ǂ redirects here. Not to be confused with ‡, ⵐ or ≠. Not to be confused with the alveolar clicks (Unicode uses the obsolete description "alveolar click" for the palatal-click letter ⟨ǂ⟩).
The palatal or palato-alveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found, as components of words, only in southern Africa. The tongue is nearly flat, and is pulled back rather than down as in the postalveolar clicks, making a sharper sound than those consonants. ('Sharper' meaning that the energy is concentrated at higher frequencies.) The tongue makes an extremely broad contact across the roof of the mouth, making correlation with the places of articulation of non-clicks difficult, but Ladefoged & Traill (1984:18) find that the primary place of articulation is the palate, and say that "there is no doubt that [ǂ] should be described as a palatal sound".
In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ via a tie bar, though ⟨k⟩ is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ without the tie bar, again often neglecting the ⟨k⟩. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular palatal clicks:
In the orthographies of individual languages, palatal clicks may be written either with digraphs based on the vertical-bar letter of the IPA, or using the Latin alphabet. Khoekhoee and most Bushman languages use the former. Orthographies using the latter include multigraphs based on ⟨ç⟩ in Juǀʼhoansi (1987 orthography) and originally in Naro, the latter since changed to ⟨tc⟩, and on ⟨qc⟩. In the 19th century, ⟨v⟩ was sometimes used (see click letters); this might be the source of the Doke letter for the voiceless palatal click, ⟨ↆ⟩, apparently a v over-struck with a vertical bar.
The basic articulation may be voiced, nasal, aspirated, glottalized, etc.
The forward place of articulation is broad, with the tongue flat against the roof of the mouth from the alveolar ridge to the palate. The release is a sharp, plosive sound.
Clicks may be oral or nasal, which means that the airflow is either restricted to the mouth, or passes through the nose as well.
They are central consonants, which means they are produced by releasing the airstream at the center of the tongue, rather than at the sides.
The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream.
OccurrenceEdit
Palatal clicks only occur in the southern African Khoisan languages (the Khoe, Kx'a, and Tuu families), where they are extremely common, and in Bantu languages such as Yeyi, Zulu and Xhosa.
Ekoka !Kung has a series of laminal postalveolar-to-palatal clicks with a noisy, fricated release which derive historically from more prototypical palatal clicks. These have been variously described as fricated alveolar clicks and (inaccurately) as retroflex clicks.[2] Unlike typical palatal clicks, which have a sharp, abrupt release, these have a slow, turbulent anterior release that sounds much like a short inhaled [ʃ]; they also have a domed tongue rather than a flat tongue like a typical palatal click.[citation needed] The release has also been described as lateral.[3] Like the clicks they derive from, they do not have the retracted tongue root and back-vowel constraint typical of alveolar clicks. A provisional transcription for the tenuis click is ⟨ǃ͡s⟩, though this misleadingly suggests that the clicks are affricates.[4] Another proposal is to resurrect the old ʃ-like letter for palatal clicks, ⟨𝼋⟩.
^Miller (2010) Phonological patterns involving new types of complex and contour segments in endangered Khoesan languages, CUNY Conference on the Phonology of Endangered Languages
^Miller, Holliday, Howcroft, Phillips, Smith, Tsui, & Scott. 2011. "The Phonetics of the Modern-day reflexes of the Proto-palatal click in Juu languages". In A concise dictionary of northwestern ǃXun (2008), König & Heine transcribe them ⟨‼⟩, which is elsewhere used for the retroflex clicks.
palatal, click, redirects, here, confused, with, confused, with, alveolar, clicks, unicode, uses, obsolete, description, alveolar, click, palatal, click, letter, palatal, palato, alveolar, clicks, family, click, consonants, found, components, words, only, sout. ǂ redirects here Not to be confused with ⵐ or Not to be confused with the alveolar clicks Unicode uses the obsolete description alveolar click for the palatal click letter ǂ The palatal or palato alveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found as components of words only in southern Africa The tongue is nearly flat and is pulled back rather than down as in the postalveolar clicks making a sharper sound than those consonants Sharper meaning that the energy is concentrated at higher frequencies The tongue makes an extremely broad contact across the roof of the mouth making correlation with the places of articulation of non clicks difficult but Ladefoged amp Traill 1984 18 find that the primary place of articulation is the palate and say that there is no doubt that ǂ should be described as a palatal sound Palatal click plain velar k ǂǂᵏ IPA Number179Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 450 Unicode hex U 01C2X SAMPA BrailleImageVoiced palatal clickǂ ᶢǂPalatal nasal clickǂ ᵑǂThe symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ǂ a double barred vertical bar An older variant the double barred esh approximately is sometimes seen This base letter is combined with a second element to indicate the manner of articulation though that is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks In official IPA transcription the click letter is combined with a k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ via a tie bar though k is frequently omitted Many authors instead use a superscript k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ without the tie bar again often neglecting the k Either letter whether baseline or superscript is usually placed before the click letter but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness voicing and nasalization it does not distinguish velar from uvular palatal clicks Trans I Trans II Trans III Description velar k ǂ ᵏǂ ǂ tenuis palatal click k ǂʰ ᵏǂʰ ǂʰ aspirated palatal click ɡ ǂ ᶢǂ ǂ voiced palatal click ŋ ǂ ᵑǂ ǂ palatal nasal click ŋ ǂ ʰʰ ᵑǂ ʰʰ ǂ ʰʰ aspirated palatal nasal click ŋ ǂˀ ᵑǂˀ ǂ ˀ glottalized palatal nasal click uvular q ǂ ǂ tenuis palatal click q ǂʰ ǂʰ aspirated palatal click ɢ ǂ ǂ voiced palatal click ɴ ǂ ᶰǂ palatal nasal click ɴ ǂ ʰʰ ᶰǂ ʰʰ aspirated palatal nasal click ɴ ǂˀ ᶰǂˀ glottalized palatal nasal clickIn the orthographies of individual languages palatal clicks may be written either with digraphs based on the vertical bar letter of the IPA or using the Latin alphabet Khoekhoee and most Bushman languages use the former Orthographies using the latter include multigraphs based on c in Juǀʼhoansi 1987 orthography and originally in Naro the latter since changed to tc and on qc In the 19th century v was sometimes used see click letters this might be the source of the Doke letter for the voiceless palatal click apparently a v over struck with a vertical bar Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Fricated palatal clicks 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditFeatures of palato alveolar clicks The basic articulation may be voiced nasal aspirated glottalized etc The forward place of articulation is broad with the tongue flat against the roof of the mouth from the alveolar ridge to the palate The release is a sharp plosive sound Clicks may be oral or nasal which means that the airflow is either restricted to the mouth or passes through the nose as well They are central consonants which means they are produced by releasing the airstream at the center of the tongue rather than at the sides The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive also known as velaric ingressive which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a sucking action of the tongue rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs diaphragm The release of the forward closure produces the click sound Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream Occurrence EditPalatal clicks only occur in the southern African Khoisan languages the Khoe Kx a and Tuu families where they are extremely common and in Bantu languages such as Yeyi Zulu and Xhosa Language Word IPA MeaningKhoekhoe ǂKhoesaob ǂ xoe saȍ p JulyTaa ǂnum ᵑǂum ǂ um twoǂHaba ǂHaba ǂʰaba endonym Naro tchao kg am chao kg am ǂʰao kxʼam to be disappointedYeyi kuǂʔapara to smash upFricated palatal clicks EditFricated palatal click ǂᶴǂǂǃ sEkoka Kung has a series of laminal postalveolar to palatal clicks with a noisy fricated release which derive historically from more prototypical palatal clicks These have been variously described as fricated alveolar clicks and inaccurately as retroflex clicks 2 Unlike typical palatal clicks which have a sharp abrupt release these have a slow turbulent anterior release that sounds much like a short inhaled ʃ they also have a domed tongue rather than a flat tongue like a typical palatal click citation needed The release has also been described as lateral 3 Like the clicks they derive from they do not have the retracted tongue root and back vowel constraint typical of alveolar clicks A provisional transcription for the tenuis click is ǃ s though this misleadingly suggests that the clicks are affricates 4 Another proposal is to resurrect the old ʃ like letter for palatal clicks See also EditAlveolar click Bilabial click Dental click Lateral click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articlesReferences Edit Kirshenbaum assigned c to IPA ʗ which he used indifferently for both alveolar ǃ and palatal ǂ clicks Heine and Konig 2010 Miller 2010 Phonological patterns involving new types of complex and contour segments in endangered Khoesan languages CUNY Conference on the Phonology of Endangered Languages Miller Holliday Howcroft Phillips Smith Tsui amp Scott 2011 The Phonetics of the Modern day reflexes of the Proto palatal click in Juu languages In A concise dictionary of northwestern ǃXun 2008 Konig amp Heine transcribe them which is elsewhere used for the retroflex clicks External links EditList of languages with ǂ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Palatal click amp oldid 1154781105 Fricated palatal clicks, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
