Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet
Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet y Bosoist, 5th Baron of Carondelet, (born 1748, Noyelles-sur-Selle, Flanders – died 1807 Quito, Ecuador) was a Spanish administrator of partial Burgundian descent in the employ of the Spanish Empire. He was a Knight of Malta.[1]
The Baron of Carondelet | |
|---|---|
Portrait by unknown artist | |
| 2nd Spanish Governor of San Salvador | |
| In office 1789–1791 | |
| Monarch | Charles IV |
| Preceded by | José Ortiz de la Peña |
| Succeeded by | José Antonio María de Aguilar |
| 7th Spanish Governor of Louisiana | |
| In office 1791–1797 | |
| Monarch | Charles IV |
| Preceded by | Esteban Rodríguez Miró |
| Succeeded by | Manuel Gayoso de Lemos |
| 27th President of the Real Audiencia of Quito | |
| In office 1799–1807 | |
| Monarch | Charles IV |
| Preceded by | Luis Antonio de Guzmán |
| Succeeded by | Manuel Ruiz Urriés de Castilla |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet y Bosoist July 29, 1748 Noyelles-sur-Selle, French Flanders, France |
| Died | August 10, 1807 (aged 59) Quito, Ecuador |
| Resting place | Cathedral of Quito |
| Spouse | Maria Concepción Castaños y Aragorri |
| Parent(s) | Jean Louis de Carondelet and Marie Angélique Bernarde de Rasoir |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Viceroyalty of New Spain Kingdom of Spain |
| Branch/service | Spanish Army |
| Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War |
Biography edit
Youth and military career edit
Carondelet entered the service of the King of Spain in 1762, at age fifteen. By 1781, he commanded the IV Division, which fought at the Siege of Pensacola in 1781. Upon his return to Spain in 1787, he was attached to the Flandres Regimiento, with the rank of Infantry Colonel, and was received in the Order of Malta.[1] During this period he married, against his own family's will, a woman from Aragón whose family was very influential at the royal court, Maria Concepción Castaños y Aragorri.[2]
Governor of El Salvador (1789 – 1791) edit
Carondelet was named governor of El Salvador in 1789. Because the local indigenous population working in the indigo industry had declined greatly, Carondolet recruited Spanish laborers. Their descendants are among the blonde and fair-skinned people of today's Chalatenango Department.[3]
Governor of Louisiana (1791 – 1797) edit
After his term as governor of El Salvador ended he was appointed governor of the Spanish colonies of Louisiana and West Florida, from 1791 to 1797. As French was his mother tongue, he was well regarded by the French Creole population. He established Louisiana's first newspaper, Le Moniteur. He made many improvements in the infrastructure of New Orleans, including the Carondelet Canal and the city's first street lighting. The street light tenders (attendants) served as watchmen and de facto municipal police.[4]
About 1793, he granted land near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, to the Black Bob Band of Hathawekela Shawnee.[5]
U.S. expansion edit
Carondelet became concerned about westward U.S. expansion and was involved in the West Florida Controversy, which concerned the border between West Florida and the United States. He wanted to thwart the American policy of trying to secure unchallenged access to the Mississippi River, a goal which made Spanish colonial officials fear for the independence of Louisiana and New Spain. Working through an alliance with Native American tribes, Carondelet succeeded in thwarting westward American expansion for several years.
However, the U.S. finally gained ratification (1795) of Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo.[3] It established intentions of friendship between the U.S. and Spain and defined the boundaries between the U.S. and the Spanish colonies. The treaty guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.
Slave code edit
Upon taking up his post he had to deal with the Mina uprising in the vicinity of New Roads. Having assumed office just after the first stages of the Haitian Revolution, Carondelet was concerned that mistreatment of slaves might provoke additional rebellions in Louisiana; hence, he promptly introduced a slave code giving some protection to the slaves, which prescribed standards for quantity and quality of food and clothing.
This initiative created a certain amount of tension between him and the slaveholders. Carondelet responded by developing a stronger relationship with the slave and free-colored populations. He commissioned 29 free men of color in the militia and was proud of the three companies he formed with soldiers of African descent.[3]
President of the Real Audiencia de Quito (Ecuador) (1799 – 1807) edit
After his term in Louisiana, Carondelet served as President of the Real Audiencia de Quito from 1799 through his death in 1807, supervising territory including present-day Ecuador, parts of Peru and Colombia. He was known as a moderate person who refrained from the arrogance and arbitrary behavior so often associated with functionaries. In 1803 he assisted the naturalists Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland during their visit to Quito. An educated man with progressive interests, he also helped the naturalist and geographer Francisco José de Caldas and the orator José Mejía Lequerica.[2]
In 1803, Indian insurrections took place in Guamote, Columbe and Yaruquies. Carondolet awarded the Cacique de Licán, José Leandro Zepla y Oro, with a position as the Regidor del Cabildo de Riobamba in 1805, for his loyalty during these uprisings. Carondolet improved the road to Guayaquil and was a patron of the construction of the dome of the Cathedral of Quito. After his death on August 10, 1807, he was interred at the Cathedral.[2]
Namesakes in North and South America edit
- The Carondelet Canal in New Orleans was constructed on his orders and named for him. (It was filled in during the 1930s, with its turning basin the origin for the name of Basin Street.)
- Carondelet Street in New Orleans
- Carondelet Farm in San Diego, California, named after the New Orleans Street
- Carondelet Street in Mandeville, Louisiana
- Carondelet, a neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri
- Fort Carondelet, a fort located on the Osage River in Vernon County, Missouri
- Carondelet Presidential Palace in Quito, Ecuador
- Carondelet Street in Dallas, TX. No longer exists. When the railroads entered Dallas after 1872, trackage rights in lower North Dallas affected several pioneer streets. Carondelet was chopped off and closed on its way to the river bank to permit the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad to build yards and station facilities. The stub end of the street from Market eastward then lost its name when it became a part of Ross Avenue.
References edit
- ^ a b American Council of Learned Societies (1999). Garraty, John Arthur; Carnes, Mark Christopher (eds.). American National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-520635-7.
- ^ a b c Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel. . www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
- ^ a b c "François Louis Hector de Carondelet". Noyelles sur Selle, Carondelet (in French). Retrieved 2013-02-18.
- ^ Powell, Lawrence N. (2012). The Accidental City: Improvising New Orleans. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780674059870.
- ^ "Hathawekela Indian Tribe History". Access Genealogy. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
External links edit
- Carondelet's Administration, 1792 to 1797 (Vol. III, Chapter 6 of Gayarré's History of Louisiana)