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Fred Ward

Freddie Joe Ward (December 30, 1942 – May 8, 2022) was an American character actor from San Diego. Starting with a role in an Italian television movie in 1973, he appeared in such diverse films as Escape from Alcatraz, Southern Comfort, The Right Stuff, Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann, Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins, Tremors and Tremors 2: Aftershocks, Henry & June, The Player, Swing Shift, Short Cuts, and 30 Minutes or Less.

Fred Ward
Playing rock paper scissors in Tremors (1990)
Born
Freddie Joe Ward

(1942-12-30)December 30, 1942
DiedMay 8, 2022(2022-05-08) (aged 79)
San Diego, California, U.S.
OccupationActor
Years active1973–2015
Spouse(s)
Carla Evonne Stewart
(m. 1965; div. 1966)

Silvia Ward
(divorced)
Marie-France Ward
(m. 1995)
Children1

Early life edit

Freddie Joe Ward was born in San Diego on December 30, 1942.[1][2] He was part Cherokee.[3] His father was an alcoholic criminal who was repeatedly imprisoned and his mother left him when Fred was three.[4] He was then raised by his grandmother until his mother had rebuilt her life and remarried a carnival worker.[4] Before acting, Ward spent three years in the United States Air Force. He was also a boxer (breaking his nose three times) and worked as a lumberjack in Alaska,[5][6] a janitor, and a short-order cook. He studied acting at New York's Herbert Berghof Studio after serving in the U.S. Air Force. While living in Rome, he dubbed Italian movies into English and appeared in films by neorealist director Roberto Rossellini.[7]

Career edit

1970s edit

Ward became an actor after studying at Herbert Berghof Studio and in Rome. While in Italy, he worked as a mime. Upon returning stateside in the early 1970s, Ward spent time working in experimental theatre and doing some television work. He made his first American film appearance playing a cowboy in Hearts of the West (1975). His first major role came in the Clint Eastwood vehicle Escape from Alcatraz (1979) as fellow escapee John Anglin.

1980s edit

Ward played a violent National Guardsman in Walter Hill's Southern Comfort (1981). His first starring role in a motion picture was Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann (1982). He then starred as astronaut Gus Grissom in The Right Stuff, in the action movie Uncommon Valor with Gene Hackman, and in the drama Silkwood (all 1983).

After co-starring roles in Swing Shift (1984) and Secret Admirer (1985), Ward played the title hero in the action movie Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins, which was directed by Guy Hamilton. The film was supposed to be the first of a series based on The Destroyer series of novels.[8] Though the movie was well promoted and he appeared on several movie magazine covers, it only grossed $15 million.[9]

Ward played in a few low-budget productions until he returned to major cinema in 1988 as a cop in Off Limits, as Roone Dimmick in Big Business, and the father of Keanu Reeves' character in The Prince of Pennsylvania.

1990s edit

In 1990, Ward starred as Earl Bassett in the monster movie Tremors, as the American erotic writer Henry Miller in Henry & June (with Uma Thurman), and as cop Hoke Moseley in his self-produced Miami Blues (with Alec Baldwin and Jennifer Jason Leigh). That year he also played an FBI agent in Dennis Hopper's film Catchfire.

After playing private detective H.P. Lovecraft in the 1991 HBO film Cast a Deadly Spell alongside Julianne Moore,[10] Ward co-starred in the thriller Thunderheart, the Hollywood satire The Player, the mystery-drama Equinox and the TV western-comedy Four Eyes and Six Guns, for which he won a Cable ACE Award. He also did a cameo in Bob Roberts, starring Tim Robbins.

Ward's leading roles include Lt. Brann in the two-character-thriller Two Small Bodies, fisherman Stuart Kane in the Robert Altman film Short Cuts (for which the whole ensemble won a Golden Globe; both 1993), a dangerous criminal in the comedy Naked Gun 33+13: The Final Insult (1994), the sailor in the French-avant-garde-drama The Blue Villa (1995), his reprised role in Tremors II: Aftershocks and the special agent in Chain Reaction (both 1996). He also appeared as Sheriff Bud Phillips in Best Men, as Dave Reimüller in ...First Do No Harm with Meryl Streep (both 1997) and as Domenico Venier in Dangerous Beauty (1998).

2000s edit

Ward was seen in many motion pictures, TV shows and videos in 2000. He starred in the action-thriller The Chaos Factor and appeared in the gangster movie Circus, the teen movie Road Trip and the horror sequel The Crow: Salvation.

In 2001, Ward was nominated for a Video Premiere Award as the best male actor for the direct-to-video-production Full Disclosure. He also co-starred in Joe Dirt, Summer Catch, Wild Iris, the mini-TV-series Dice and the comedic Corky Romano.

In 2002, Ward appeared in Sweet Home Alabama, Enough and Abandon. He had the starring role in Birdseye and signed in for the TV pilot for the drama Georgetown with Helen Mirren, but the series was never made. After roles in The Last Ride, 10.5 and Coast to Coast (all 2004) he took a short break from acting and returned as a guest in the TV series Grey's Anatomy and ER (2006 and 2007). He was next in the ensemble drama Feast of Love, the thriller Exit Speed, Management with Jennifer Aniston, The Wild Stallion DVD and as the boss Ashcroft in Armored.

Ward guest starred as Ronald Reagan in the French political thriller L'affaire Farewell (2009). He appeared in 30 Minutes or Less, guest starred in the TV series United States of Tara, In Plain Sight and Leverage in 2012. In 2013, he had a guest role in 2 Guns starring Denzel Washington and Mark Wahlberg.

Personal life edit

Ward married Marie-France Boisselle in 1995. They resided in San Diego and had a son, Django Ward, an American singer and guitarist in the French four-member band Biper Swing.

Ward and his wife Marie-France both filed for divorce in August 2013,[11] but they reconciled later that year.[12]

Death edit

Ward died from Alzheimer's disease at his home in San Diego on May 8, 2022 at the age of 79.[4][13][14][15]

Awards edit

Filmography edit

Year Film Role Notes
1973 The Age of the Medici (L'età di Cosimo de Medici) Niccolò de' Conti Episode: "The Power of Cosimo" ("Il potere di Cosimo")
1974 Cartesius Unknown TV movie
Ginger in the Morning Truck Driver
1975 Hearts of the West Sam Uncredited[4]
1978 Quincy, M.E. Hostage Taker Episode: "Even Odds" (uncredited)
1979 Escape from Alcatraz John Anglin [4]
The Incredible Hulk Lynch's Henchman / Marvin Episodes: "The Disciple" / "Jake"
Tilt Lenny
1980 Carny Jack
Cardiac Arrest Jamie
Belle Starr Ned Christie TV Movie
1981 Southern Comfort Corporal Lonnie Reece
1982 Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann Lyle Swann [4]
1983 Silkwood Morgan [4]
Uncommon Valor Wilkes
The Right Stuff Gus Grissom [4]
1984 Swing Shift Archibald 'Biscuits' Toue
1985 Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins Officer Samuel Edward 'Sam' Makin / CURE Agent Remo Williams [4]
American Playhouse Royal Earle Thompson / Mr. Crouch Episodes: "Noon Wine" / "Triple Play II"
Secret Admirer Lou Fimple
UFOria Sheldon Bart
1986 Florida Straits 'Lucky' Boone TV movie
1987 The Price of Life Crouch Short feature
The Hitchhiker Luther Redmond Episode: "Dead Heat"
1988 Catchfire Pauling
The Prince of Pennsylvania Gary Marshetta
Big Business Roone Dimmick
Off Limits Dix
1990 Henry & June Henry Miller Also soundtrack[4]
Miami Blues Sergeant Hoke Moseley Also producer
Tremors Earl Bassett [4]
1991 Cast a Deadly Spell Detective Harry Philip Lovecraft TV movie
The Dark Wind Joe Leaphorn
1992 Four Eyes and Six-Guns Wyatt Earp TV movie
The Player Walter Stuckel
Equinox Mr. Paris
Thunderheart Jack Milton
Bob Roberts Chip Daley
1993 Short Cuts Stuart Kane
Two Small Bodies Lieutenant Brann Festival event
1994 Naked Gun 33+13: The Final Insult Rocco Dillon
1995 The Blue Villa (Un bruit qui rend fou) Frank Festival event
1996 Chain Reaction FBI Agent Leon Ford
Tremors 2: Aftershocks Earl Bassett Direct-to-video
1997 ...First Do No Harm Dave Reimuller TV movie
Best Men Sheriff Phillips
Gun John Farragut Episode: "Father John"
1998 The Vivero Letter Andrew Fallon
Invasion: Earth Major General David Reece TV miniseries
Dangerous Beauty Domenico Venier
1999 The Crimson Code Randall Brooks
2000 The Crow: Salvation Captain John L. Book
Ropewalk Charlie's Dad
The Chaos Factor Max Camden
Circus Elmo Somerset
Road Trip Earl Edwards
Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis John 'Black Jack' Bouvier III TV movie
2001 Summer Catch Sean Dunne
Corky Romano Leo Corrigan
Joe Dirt Cody Nunamaker
Full Disclosure John McWhirter
Wild Iris Errol Podubney TV movie
Dice Gacy / Noah Aldis TV miniseries
2002 Enough Jupiter
Sweet Home Alabama Earl Smooter
Birdseye Nolan Sharpless
Abandon Lieutenant Bill Stayton
2003 Masked and Anonymous Drunk
Coast to Coast Hal Kressler TV movie
2004 The Last Ride Darryl Kurtz TV movie
10.5 Roy Nolan, FEMA Director TV miniseries
Funky Monkey Don Decker
2006 ER Eddie Wyczenski 3 episodes
Grey's Anatomy Denny Duquette Sr. Episode: "What I Am"
2007 Feast of Love 'Bat'
2008 Management Jerry
Exit Speed Sergeant Archie Sparks
2009 Armored Duncan Ashcroft
Farewell (L'affaire Farewell) Ronald Reagan
The Wild Stallion Frank Mills
United States of Tara Frank Episodes: "Transition" / "From This Day Forward"
2010 In Plain Sight Frank Jergens / Frank Jerome Episode: "No Clemency for Old Men"
2011 30 Minutes or Less The Major
2012 Leverage Steve Reynolds Episode: "The D.B. Cooper Job"
2013 2 Guns U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Tuwey
2015 True Detective Eddie Velcoro Episodes: "Maybe Tomorrow" / "Omega Station"

References edit

  1. ^ "Fred Ward, star of 'The Right Stuff,' 'Tremors,' dies at 79". Today.com. May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  2. ^ Kreps, Daniel (May 13, 2022). "Fred Ward, Versatile Character Actor in 'Tremors' and 'The Right Stuff,' Dead at 79". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  3. ^ "Worcester Telegram & Gazette Archives". DEAD LINK
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Berger, Joseph (May 13, 2022). "Fred Ward, Star of 'The Right Stuff' and 'Henry and June,' Dies at 79". The New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  5. ^ Mitchell, Sean (April 15, 1990). "Exploring the Dark Side-as a Producer Actor Fred Ward's tenacity brings the comically sordid world of 'Miami Blues' to the screen".
  6. ^ Wuntch, Philip. "dallasnews.com – Archives".
  7. ^ "Fred Ward". TV Guide. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  8. ^ Mathews, Jack (October 18, 1985). "Will The Adventure Go on For Remo Williams?". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
  9. ^ "Remo Williams Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo.
  10. ^ J. O'Connor, John (September 10, 1991). "Review/Television; A Detective and Sci-Fi In Los Angeles Magic". The New York Times.
  11. ^ "'Tremors' Star Fred Ward -- Second Marriage Shot to Hell". August 13, 2013.
  12. ^ ""2 Guns" Star Fred Ward NOT Getting Divorced – Never Mind...We Worked it Out". November 13, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  13. ^ Ulaby, Neda (May 13, 2022). "Fred Ward, the star of Tremors, The Right Stuff, dead at 79". NPR. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  14. ^ "Fred Ward, Star of 'The Right Stuff,' 'Tremors,' Dies at 79". Variety. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  15. ^ "'Tremors' Star Fred Ward Has Passed Away at 79". BloodyDisgusting. Retrieved November 27, 2023.

External links edit

  • Fred Ward at IMDb
  • Fred Ward (Aveleyman)

fred, ward, other, people, with, same, name, frederick, ward, disambiguation, freddie, ward, december, 1942, 2022, american, character, actor, from, diego, starting, with, role, italian, television, movie, 1973, appeared, such, diverse, films, escape, from, al. For other people with the same name see Frederick Ward disambiguation Freddie Joe Ward December 30 1942 May 8 2022 was an American character actor from San Diego Starting with a role in an Italian television movie in 1973 he appeared in such diverse films as Escape from Alcatraz Southern Comfort The Right Stuff Timerider The Adventure of Lyle Swann Remo Williams The Adventure Begins Tremors and Tremors 2 Aftershocks Henry amp June The Player Swing Shift Short Cuts and 30 Minutes or Less Fred WardPlaying rock paper scissors in Tremors 1990 BornFreddie Joe Ward 1942 12 30 December 30 1942San Diego California U S DiedMay 8 2022 2022 05 08 aged 79 San Diego California U S OccupationActorYears active1973 2015Spouse s Carla Evonne Stewart m 1965 div 1966 wbr Silvia Ward divorced Marie France Ward m 1995 wbr Children1 Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2 1 1970s 2 2 1980s 2 3 1990s 2 4 2000s 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Awards 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External linksEarly life editFreddie Joe Ward was born in San Diego on December 30 1942 1 2 He was part Cherokee 3 His father was an alcoholic criminal who was repeatedly imprisoned and his mother left him when Fred was three 4 He was then raised by his grandmother until his mother had rebuilt her life and remarried a carnival worker 4 Before acting Ward spent three years in the United States Air Force He was also a boxer breaking his nose three times and worked as a lumberjack in Alaska 5 6 a janitor and a short order cook He studied acting at New York s Herbert Berghof Studio after serving in the U S Air Force While living in Rome he dubbed Italian movies into English and appeared in films by neorealist director Roberto Rossellini 7 Career edit1970s edit Ward became an actor after studying at Herbert Berghof Studio and in Rome While in Italy he worked as a mime Upon returning stateside in the early 1970s Ward spent time working in experimental theatre and doing some television work He made his first American film appearance playing a cowboy in Hearts of the West 1975 His first major role came in the Clint Eastwood vehicle Escape from Alcatraz 1979 as fellow escapee John Anglin 1980s edit Ward played a violent National Guardsman in Walter Hill s Southern Comfort 1981 His first starring role in a motion picture was Timerider The Adventure of Lyle Swann 1982 He then starred as astronaut Gus Grissom in The Right Stuff in the action movie Uncommon Valor with Gene Hackman and in the drama Silkwood all 1983 After co starring roles in Swing Shift 1984 and Secret Admirer 1985 Ward played the title hero in the action movie Remo Williams The Adventure Begins which was directed by Guy Hamilton The film was supposed to be the first of a series based on The Destroyer series of novels 8 Though the movie was well promoted and he appeared on several movie magazine covers it only grossed 15 million 9 Ward played in a few low budget productions until he returned to major cinema in 1988 as a cop in Off Limits as Roone Dimmick in Big Business and the father of Keanu Reeves character in The Prince of Pennsylvania 1990s edit In 1990 Ward starred as Earl Bassett in the monster movie Tremors as the American erotic writer Henry Miller in Henry amp June with Uma Thurman and as cop Hoke Moseley in his self produced Miami Blues with Alec Baldwin and Jennifer Jason Leigh That year he also played an FBI agent in Dennis Hopper s film Catchfire After playing private detective H P Lovecraft in the 1991 HBO film Cast a Deadly Spell alongside Julianne Moore 10 Ward co starred in the thriller Thunderheart the Hollywood satire The Player the mystery drama Equinox and the TV western comedy Four Eyes and Six Guns for which he won a Cable ACE Award He also did a cameo in Bob Roberts starring Tim Robbins Ward s leading roles include Lt Brann in the two character thriller Two Small Bodies fisherman Stuart Kane in the Robert Altman film Short Cuts for which the whole ensemble won a Golden Globe both 1993 a dangerous criminal in the comedy Naked Gun 33 1 3 The Final Insult 1994 the sailor in the French avant garde drama The Blue Villa 1995 his reprised role in Tremors II Aftershocks and the special agent in Chain Reaction both 1996 He also appeared as Sheriff Bud Phillips in Best Men as Dave Reimuller in First Do No Harm with Meryl Streep both 1997 and as Domenico Venier in Dangerous Beauty 1998 2000s edit Ward was seen in many motion pictures TV shows and videos in 2000 He starred in the action thriller The Chaos Factor and appeared in the gangster movie Circus the teen movie Road Trip and the horror sequel The Crow Salvation In 2001 Ward was nominated for a Video Premiere Award as the best male actor for the direct to video production Full Disclosure He also co starred in Joe Dirt Summer Catch Wild Iris the mini TV series Dice and the comedic Corky Romano In 2002 Ward appeared in Sweet Home Alabama Enough and Abandon He had the starring role in Birdseye and signed in for the TV pilot for the drama Georgetown with Helen Mirren but the series was never made After roles in The Last Ride 10 5 and Coast to Coast all 2004 he took a short break from acting and returned as a guest in the TV series Grey s Anatomy and ER 2006 and 2007 He was next in the ensemble drama Feast of Love the thriller Exit Speed Management with Jennifer Aniston The Wild Stallion DVD and as the boss Ashcroft in Armored Ward guest starred as Ronald Reagan in the French political thriller L affaire Farewell 2009 He appeared in 30 Minutes or Less guest starred in the TV series United States of Tara In Plain Sight and Leverage in 2012 In 2013 he had a guest role in 2 Guns starring Denzel Washington and Mark Wahlberg Personal life editWard married Marie France Boisselle in 1995 They resided in San Diego and had a son Django Ward an American singer and guitarist in the French four member band Biper Swing Ward and his wife Marie France both filed for divorce in August 2013 11 but they reconciled later that year 12 Death editWard died from Alzheimer s disease at his home in San Diego on May 8 2022 at the age of 79 4 13 14 15 Awards edit1993 Special Volpi Cup Short Cuts recipient 1993 Golden Globe Special Ensemble Cast Award Short Cuts recipient 1994 CableACE Award Four Eyes and Six Guns nominated 2001 Video Premiere Award Full Disclosure nominated Filmography editYear Film Role Notes1973 The Age of the Medici L eta di Cosimo de Medici Niccolo de Conti Episode The Power of Cosimo Il potere di Cosimo 1974 Cartesius Unknown TV movieGinger in the Morning Truck Driver1975 Hearts of the West Sam Uncredited 4 1978 Quincy M E Hostage Taker Episode Even Odds uncredited 1979 Escape from Alcatraz John Anglin 4 The Incredible Hulk Lynch s Henchman Marvin Episodes The Disciple Jake Tilt Lenny1980 Carny JackCardiac Arrest JamieBelle Starr Ned Christie TV Movie1981 Southern Comfort Corporal Lonnie Reece1982 Timerider The Adventure of Lyle Swann Lyle Swann 4 1983 Silkwood Morgan 4 Uncommon Valor WilkesThe Right Stuff Gus Grissom 4 1984 Swing Shift Archibald Biscuits Toue1985 Remo Williams The Adventure Begins Officer Samuel Edward Sam Makin CURE Agent Remo Williams 4 American Playhouse Royal Earle Thompson Mr Crouch Episodes Noon Wine Triple Play II Secret Admirer Lou FimpleUFOria Sheldon Bart1986 Florida Straits Lucky Boone TV movie1987 The Price of Life Crouch Short featureThe Hitchhiker Luther Redmond Episode Dead Heat 1988 Catchfire PaulingThe Prince of Pennsylvania Gary MarshettaBig Business Roone DimmickOff Limits Dix1990 Henry amp June Henry Miller Also soundtrack 4 Miami Blues Sergeant Hoke Moseley Also producerTremors Earl Bassett 4 1991 Cast a Deadly Spell Detective Harry Philip Lovecraft TV movieThe Dark Wind Joe Leaphorn1992 Four Eyes and Six Guns Wyatt Earp TV movieThe Player Walter StuckelEquinox Mr ParisThunderheart Jack MiltonBob Roberts Chip Daley1993 Short Cuts Stuart KaneTwo Small Bodies Lieutenant Brann Festival event1994 Naked Gun 33 1 3 The Final Insult Rocco Dillon1995 The Blue Villa Un bruit qui rend fou Frank Festival event1996 Chain Reaction FBI Agent Leon FordTremors 2 Aftershocks Earl Bassett Direct to video1997 First Do No Harm Dave Reimuller TV movieBest Men Sheriff PhillipsGun John Farragut Episode Father John 1998 The Vivero Letter Andrew FallonInvasion Earth Major General David Reece TV miniseriesDangerous Beauty Domenico Venier1999 The Crimson Code Randall Brooks2000 The Crow Salvation Captain John L BookRopewalk Charlie s DadThe Chaos Factor Max CamdenCircus Elmo SomersetRoad Trip Earl EdwardsJackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis John Black Jack Bouvier III TV movie2001 Summer Catch Sean DunneCorky Romano Leo CorriganJoe Dirt Cody NunamakerFull Disclosure John McWhirterWild Iris Errol Podubney TV movieDice Gacy Noah Aldis TV miniseries2002 Enough JupiterSweet Home Alabama Earl SmooterBirdseye Nolan SharplessAbandon Lieutenant Bill Stayton2003 Masked and Anonymous DrunkCoast to Coast Hal Kressler TV movie2004 The Last Ride Darryl Kurtz TV movie10 5 Roy Nolan FEMA Director TV miniseriesFunky Monkey Don Decker2006 ER Eddie Wyczenski 3 episodesGrey s Anatomy Denny Duquette Sr Episode What I Am 2007 Feast of Love Bat 2008 Management JerryExit Speed Sergeant Archie Sparks2009 Armored Duncan AshcroftFarewell L affaire Farewell Ronald ReaganThe Wild Stallion Frank MillsUnited States of Tara Frank Episodes Transition From This Day Forward 2010 In Plain Sight Frank Jergens Frank Jerome Episode No Clemency for Old Men 2011 30 Minutes or Less The Major2012 Leverage Steve Reynolds Episode The D B Cooper Job 2013 2 Guns U S Navy Rear Admiral Tuwey2015 True Detective Eddie Velcoro Episodes Maybe Tomorrow Omega Station References edit Fred Ward star of The Right Stuff Tremors dies at 79 Today com May 13 2022 Retrieved May 13 2022 Kreps Daniel May 13 2022 Fred Ward Versatile Character Actor in Tremors and The Right Stuff Dead at 79 Rolling Stone Retrieved May 13 2022 Worcester Telegram amp Gazette Archives DEAD LINK a b c d e f g h i j k Berger Joseph May 13 2022 Fred Ward Star of The Right Stuff and Henry and June Dies at 79 The New York Times Retrieved May 14 2022 Mitchell Sean April 15 1990 Exploring the Dark Side as a Producer Actor Fred Ward s tenacity brings the comically sordid world of Miami Blues to the screen Wuntch Philip dallasnews com Archives Fred Ward TV Guide Retrieved June 24 2015 Mathews Jack October 18 1985 Will The Adventure Go on For Remo Williams The Los Angeles Times Retrieved December 4 2010 Remo Williams Domestic Grosses Box Office Mojo J O Connor John September 10 1991 Review Television A Detective and Sci Fi In Los Angeles Magic The New York Times Tremors Star Fred Ward Second Marriage Shot to Hell August 13 2013 2 Guns Star Fred Ward NOT Getting Divorced Never Mind We Worked it Out November 13 2013 Retrieved June 24 2015 Ulaby Neda May 13 2022 Fred Ward the star of Tremors The Right Stuff dead at 79 NPR Retrieved May 13 2022 Fred Ward Star of The Right Stuff Tremors Dies at 79 Variety Retrieved November 27 2023 Tremors Star Fred Ward Has Passed Away at 79 BloodyDisgusting Retrieved November 27 2023 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Fred Ward Fred Ward at IMDb Fred Ward Aveleyman Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fred Ward amp oldid 1194837539, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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