th member. The court appoints the one deemed "more qualified," who will then break the tie.[11]

If the Commission still cannot reach a 7–6 majority in favor of a final redistricting configuration, the two district plans receiving the greatest number of votes, but not fewer than five votes, are submitted to the Supreme Court, which selects and certifies whichever of the two plans so submitted conforms most closely to the requirements of the Constitution and laws of the United States.[12]

In the case of the Apportionment Commission for state legislative districts, the Chief Justice alone gets to pick the final 11th member of the commission.[13] The court also acts as final arbiter of the inability or absence of the Governor or Lieutenant Governor, following a declaration by the Legislature.[14] As in federal impeachment trials, in case of impeachment of the Governor, the Chief Justice presides.[15]

Membership edit

Appointment, composition, and life on the bench edit

The Governor nominates all justices to the Court but may choose only from among those lawyers admitted to the New Jersey bar for at least ten years. Following seven days of public notice, nominees are put before the Senate for "advice and consent".[16] Once appointed after State Senate confirmation, justices (and all state judges in New Jersey) serve for an initial term of seven years. After their initial term, the Governor may choose to nominate them for tenure, sending the nomination for tenure to the State Senate, which must again decide whether or not to grant advice and consent. Judges confirmed to a tenured position on the Court serve until they die, resign, retire or are retired, are impeached and removed, or reach the age of 70, at which point they are automatically retired. The Court consists of seven justices, one of whom serves as the chief justice. The chief justice may select judges from the Superior Court, senior in service, to serve temporarily on the Supreme Court when he determines it necessary to fill a vacancy.[17]

The salary of the chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court is $192,795, while the salary of each associate justice is $185,482.[18] Once in office, the salary of judges may not be decreased. While sitting on the bench, judges are not permitted to practice law or earn money from any other source.[19]

A majority of the General Assembly may pass articles of impeachment against a justice, which the Senate will then try. Only a two-thirds majority will convict, and the Senate may punish a convicted justice with only removal from office and prohibition on holding future office.[20] After a justice has been impeached by the General Assembly—but before the Senate renders a verdict on the charges—the justice may not exercise any official function. By virtue of accepting a position in the Executive or Legislative branches of government or becoming a candidate for political office, a justice is considered as resigned from the bench.[21]

Should a justice or judge become "incapacitated" to the point at which they can no longer continue in office, the Court as a whole may notify the governor. The governor then appoints a three-member commission and, depending on their decision, may force them to retire.[22]

Current membership edit

By tradition, a partisan balance is maintained on the Supreme Court, with the sitting governor permitted to arrange his appointments so that his party has a one-seat advantage.[23]

The tradition of partisan balance can influence the governor's selection of a chief justice, a fact most recently demonstrated in 2006 when Chief Justice Deborah Poritz, a Republican, reached the mandatory retirement age. To avoid appointing a Republican to the highest judicial position in the state, Democratic governor Jon Corzine instead elevated Associate Justice James R. Zazzali, a Democrat, to the chief justice position and appointed a Republican to fill the seat Zazzali had occupied. When Zazzali reached the age of 70 less than a year later, Corzine was able to nominate a Democrat, Attorney General and former federal prosecutor Stuart Rabner, to serve as Chief Justice. The state Senate confirmed Rabner on June 21, 2007, and he was sworn in as Chief Justice eight days later.

Traditionally in New Jersey, the governor re-submits for tenure the justices whose initial terms have expired, and Governor Corzine followed this tradition with his re-appointments of Justices Long and LaVecchia. On May 15, 2009, Governor Corzine renominated Justice Albin, whose initial seven-year term would have expired on September 18, 2009.[24] Albin's re-appointment was cleared by the Senate on June 26, 2009.[25]

Governor Chris Christie, a Republican, elected not to renominate Justice John E. Wallace Jr. in May 2010 and instead nominated attorney Anne M. Patterson. After New Jersey Senate Majority Leader Stephen Sweeney, a Democrat, refused to consider any nominee to Wallace's seat, Christie nominated Patterson to replace Justice Rivera-Soto who announced he would step down when his term expired in September 2011. The New Jersey Senate unanimously confirmed Patterson on June 28, 2011. She was sworn into a seat on the Court, replacing Rivera-Soto, on September 1, 2011.[26]

An impasse between Governor Christie and the Democratic State Senate resulted in longstanding vacancies, and the rejection or refusal to consider several Christie nominees. On May 21, 2014, a compromise was reported under which the Governor agreed to re-appoint Chief Justice Rabner, and the Senate agreed to consider the nomination of Judge Lee Solomon, who is identified as Republican.[27]

In April 2016, Governor Christie announced his nomination of Democrat Walter Timpone to the Court's vacant seat.[28] He was sworn on May 2, 2016.[29] As Timpone was 65 at the time of his appointment in 2016, he was required to retire when he turned 70 in 2020, before he became eligible for tenure.

In May 2018, Governor Phil Murphy announced his intention to renominate Justice Anne Patterson for tenure.[30] Justice Patterson was reconfirmed by the Senate on July 26, 2018.[31]

On June 5, 2020, Governor Phil Murphy announced his intention to nominate Fabiana Pierre-Louis to replace Justice Walter F. Timpone, who was required to retire on November 10, 2020.[32][33] On August 24, 2020, the New Jersey Senate's Judiciary Committee voted 11–0 to advance her nomination to the full Senate,[34][35] and on August 27, 2020, the Senate voted 39–0 to confirm her to the Court.[36] Pierre-Louis assumed office on September 1, 2020.[37]

Also in June 2020, Governor Murphy announced his intention to nominate Justice Faustino Fernandez-Vina for tenure.[38] On October 29, 2020, the Senate voted 34–0 to grant Fernandez-Vina tenure.[39]

On March 8, 2021, Justice Jaynee LaVecchia announced that she would retire on August 31, 2021, more than three years before her mandatory retirement date.[40] A week later, Governor Murphy announced his intention to nominate Rachel Wainer Apter, the director of the New Jersey Division of Civil Rights, to replace LaVecchia.[41] Apter was blocked for 14 months by Republican Senator Holly Schepisi by a process called senatorial consent (similar to the blue slip process for federal judgeships),[42] and was only allowed to move forward after two more justices, Barry T. Albin and Faustino J. Fernandez-Vina, had reached retirement age in the interim and Gov. Murphy nominated Republican Douglas M. Fasciale to succeed Fernandez-Vina.[43] Both Apter and Fasciale were confirmed on October 17, 2022.[44]

Name Born Joined Term ends Mandatory retirement Party affiliation Appointed by Law school
Stuart Rabner, Chief Justice (1960-06-30) June 30, 1960 (age 63) June 29, 2007 [a] June 30, 2030 Democratic Jon Corzine (D) Harvard
Anne M. Patterson (1959-04-15) April 15, 1959 (age 64) September 1, 2011 [a] April 15, 2029 Republican Chris Christie (R) Cornell
Lee Solomon (1954-08-17) August 17, 1954 (age 69) June 19, 2014 [a] August 17, 2024 Republican Chris Christie (R) Widener
Fabiana Pierre-Louis (1980-09-09) September 9, 1980 (age 43) September 1, 2020 September 1, 2027 September 9, 2050 Democratic Phil Murphy (D) Rutgers
Douglas M. Fasciale (1960-11-05) November 5, 1960 (age 62) October 21, 2022[b] October 21, 2029 November 5, 2030 Republican Phil Murphy (D) Seton Hall
Rachel Wainer Apter (1980-07-22) July 22, 1980 (age 43) October 21, 2022 October 21, 2029 July 22, 2050 Democratic Phil Murphy (D) Harvard
Michael Noriega (1978-03-27) March 27, 1978 (age 45) July 6, 2023 July 6, 2030 2047/2048 Democratic Phil Murphy (D) Seton Hall

Important cases edit

Constitutional law edit

 
David Brearley, author of the precedent setting Holmes v. Walton

The principle of judicial review in New Jersey was the result of then Chief Justice David Brearley's opinion in Holmes v. Walton (1779 or 1780). While the case was decided against the plaintiff, the court's consideration of the matter asserted its ability to determine constitutionality.[45][6] This was followed by the federal Supreme Court's case of Marbury v. Madison.

In State v. Post and State v. Van Beuren 20 N.J.L. 368, decided together, the constitutionality of slavery in the state was challenged on the grounds that the first article of the first section of the newly passed (1844) state constitution ("All men are by nature free and independent...") precluded it. The court by two to one (with one absence), rejected this stating that "the constitution has not ... abolished slavery."[46][47] Slavery was abolished nationwide by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865.

Individual rights edit

The Court has delivered many cases concerning the rights of individuals, in many cases reading them expansively:

In its 1966 decision in Clover Hill Swimming Club, Inc. v. Robert F. Goldsboro and Division on Civil Rights (47 N.J. 25; 219 A.2d 161; 1966 N.J. LEXIS 180), the court ruled against the club, which had denied membership to an African-American. The club claimed that as a private organization it could choose its own membership although it had placed advertisements in local newspapers and magazines.[48]

In State ex rel. T. L. O., 463 A. 2d 934 (1983) the court decided, against two lower courts, that a search of a student's purse without a warrant was unreasonable. This was appealed as New Jersey v. T. L. O. 469 U.S. 325 (1985), wherein the United States Supreme Court ruled that students and minors have a lower expectation of privacy, saying in its noted ruling that "school officials need not obtain a warrant before searching a student who is under their authority."[49]

In re Quinlan 355 A.2d 647 concerned the right to die of Karen Ann Quinlan, who was in a persistent vegetative state following prolonged respiratory failure. Her parents (and legal guardians) requested to have her ventilator removed, which the officials at the hospital refused to do. The court ultimately ruled in her parents' favor. She continued to live without artificial respiration for several years afterwards.[50]

In 1988, the Court ruled in In re Baby M (537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396) that the surrogate mother of Baby M, despite previous rulings denying her custody, was entitled to visitation rights.[51]

In Desilets v. Clearview Regional Board of Education (647 A.2d. 150, 137 N.J. 585 (1994)), the Court ruled that Clearview did not violate students' free speech rights under the First Amendment or the New Jersey State Constitution.[52]

Dale v. Boy Scouts of America (160 N.J. 562 (1999)) concerned the right of the Boy Scouts of America organization to expel a member for declaring himself to be homosexual. James Dale, the plaintiff, was a member of the organization for some years before he made his orientation public. Upon discovering this, the district BSA council revoked his membership. Dale sued for violating the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, which the court unanimously agreed applied to the BSA. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000), a 5–4 decision.[53] Apprendi v. New Jersey, a later ruling, was also overruled.

In a 4–2 vote in 2000, the court struck down a law signed by Governor Christine Whitman requiring parental notification when abortions were performed on minor children. The court held that the privacy rights of the minors were paramount and were guaranteed by New Jersey's state constitution.[54]

The court's 2006 decision in Caballero v. Martinez concerned an illegal immigrant, Victor Manuel Caballero, who was injured during an accident while riding in an uninsured vehicle driven by an unlicensed person. The Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund, set up to cover injuries by uninsured drivers, refused to compensate him as he was not a legal resident. The Court on hearing his case overruled two lower courts and declared Caballero to be entitled to compensation from the fund, stating that "a person may be a 'resident' even if the intent to remain ultimately is not realized". Previously an individual who had lived five months with relatives was not a resident with respect to the Fund.[55]

In 2006, the Court decided in Lewis v. Harris that the legislature must change state law, within 180 days, to afford equal protection to same-sex couples, via marriage, or an identical substitute, such as civil unions. The New Jersey Legislature responded by enacting civil unions.[56] This case was the basis for a New Jersey Superior Court ruling that led to the legalization of same-sex marriage in New Jersey in Garden State Equality v. Dow.

In 2020, the Court decided in State of New Jersey v. Andrews, by a 4–3 vote, that a court order compelling a defendant to provide the passwords to his cell phones to the police did not violate either federal or state protections against compelled disclosure of potentially self-incriminating information.[57] This ruling contributed to a growing split in how federal and state courts have addressed the issue of compelled decryption, with the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reaching similar decisions and state supreme courts in Indiana and Pennsylvania deciding the opposite.[58]

Social and political cases edit

In State v. Driver (1962), the Court held that a sound recording of an interrogation of a defendant can only be admitted into evidence if it is competent and relevant. The Court introduced a five-factor test to assess whether a recorded interrogation is admissible.[59]

In Abbott v. Burke (1981), or Abbott I, which was filed on behalf of students of the most depressed school districts, the Court decided that a single test must be applied statewide to determine if students were getting the constitutionally mandated education. Also, the Abbott districts are given state aid to match the operating budget of the richer districts.[46] Since then there have been seven "Abbott cases", many of which ended with the court finding the New Jersey Legislature's latest educational acts unconstitutional.[60][61]

In 1975 and 1983, two cases, both named Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel Township, were decided by the Court. The Constitution was interpreted to require that zoning authorities institute inclusionary zoning of their land to create affordable housing, that the districts had to equally take on the required load of housing, and that exclusionary zoning was illegal. These requirements are now commonly referred to as the Mount Laurel Doctrine.[62]

State v. Kelly, 91 N.J. 178 (1984), is a Supreme Court case where the defendant, Gladys Kelly, was on trial for allegedly murdering her husband, Ernest Kelly, with a pair of scissors. The Supreme Court reversed the case for further trial after finding that expert testimony regarding the defense's submission that Kelly suffered from battered woman syndrome was incorrectly excluded, as the syndrome was a proper subject for expert evidence despite being a new field.[63]

In Democratic Party v. Samson, 814 A.2d 1028 (2002), the Court allowed the state Democratic Party to change their candidate for the upcoming federal Senate race from Robert Torricelli to Frank Lautenberg despite the deadline having passed. In its opinion it cited previous cases before the Court, including one stating "Election laws are to be liberally construed", to decide that the change was in the interest of the electorate.[64][65]

References edit

  1. ^ "HENRY ACKERSON OF JERSEY COURT". The New York Times. December 11, 1970. p. 50. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  2. ^ Jeffrey S. Mandel, New Jersey Appellate Practice (Gann Law Books), chapter 12:1-1
  3. ^ Jeffrey S. Mandel, New Jersey Appellate Practice (Gann Law Books), chapter 1:2-2
  4. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1776, Article IX.
  5. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1776, Article XII.
  6. ^ a b New Jersey: A Guide to Its Present and Past. Prelinger Library. New York: Viking Press. 1939.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ . Judiciary of New Jersey. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  8. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section II.
  9. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section V.
  10. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section V.
  11. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article II, Section I.
  12. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article II, Section I.
  13. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article IV, Section III.
  14. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article V, Section I.
  15. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VII, Section III.
  16. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section VI.
  17. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section II.
  18. ^ Johnson, Brent (May 19, 2018). "Murphy agrees to pay hikes for N.J. judges, top officials". NJ.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  19. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section VI.
  20. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VII, Section III.
  21. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section VI.
  22. ^ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section VI.
  23. ^ . American Judicature Society. December 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 15, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  24. ^ Fuchs, Mary (May 15, 2009). "Corzine announces reappointment of Supreme Court Justice Barry Albin". NJ.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  25. ^ Fuchs, Mary (June 26, 2009). "Justice Barry Albin wins lifetime job on N.J. Supreme Court". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
  26. ^ Spoto, MaryAnn (September 1, 2011). "Anne Patterson sworn in to N.J. Supreme Court". NJ.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  27. ^ Hanna, Maddie (May 21, 2014). "In deal, Christie renominates Chief Justice Rabner and names Lee Solomon to court". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  28. ^ Yi, Karen (April 11, 2016). "Christie nominates Democrat to Supreme Court". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  29. ^ (PDF) (Press release). Judiciary of New Jersey. June 1, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  30. ^ Johnson, Brent (June 1, 2018). "Phil Murphy re-nominates Christie pick to N.J.'s top court". NJ.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  31. ^ Aron, Michael (July 26, 2018). "Justice Patterson reconfirmed for state high court". NJ Spotlight News. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  32. ^ "Governor Murphy Announces Intention to Nominate Fabiana Pierre-Louis to Serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court" (Press release). Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  33. ^ Johnson, Brent (June 5, 2020). "Murphy to nominate attorney to become first black woman to N.J. Supreme Court". NJ.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  34. ^ Tully, Tracey (August 24, 2020). "Daughter of Immigrants to Be 1st Black Woman on N.J. Supreme Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  35. ^ Nelson, Blake (August 24, 2020). "N.J. Senate committee unanimously approves first Black woman to state Supreme Court". NJ.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  36. ^ Parmley, Suzette (August 27, 2020). "Fabiana Pierre-Louis Confirmed to NJ Supreme Court". New Jersey Law Journal. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  37. ^ Johnson, Brent (September 1, 2020). "N.J. now has 1st Black woman on state Supreme Court. Fabiana Pierre-Louis was just sworn in". NJ.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  38. ^ Wildstein, David (June 15, 2020). "Murphy offers tenure to Supreme Court Justice Fernandez-Vina". New Jersey Globe. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  39. ^ Parmley, Suzette (October 29, 2020). "Fernandez-Vina Tenured to NJ Supreme Court, 4 Approved for Superior Court". New Jersey Law Journal. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  40. ^ Wildstein, David (March 8, 2021). "LaVecchia will retire, opening Supreme Court nomination for Murphy". New Jersey Globe. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  41. ^ "Governor Murphy Announces Intention to Nominate Rachel Wainer Apter to Serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court" (Press release). Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  42. ^ Fox, Joey (October 6, 2021). "Murphy optimistic on Wainer Apter nomination despite long delay". New Jersey Globe. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  43. ^ Sobko, Katie (September 14, 2022). "Murphy to name Republican to Supreme Court in deal with Bergen County's Schepisi". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
  44. ^ Biryukov, Nikita (October 17, 2022). "Lawmakers confirm two for New Jersey Supreme Court seats". New Jersey Monitor. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  45. ^ "America's Founding Documents". National Archives. October 30, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  46. ^ a b "Article VI, Section V of the New Jersey State Constitution of 1947". www.njleg.state.nj.us. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  47. ^ "The State v. Post/The State v. Van Beuren (20 N.J.L. 368)". njlegallib.rutgers.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  48. ^ "Clover Hill Swimming Club, Inc. v. Goldsboro". Justia Law. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  49. ^ New Jersey v. T. L. O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985).
  50. ^ "In Re Quinlan, 355 A.2d 647, 70 N.J. 10". CourtListener. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  51. ^ "In re Baby M, 537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396 (1988)". biotech.law.lsu.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  52. ^ "Desilets v. Clearview Regional Bd. of Educ, 137 N.J. 585 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  53. ^ . November 16, 2003. Archived from the original on November 16, 2003. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  54. ^ New Jersey Supreme Court strikes down a law signed by Whitman requiring parental notification when abortions were performed on minor children September 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, articles.orlandosentinel.com, August 16, 2000; accessed May 24, 2014.
  55. ^ "Caballero v. Martinez". Justia Law. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  56. ^ "Lewis v. Harris". Findlaw. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  57. ^ "New Jersey v. Andrews". Justia Law. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  58. ^ "State Court Docket Watch: State of New Jersey v. Robert Andrews | The Federalist Society". fedsoc.org. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  59. ^ "State v. Driver". Justia Law. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  60. ^ . December 30, 2005. Archived from the original on December 30, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  61. ^ . January 16, 2006. Archived from the original on January 16, 2006. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  62. ^ Hanley, Robert (October 24, 1988). "Affordable Housing in Jersey Is Still an Elusive Goal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  63. ^ "State v. Kelly". www.courtswv.gov. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  64. ^ . PBS. March 29, 2005. Archived from the original on March 29, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  65. ^ . June 13, 2004. Archived from the original on June 13, 2004. Retrieved March 20, 2021.

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c At the end of their initial seven-year term, the justice was renominated for tenure and was confirmed by the New Jersey Senate to serve until the mandatory retirement at the age of 70.
  2. ^ Fasciale served in a temporary appointment from September 1–October 21, 2022

Works cited edit

  • New Jersey State Constitution of 1776, July 2, 1776
  • New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, November 4, 1947

External links edit

  Media related to Supreme Court of New Jersey at Wikimedia Commons

  • Official website
  • Supreme Court appeals

supreme, court, jersey, highest, court, state, jersey, current, form, final, judicial, authority, cases, state, court, system, including, cases, challenging, validity, state, laws, under, state, constitution, sole, authority, prescribe, amend, court, rules, re. The Supreme Court of New Jersey is the highest court in the U S state of New Jersey In its current form the Supreme Court of New Jersey is the final judicial authority on all cases in the state court system including cases challenging the validity of state laws under the state constitution It has the sole authority to prescribe and amend court rules and regulate the practice of law and it is the arbiter and overseer of the decennial legislative redistricting One of its former members William J Brennan Jr became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1 Supreme Court of New JerseySealEstablished1947 in current formLocationRichard J Hughes Justice Complex Trenton New Jersey U S Composition methodExecutive appointment with legislative confirmationAuthorized byNew Jersey State ConstitutionAppeals toSupreme Court of the United States on questions of federal constitutional or statutory law only Judge term length7 years then until 70 years of ageNumber of positions7WebsiteOfficial websiteChief JusticeCurrentlyStuart RabnerSinceJune 29 2007Lead position endsJune 30 2030Richard J Hughes Justice Complex seat of the court It has existed in three different forms under the three different state constitutions since the independence of the state in 1776 As currently constituted the court replaced the prior New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals which had been the highest court created under the Constitution of 1844 2 Now the Supreme Court hears appeals from the Appellate Division and on rare occasions other cases from within the judicial and administrative system directly by order of the Court 3 Contents 1 Previous compositions 1 1 Under the 1776 constitution 2 Jurisdiction 2 1 Political functions 3 Membership 3 1 Appointment composition and life on the bench 3 2 Current membership 4 Important cases 4 1 Constitutional law 4 2 Individual rights 4 3 Social and political cases 5 References 6 Notes 7 Works cited 8 External linksPrevious compositions editUntil the Constitution of 1947 the Supreme Court was an intermediate court Under the two previous New Jersey state constitutions 1776 and 1844 the phrase Supreme Court referred to a lower court similar to the New York Supreme Court Both the supreme court and the actual highest court were composed in a radically different manner from that of the current supreme court or its inferior courts Under the 1776 constitution edit Under the colonial constitution of 1776 the upper house of the legislature which was styled the Legislative Council along with the governor was to be the Court of Appeals defined as the court of last resort similar to the Law Lords of Great Britain 4 A separate Supreme Court was also mentioned but no indication of its duties was given only term limits of its judges 7 years 5 As time progressed and political philosophies changed people took issue with numerous parts of the original constitution It was hastily thrown together used property qualifications for enfranchisement contained scant guarantees of freedoms was unamendable and freely intermingled the three branches of government 6 Jurisdiction edit nbsp The official seal of the Supreme Court as included in certificates granted to attorneys approved by the Board on Attorney Certification in one of several specialist areas 7 Under the current 1947 and amended constitution the highest court in the state is the Supreme Court 8 It does not have original jurisdiction instead it hears appeals oversees the state s court system and regulates the legal profession within the state 9 Normally an appeal from one of the trial divisions of the New Jersey Superior Court goes to the Appellate Division of that court Thereafter it may be brought before the Supreme Court if a statute provides that the case may go to that court or if it meets one or more of the following five requirements 10 as of right if the case involves a question of constitutionality as of right if an Appellate Division judge dissented from that court s ruling formerly as of right if the case involved capital punishment now abolished in New Jersey at the Supreme Court s discretion when the Supreme Court grants certification or by operation of law if the case involves the drawing of political boundaries see below Political functions edit The court serves as a de facto tie breaker in case the twelve member New Jersey Redistricting Commission fails to come to an agreement on who the 13th independent tie breaking member will be following the decennial United States Census If the commission reports certifies to the court that it is evenly divided the commission may nominate two people to become an independent 13th member The court appoints the one deemed more qualified who will then break the tie 11 If the Commission still cannot reach a 7 6 majority in favor of a final redistricting configuration the two district plans receiving the greatest number of votes but not fewer than five votes are submitted to the Supreme Court which selects and certifies whichever of the two plans so submitted conforms most closely to the requirements of the Constitution and laws of the United States 12 In the case of the Apportionment Commission for state legislative districts the Chief Justice alone gets to pick the final 11th member of the commission 13 The court also acts as final arbiter of the inability or absence of the Governor or Lieutenant Governor following a declaration by the Legislature 14 As in federal impeachment trials in case of impeachment of the Governor the Chief Justice presides 15 Membership editAppointment composition and life on the bench edit The Governor nominates all justices to the Court but may choose only from among those lawyers admitted to the New Jersey bar for at least ten years Following seven days of public notice nominees are put before the Senate for advice and consent 16 Once appointed after State Senate confirmation justices and all state judges in New Jersey serve for an initial term of seven years After their initial term the Governor may choose to nominate them for tenure sending the nomination for tenure to the State Senate which must again decide whether or not to grant advice and consent Judges confirmed to a tenured position on the Court serve until they die resign retire or are retired are impeached and removed or reach the age of 70 at which point they are automatically retired The Court consists of seven justices one of whom serves as the chief justice The chief justice may select judges from the Superior Court senior in service to serve temporarily on the Supreme Court when he determines it necessary to fill a vacancy 17 The salary of the chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court is 192 795 while the salary of each associate justice is 185 482 18 Once in office the salary of judges may not be decreased While sitting on the bench judges are not permitted to practice law or earn money from any other source 19 A majority of the General Assembly may pass articles of impeachment against a justice which the Senate will then try Only a two thirds majority will convict and the Senate may punish a convicted justice with only removal from office and prohibition on holding future office 20 After a justice has been impeached by the General Assembly but before the Senate renders a verdict on the charges the justice may not exercise any official function By virtue of accepting a position in the Executive or Legislative branches of government or becoming a candidate for political office a justice is considered as resigned from the bench 21 Should a justice or judge become incapacitated to the point at which they can no longer continue in office the Court as a whole may notify the governor The governor then appoints a three member commission and depending on their decision may force them to retire 22 Current membership edit Main article List of justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey By tradition a partisan balance is maintained on the Supreme Court with the sitting governor permitted to arrange his appointments so that his party has a one seat advantage 23 The tradition of partisan balance can influence the governor s selection of a chief justice a fact most recently demonstrated in 2006 when Chief Justice Deborah Poritz a Republican reached the mandatory retirement age To avoid appointing a Republican to the highest judicial position in the state Democratic governor Jon Corzine instead elevated Associate Justice James R Zazzali a Democrat to the chief justice position and appointed a Republican to fill the seat Zazzali had occupied When Zazzali reached the age of 70 less than a year later Corzine was able to nominate a Democrat Attorney General and former federal prosecutor Stuart Rabner to serve as Chief Justice The state Senate confirmed Rabner on June 21 2007 and he was sworn in as Chief Justice eight days later Traditionally in New Jersey the governor re submits for tenure the justices whose initial terms have expired and Governor Corzine followed this tradition with his re appointments of Justices Long and LaVecchia On May 15 2009 Governor Corzine renominated Justice Albin whose initial seven year term would have expired on September 18 2009 24 Albin s re appointment was cleared by the Senate on June 26 2009 25 Governor Chris Christie a Republican elected not to renominate Justice John E Wallace Jr in May 2010 and instead nominated attorney Anne M Patterson After New Jersey Senate Majority Leader Stephen Sweeney a Democrat refused to consider any nominee to Wallace s seat Christie nominated Patterson to replace Justice Rivera Soto who announced he would step down when his term expired in September 2011 The New Jersey Senate unanimously confirmed Patterson on June 28 2011 She was sworn into a seat on the Court replacing Rivera Soto on September 1 2011 26 An impasse between Governor Christie and the Democratic State Senate resulted in longstanding vacancies and the rejection or refusal to consider several Christie nominees On May 21 2014 a compromise was reported under which the Governor agreed to re appoint Chief Justice Rabner and the Senate agreed to consider the nomination of Judge Lee Solomon who is identified as Republican 27 In April 2016 Governor Christie announced his nomination of Democrat Walter Timpone to the Court s vacant seat 28 He was sworn on May 2 2016 29 As Timpone was 65 at the time of his appointment in 2016 he was required to retire when he turned 70 in 2020 before he became eligible for tenure In May 2018 Governor Phil Murphy announced his intention to renominate Justice Anne Patterson for tenure 30 Justice Patterson was reconfirmed by the Senate on July 26 2018 31 On June 5 2020 Governor Phil Murphy announced his intention to nominate Fabiana Pierre Louis to replace Justice Walter F Timpone who was required to retire on November 10 2020 32 33 On August 24 2020 the New Jersey Senate s Judiciary Committee voted 11 0 to advance her nomination to the full Senate 34 35 and on August 27 2020 the Senate voted 39 0 to confirm her to the Court 36 Pierre Louis assumed office on September 1 2020 37 Also in June 2020 Governor Murphy announced his intention to nominate Justice Faustino Fernandez Vina for tenure 38 On October 29 2020 the Senate voted 34 0 to grant Fernandez Vina tenure 39 On March 8 2021 Justice Jaynee LaVecchia announced that she would retire on August 31 2021 more than three years before her mandatory retirement date 40 A week later Governor Murphy announced his intention to nominate Rachel Wainer Apter the director of the New Jersey Division of Civil Rights to replace LaVecchia 41 Apter was blocked for 14 months by Republican Senator Holly Schepisi by a process called senatorial consent similar to the blue slip process for federal judgeships 42 and was only allowed to move forward after two more justices Barry T Albin and Faustino J Fernandez Vina had reached retirement age in the interim and Gov Murphy nominated Republican Douglas M Fasciale to succeed Fernandez Vina 43 Both Apter and Fasciale were confirmed on October 17 2022 44 Name Born Joined Term ends Mandatory retirement Party affiliation Appointed by Law schoolStuart Rabner Chief Justice 1960 06 30 June 30 1960 age 63 June 29 2007 a June 30 2030 Democratic Jon Corzine D HarvardAnne M Patterson 1959 04 15 April 15 1959 age 64 September 1 2011 a April 15 2029 Republican Chris Christie R CornellLee Solomon 1954 08 17 August 17 1954 age 69 June 19 2014 a August 17 2024 Republican Chris Christie R WidenerFabiana Pierre Louis 1980 09 09 September 9 1980 age 43 September 1 2020 September 1 2027 September 9 2050 Democratic Phil Murphy D RutgersDouglas M Fasciale 1960 11 05 November 5 1960 age 62 October 21 2022 b October 21 2029 November 5 2030 Republican Phil Murphy D Seton HallRachel Wainer Apter 1980 07 22 July 22 1980 age 43 October 21 2022 October 21 2029 July 22 2050 Democratic Phil Murphy D HarvardMichael Noriega 1978 03 27 March 27 1978 age 45 July 6 2023 July 6 2030 2047 2048 Democratic Phil Murphy D Seton HallImportant cases editConstitutional law edit nbsp David Brearley author of the precedent setting Holmes v WaltonThe principle of judicial review in New Jersey was the result of then Chief Justice David Brearley s opinion in Holmes v Walton 1779 or 1780 While the case was decided against the plaintiff the court s consideration of the matter asserted its ability to determine constitutionality 45 6 This was followed by the federal Supreme Court s case of Marbury v Madison In State v Post and State v Van Beuren 20 N J L 368 decided together the constitutionality of slavery in the state was challenged on the grounds that the first article of the first section of the newly passed 1844 state constitution All men are by nature free and independent precluded it The court by two to one with one absence rejected this stating that the constitution has not abolished slavery 46 47 Slavery was abolished nationwide by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865 Individual rights edit The Court has delivered many cases concerning the rights of individuals in many cases reading them expansively In its 1966 decision in Clover Hill Swimming Club Inc v Robert F Goldsboro and Division on Civil Rights 47 N J 25 219 A 2d 161 1966 N J LEXIS 180 the court ruled against the club which had denied membership to an African American The club claimed that as a private organization it could choose its own membership although it had placed advertisements in local newspapers and magazines 48 In State ex rel T L O 463 A 2d 934 1983 the court decided against two lower courts that a search of a student s purse without a warrant was unreasonable This was appealed as New Jersey v T L O 469 U S 325 1985 wherein the United States Supreme Court ruled that students and minors have a lower expectation of privacy saying in its noted ruling that school officials need not obtain a warrant before searching a student who is under their authority 49 In re Quinlan 355 A 2d 647 concerned the right to die of Karen Ann Quinlan who was in a persistent vegetative state following prolonged respiratory failure Her parents and legal guardians requested to have her ventilator removed which the officials at the hospital refused to do The court ultimately ruled in her parents favor She continued to live without artificial respiration for several years afterwards 50 In 1988 the Court ruled in In re Baby M 537 A 2d 1227 109 N J 396 that the surrogate mother of Baby M despite previous rulings denying her custody was entitled to visitation rights 51 In Desilets v Clearview Regional Board of Education 647 A 2d 150 137 N J 585 1994 the Court ruled that Clearview did not violate students free speech rights under the First Amendment or the New Jersey State Constitution 52 Dale v Boy Scouts of America 160 N J 562 1999 concerned the right of the Boy Scouts of America organization to expel a member for declaring himself to be homosexual James Dale the plaintiff was a member of the organization for some years before he made his orientation public Upon discovering this the district BSA council revoked his membership Dale sued for violating the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination which the court unanimously agreed applied to the BSA The U S Supreme Court reversed in Boy Scouts of America v Dale 530 U S 640 2000 a 5 4 decision 53 Apprendi v New Jersey a later ruling was also overruled In a 4 2 vote in 2000 the court struck down a law signed by Governor Christine Whitman requiring parental notification when abortions were performed on minor children The court held that the privacy rights of the minors were paramount and were guaranteed by New Jersey s state constitution 54 The court s 2006 decision in Caballero v Martinez concerned an illegal immigrant Victor Manuel Caballero who was injured during an accident while riding in an uninsured vehicle driven by an unlicensed person The Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund set up to cover injuries by uninsured drivers refused to compensate him as he was not a legal resident The Court on hearing his case overruled two lower courts and declared Caballero to be entitled to compensation from the fund stating that a person may be a resident even if the intent to remain ultimately is not realized Previously an individual who had lived five months with relatives was not a resident with respect to the Fund 55 In 2006 the Court decided in Lewis v Harris that the legislature must change state law within 180 days to afford equal protection to same sex couples via marriage or an identical substitute such as civil unions The New Jersey Legislature responded by enacting civil unions 56 This case was the basis for a New Jersey Superior Court ruling that led to the legalization of same sex marriage in New Jersey in Garden State Equality v Dow In 2020 the Court decided in State of New Jersey v Andrews by a 4 3 vote that a court order compelling a defendant to provide the passwords to his cell phones to the police did not violate either federal or state protections against compelled disclosure of potentially self incriminating information 57 This ruling contributed to a growing split in how federal and state courts have addressed the issue of compelled decryption with the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reaching similar decisions and state supreme courts in Indiana and Pennsylvania deciding the opposite 58 Social and political cases edit In State v Driver 1962 the Court held that a sound recording of an interrogation of a defendant can only be admitted into evidence if it is competent and relevant The Court introduced a five factor test to assess whether a recorded interrogation is admissible 59 In Abbott v Burke 1981 or Abbott I which was filed on behalf of students of the most depressed school districts the Court decided that a single test must be applied statewide to determine if students were getting the constitutionally mandated education Also the Abbott districts are given state aid to match the operating budget of the richer districts 46 Since then there have been seven Abbott cases many of which ended with the court finding the New Jersey Legislature s latest educational acts unconstitutional 60 61 In 1975 and 1983 two cases both named Southern Burlington County N A A C P v Mount Laurel Township were decided by the Court The Constitution was interpreted to require that zoning authorities institute inclusionary zoning of their land to create affordable housing that the districts had to equally take on the required load of housing and that exclusionary zoning was illegal These requirements are now commonly referred to as the Mount Laurel Doctrine 62 State v Kelly 91 N J 178 1984 is a Supreme Court case where the defendant Gladys Kelly was on trial for allegedly murdering her husband Ernest Kelly with a pair of scissors The Supreme Court reversed the case for further trial after finding that expert testimony regarding the defense s submission that Kelly suffered from battered woman syndrome was incorrectly excluded as the syndrome was a proper subject for expert evidence despite being a new field 63 In Democratic Party v Samson 814 A 2d 1028 2002 the Court allowed the state Democratic Party to change their candidate for the upcoming federal Senate race from Robert Torricelli to Frank Lautenberg despite the deadline having passed In its opinion it cited previous cases before the Court including one stating Election laws are to be liberally construed to decide that the change was in the interest of the electorate 64 65 References edit HENRY ACKERSON OF JERSEY COURT The New York Times December 11 1970 p 50 Retrieved June 19 2023 Jeffrey S Mandel New Jersey Appellate Practice Gann Law Books chapter 12 1 1 Jeffrey S Mandel New Jersey Appellate Practice Gann Law Books chapter 1 2 2 New Jersey State Constitution of 1776 Article IX New Jersey State Constitution of 1776 Article XII a b New Jersey A Guide to Its Present and Past Prelinger Library New York Viking Press 1939 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Board on Attorney Certification Judiciary of New Jersey Archived from the original on February 1 2021 Retrieved March 20 2021 New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VI Section II New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VI Section V New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VI Section V New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article II Section I New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article II Section I New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article IV Section III New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article V Section I New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VII Section III New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VI Section VI New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VI Section II Johnson Brent May 19 2018 Murphy agrees to pay hikes for N J judges top officials NJ com Advance Publications Retrieved March 20 2021 New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VI Section VI New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VII Section III New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VI Section VI New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 Article VI Section VI Judicial Selection in New Jersey An Introduction American Judicature Society December 15 2005 Archived from the original on December 15 2005 Retrieved March 20 2021 Fuchs Mary May 15 2009 Corzine announces reappointment of Supreme Court Justice Barry Albin NJ com Advance Publications Retrieved June 19 2023 Fuchs Mary June 26 2009 Justice Barry Albin wins lifetime job on N J Supreme Court The Star Ledger Retrieved June 27 2009 Spoto MaryAnn September 1 2011 Anne Patterson sworn in to N J Supreme Court NJ com Advance Publications Retrieved June 19 2023 Hanna Maddie May 21 2014 In deal Christie renominates Chief Justice Rabner and names Lee Solomon to court The Philadelphia Inquirer Retrieved June 19 2023 Yi Karen April 11 2016 Christie nominates Democrat to Supreme Court Asbury Park Press Retrieved June 19 2023 Ceremonial Swearing In for Justice Walter F Timpone PDF Press release Judiciary of New Jersey June 1 2016 Archived from the original PDF on June 24 2016 Retrieved June 19 2023 Johnson Brent June 1 2018 Phil Murphy re nominates Christie pick to N J s top court NJ com Advance Publications Retrieved July 27 2018 Aron Michael July 26 2018 Justice Patterson reconfirmed for state high court NJ Spotlight News Retrieved July 27 2018 Governor Murphy Announces Intention to Nominate Fabiana Pierre Louis to Serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court Press release Retrieved June 7 2020 Johnson Brent June 5 2020 Murphy to nominate attorney to become first black woman to N J Supreme Court NJ com Advance Publications Retrieved June 7 2020 Tully Tracey August 24 2020 Daughter of Immigrants to Be 1st Black Woman on N J Supreme Court The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 25 2020 Nelson Blake August 24 2020 N J Senate committee unanimously approves first Black woman to state Supreme Court NJ com Advance Publications Retrieved August 25 2020 Parmley Suzette August 27 2020 Fabiana Pierre Louis Confirmed to NJ Supreme Court New Jersey Law Journal Retrieved August 27 2020 Johnson Brent September 1 2020 N J now has 1st Black woman on state Supreme Court Fabiana Pierre Louis was just sworn in NJ com Advance Publications Retrieved September 2 2020 Wildstein David June 15 2020 Murphy offers tenure to Supreme Court Justice Fernandez Vina New Jersey Globe Retrieved January 21 2021 Parmley Suzette October 29 2020 Fernandez Vina Tenured to NJ Supreme Court 4 Approved for Superior Court New Jersey Law Journal Retrieved January 21 2021 Wildstein David March 8 2021 LaVecchia will retire opening Supreme Court nomination for Murphy New Jersey Globe Retrieved March 8 2021 Governor Murphy Announces Intention to Nominate Rachel Wainer Apter to Serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court Press release Retrieved March 15 2021 Fox Joey October 6 2021 Murphy optimistic on Wainer Apter nomination despite long delay New Jersey Globe Retrieved November 14 2021 Sobko Katie September 14 2022 Murphy to name Republican to Supreme Court in deal with Bergen County s Schepisi North Jersey Media Group Retrieved September 18 2022 Biryukov Nikita October 17 2022 Lawmakers confirm two for New Jersey Supreme Court seats New Jersey Monitor Retrieved October 31 2022 America s Founding Documents National Archives October 30 2015 Retrieved March 20 2021 a b Article VI Section V of the New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 www njleg state nj us Retrieved March 20 2021 The State v Post The State v Van Beuren 20 N J L 368 njlegallib rutgers edu Retrieved March 20 2021 Clover Hill Swimming Club Inc v Goldsboro Justia Law Retrieved March 20 2021 New Jersey v T L O 469 U S 325 1985 In Re Quinlan 355 A 2d 647 70 N J 10 CourtListener Retrieved March 20 2021 In re Baby M 537 A 2d 1227 109 N J 396 1988 biotech law lsu edu Retrieved March 20 2021 Desilets v Clearview Regional Bd of Educ 137 N J 585 Casetext Search Citator casetext com Retrieved March 20 2021 ames Dale v Boy Scouts of America and Monmouth Council Boy Scouts of America November 16 2003 Archived from the original on November 16 2003 Retrieved March 20 2021 New Jersey Supreme Court strikes down a law signed by Whitman requiring parental notification when abortions were performed on minor children Archived September 16 2012 at the Wayback Machine articles orlandosentinel com August 16 2000 accessed May 24 2014 Caballero v Martinez Justia Law Retrieved March 20 2021 Lewis v Harris Findlaw Retrieved March 20 2021 New Jersey v Andrews Justia Law Retrieved January 21 2021 State Court Docket Watch State of New Jersey v Robert Andrews The Federalist Society fedsoc org Retrieved January 21 2021 State v Driver Justia Law Retrieved March 20 2021 Part One of Research and Advocacy Collaboration A New Jersey Case Study Publication by Harvard Family Research Project HFRP December 30 2005 Archived from the original on December 30 2005 Retrieved March 20 2021 Abbott v Burke Decisions January 16 2006 Archived from the original on January 16 2006 Retrieved March 20 2021 Hanley Robert October 24 1988 Affordable Housing in Jersey Is Still an Elusive Goal The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved March 20 2021 State v Kelly www courtswv gov Retrieved March 20 2021 Online NewsHour Update N J Supreme Court Rules to Allow Ballot Change Oct 2 2002 PBS March 29 2005 Archived from the original on March 29 2005 Retrieved March 20 2021 BBC NEWS World Americas US court allows late candidate switch June 13 2004 Archived from the original on June 13 2004 Retrieved March 20 2021 Notes edit a b c At the end of their initial seven year term the justice was renominated for tenure and was confirmed by the New Jersey Senate to serve until the mandatory retirement at the age of 70 Fasciale served in a temporary appointment from September 1 October 21 2022Works cited editNew Jersey State Constitution of 1776 July 2 1776 New Jersey State Constitution of 1947 November 4 1947External links edit nbsp Media related to Supreme Court of New Jersey at Wikimedia Commons Official website Supreme Court appeals Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Supreme Court of New Jersey amp oldid 1179394289, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.