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Foča

May 04, 2023

Not to be confused with Foča-Ustikolina.

Foča (Serbian Cyrillic: Фоча, pronounced [fôtʃa]) is a town and a municipality located in Republika Srpska in south-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the banks of Drina river. As of 2013, the town has a population of 12,234 inhabitants, while the municipality has 18,288 inhabitants.

Foča
Фоча
Town and municipality
Coat of arms
Location of Foča within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Coordinates: 43°30′23″N 18°46′29″E / 43.50639°N 18.77472°E / 43.50639; 18.77472Coordinates: 43°30′23″N 18°46′29″E / 43.50639°N 18.77472°E / 43.50639; 18.77472
Country Bosnia and Herzegovina
Entity Republika Srpska
Geographical regionPodrinje
Government
 • Municipal mayorMilan Vukadinović (SNSD)
 • Municipality1,134.58 km2 (438.06 sq mi)
Population
 (2013 census)
 • Town
12,334
 • Municipality
18,288
 • Municipality density16/km2 (42/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code58
Websitewww.opstinafoca.rs.ba
City assembly building

Foča houses some faculties (including the Medical and Orthodox Theological Faculty of Saint Basil of Ostrog) from the Istočno Sarajevo University. It is also home to the "Seminary of Saint Peter of Sarajevo and Dabar-Bosna", one of seven seminaries in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Foča was also, until 1992, home to one of Bosnia's most important Islamic high schools, the Madrasa of Mehmed Pasha Kukavica. The Sutjeska National Park, which is the oldest National Park in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is located in the municipality.

History

Early history

 
The old clock tower of Foča is a symbol of the town built in the 18th century
 
Old part of the town
 
Hadživuković house, built in the 19th century

The town was known as Hotča during medieval times. It was then known as a trading centre on route between Ragusa (now Dubrovnik) and Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). Alongside the rest of Gornje Podrinje, Foča was part of the Serbian Empire until 1376, when it was attached to the Kingdom of Bosnia under King Tvrtko. After Tvrtko's death, the town was ruled by the dukes of Hum, most notably was Herzog Stjepan. Foča was the seat of the Ottoman Sanjak of Herzegovina established in 1470, and served as such until 1572, when the seat was moved to Pljevlja.

World War II

 
Young citizens from Foča entering Belgrade as a part of the Yugoslav Partisans

In 1941, the Ustaše killed the leading Serbs in Foča.[1] Between December 1941 and January 1942 over two thousand Bosnian Muslim civilians were killed in Foča by the Chetniks as act of vengeance for repression over Serbs by Muslim soldiers in the ranks of the Ustaše.[2] Additionally Chetniks attacked Ustaše and in Foča in August 1942.[2]

 
Tjentište, valley of heroes, dedicated to the fighters and victims from the WWII

On 13 February 1943, Pavle Đurišić reported to Draža Mihailović the actions undertaken by the Chetniks in the Foča, Pljevlja, and Čajniče districts: "All Muslim villages in the three mentioned districts were totally burned so that not a single home remained in one piece. All property was destroyed except cattle, corn, and senna."[3]

In the operation Chetnik losses "were 22 dead, of which 2 through accidents, and 32 wounded. Among the Muslims, around 1,200 fighters and up to couple of thousands of civilian victims of both nationalitys."[3] Đurišić said what remained of the Muslim population fled and that actions were taken to prevent their return.[3] The municipality is also the site of the legendary Battle of Sutjeska between the Tito's Yugoslav Partisans and the German army. A monument to the Partisans killed in the battle was erected in the village of Tjentište.

Bosnian War

Main article: Foča ethnic cleansing

In 1992, at the onset of the Bosnian War, the city fell under the control of the Army of Republika Srpska. From 7 April 1992 to January 1994, Serb military, police and paramilitary forces enacted a campaign of ethnic cleansing in the area of Foča against Bosniak civilians. By one estimate, around 21,000 non-Serbs left Foča after July 1992.[4] Most of them that managed to escape were settled in the town of Rožaje in Montenegro until the war ended. Only about 10 Muslims remained at the end of the conflict.[5] Thirteen mosques including the Aladža Mosque were destroyed and the 22,500 Muslims who made up the majority of inhabitants fled.[6] The Tribunal Judges determined beyond a reasonable doubt that the purpose of the Serb campaign in Foča was, among others, "to cleanse the Foča area of Muslims" and concluded that "to that end the campaign was successful.[5]

In numerous verdicts, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ruled that the ethnic cleansing, killings, mass rapes, and the deliberate destruction of Bosniak property and cultural sites constituted crimes against humanity. According to the Research and Documentation Center (IDC), 2,707 people were killed or went missing in the Foča municipality during the war. Among them were 1,513 Bosniak civilians and 155 Serb civilians.[7] Additionally, Bosnian Serb authorities set up rape camps in which hundreds of women were raped.[8][9] Numerous Serb officers, soldiers and other participants in the Foča massacres were accused and convicted of war crimes by the ICTY.

Post-war period

In 1995 the Dayton Agreement created a territorial corridor linking the once-besieged city of Goražde to the Federation entity; as a consequence, the northern part of Foča was separated to create the municipality of Foča-Ustikolina.[citation needed] Prior to that in 1994, the ethnically-cleansed town was renamed Srbinje (Serbian Cyrillic: Србиње), "place of the Serbs". In 2004, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared the name change unconstitutional, and reverted it back to Foča.

Since the war, around 4,000 Bosniaks have returned to their homes in Foča, and several mosques have been re-built.[6] This has taken place largely due to the administration of Zdravko Krsmanović, who was mayor from 2004 to 2012. In the 2012 elections, however, Krsmanović was defeated and a new mayor, Radisav Mašić, was elected with support of parties SDS and SNSD.[citation needed]

 
Reconstructed Aladža mosque; all mosques in the town were damaged or destroyed during the war

The Aladža Mosque was rebuilt from 2014 and reopened in May 2019.[10]

In October 2004, members of the Association of Women Victims of War (Udruzenje Žene-Žrtve Rata) attempted to lay a plaque in front of the Partizan sports hall (also used in 1992 as a rape camp) to commemorate the crimes that occurred there.[11][12] Around 300 Bosnian Serbs, including members of the Association of the Prisoners of War of Republika Srpska, prevented the plaque from being affixed.[13]

The Partizan sport hall was reconstructed by UNDP,[14] with EU funding, following a selection by the Foča municipal council,[15] also with the participation of elected representatives of local returnees.[16]

In 2018 and 2019, the association of war victims have been commemorating rape as a weapon of war by congregating in front of Karaman's House in Miljevina and of the Partizan sport hall in Foča on the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict (19 June).[17]

In 2021, a memorial to convicted Srebrenica massacre perpetrator Ratko Mladić was painted near a school in the town.[18]

Settlements

 
Settlements within Foča

Aside from the town of Foča, the municipality includes the following settlements:

Demographics

Population

Population of settlements – Foča municipality
Settlement 1948. 1953. 1961. 1971. 1981. 1991. 2013.
Total 39,171 39,178 47,173 48,741 44,661 35,389 18,288
1 Brod 600 371
2 Đeđevo 504 323
3 Foča 6,763 9,257 11,530 14,335 11.237
4 Miljevina 1,763 973
5 Orahovo 308 326
6 Patkovina 600 298
7 Prevrać 426 203
8 Štović 458 201
9 Trbušće 544 207

Ethnic composition

 
Serbian Orthodox church of St Sava
Ethnic composition – Foča town
2013. 1991. 1981. 1971.
Total 11.237 (100,0%) 14,335 (100,0%) 11,530 (100,0%) 9,257 (100,0%)
Serbs 10.939 (97.3%) 7,901 (55,12%) 5,663 (49,12%) 4,148 (44,81%)
Bosniaks 83 (0.7%) 5,526 (38,55%) 4,414 (38,28%) 4,309 (46,55%)
Others 178 (1.6%) 522 (3,641%) 49 (0,425%) 77 (0,832%)
Yugoslavs 312 (2,176%) 677 (5,872%) 50 (0,540%)
Croats 37 (0.3%) 74 (0,516%) 87 (0,755%) 152 (1,642%)
Montenegrins 632 (5,481%) 514 (5,553%)
Albanians 8 (0,069%) 7 (0,076%)
Ethnic composition – Foča municipality
2013. 1991. 1981. 1971.
Total 18,288 (100,0%) 35,389 (100,0%) 44,661 (100,0%) 48,741 (100,0%)
Serbs 16,739 (91,53%) 18,315 (45,21%) 18,908 (42,34%) 21,458 (44,02%)
Bosniaks 1,270 (6,944%) 20,790 (51,32%) 23,316 (52,21%) 25,766 (52,86%)
Others 224 (1,225%) 851 (2,101%) 148 (0,331%) 164 (0,336%)
Croats 55 (0,301%) 94 (0,232%) 141 (0,316%) 218 (0,447%)
Yugoslavs 463 (1,143%) 1,156 (2,588%) 102 (0,209%)
Montenegrins 947 (2,120%) 990 (2,031%)
Albanians 20 (0,045%) 13 (0,027%)
Slovenes 10 (0,022%) 15 (0,031%)
Roma 8 (0,018%)
Macedonians 7 (0,016%) 15 (0,031%)

Economy

 
Prince Karl iron bridge, built in the late 19th century

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[19]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 280
Mining and quarrying 40
Manufacturing 188
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 70
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 84
Construction 124
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 375
Transportation and storage 158
Accommodation and food services 184
Information and communication 53
Financial and insurance activities 58
Real estate activities -
Professional, scientific and technical activities 48
Administrative and support service activities 9
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 647
Education 467
Human health and social work activities 619
Arts, entertainment and recreation 138
Other service activities 46
Total 3,588

Culture

 
Museum of old Herzegovina
 
Local theatre

Museum of old Herzegovina and city theatre are located in Foča.[20]

Twin towns – sister cities

Foča is twinned with:

Notable people

References

  1. ^ Stenton, Michael (2000). Radio London and Resistance in Occupied Europe: British Political Warfare 1939-1943. Oxford University Press. pp. 327. ISBN 0-19-820843-X.
  2. ^ a b Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: The. Stanford University Press. p. 258. ISBN 0-8047-0857-6.
  3. ^ a b c Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks. Oxford University Press. pp. 331–32. ISBN 0-19-726380-1.
  4. ^ Blumenthal & McCormack 2008, p. 55.
  5. ^ a b "Facts about Foča" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
  6. ^ a b Charter, David (28 May 2009). "World Agenda: US hopes for Bosnia rest on town mayor's shoulders". The Times. London, UK.
  7. ^ Ivan Tučić (February 2013). "Pojedinačan popis broja ratnih žrtava u svim općinama BiH". Prometej.ba. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  8. ^ "ICTY: Blagojevic and Jokic judgement" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  9. ^ "ICTY: Kunarac, Kovač and Vuković judgement" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  10. ^ East Journal
  11. ^ "Bosnian Serbs reject rape plaque". BBC News. 1 October 2004.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on January 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
  13. ^ OHR Media Roundup
  14. ^ "UNDP | Procurement Notices - 40043 - RFQ/112/17 Reconstruction works".
  15. ^ Glas Srpske
  16. ^ European Parliament
  17. ^ 2018 Start BiH, 2019 Oslobodjenje, 2019 Klix
  18. ^ Sorguc, Albina (26 April 2021). "Homage to Ratko Mladic Provokes Fear in Bosnian Town". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  19. ^ "Cities and Municipalities of Republika Srpska" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Republika Srspka Institute of Statistics. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  20. ^ "Gradsko pozorište Foča". muzej foca.com (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  21. ^ админ, град Крагујевац. "Градови пријатељи". Град Крагујевац (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  22. ^ Parallelus. "Međunarodna saradnja". Retrieved 2021-01-18.

Works cited

  • Blumenthal, David A.; McCormack, Timothy L. H. (2008). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence Or Institutionalised Vengeance? Volume 20 of International humanitarian law series. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9789004156913.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foča.
  • Official website

May 04, 2023
foča, confused, with, ustikolina, serbian, cyrillic, Фоча, pronounced, fôtʃa, town, municipality, located, republika, srpska, south, eastern, bosnia, herzegovina, banks, drina, river, 2013, town, population, inhabitants, while, municipality, inhabitants, Фочаt. Not to be confused with Foca Ustikolina Foca Serbian Cyrillic Focha pronounced fotʃa is a town and a municipality located in Republika Srpska in south eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina on the banks of Drina river As of 2013 the town has a population of 12 234 inhabitants while the municipality has 18 288 inhabitants Foca FochaTown and municipalityCoat of armsLocation of Foca within Bosnia and HerzegovinaCoordinates 43 30 23 N 18 46 29 E 43 50639 N 18 77472 E 43 50639 18 77472 Coordinates 43 30 23 N 18 46 29 E 43 50639 N 18 77472 E 43 50639 18 77472Country Bosnia and HerzegovinaEntity Republika SrpskaGeographical regionPodrinjeGovernment Municipal mayorMilan Vukadinovic SNSD Municipality1 134 58 km2 438 06 sq mi Population 2013 census Town12 334 Municipality18 288 Municipality density16 km2 42 sq mi Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Area code58Websitewww wbr opstinafoca wbr rs wbr ba City assembly building Foca houses some faculties including the Medical and Orthodox Theological Faculty of Saint Basil of Ostrog from the Istocno Sarajevo University It is also home to the Seminary of Saint Peter of Sarajevo and Dabar Bosna one of seven seminaries in the Serbian Orthodox Church Foca was also until 1992 home to one of Bosnia s most important Islamic high schools the Madrasa of Mehmed Pasha Kukavica The Sutjeska National Park which is the oldest National Park in Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the municipality Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 World War II 1 3 Bosnian War 1 4 Post war period 2 Settlements 3 Demographics 3 1 Population 3 2 Ethnic composition 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Twin towns sister cities 7 Notable people 8 References 8 1 Works cited 9 External linksHistory EditEarly history Edit The old clock tower of Foca is a symbol of the town built in the 18th century Old part of the town Hadzivukovic house built in the 19th century The town was known as Hotca during medieval times It was then known as a trading centre on route between Ragusa now Dubrovnik and Constantinople now Istanbul Turkey Alongside the rest of Gornje Podrinje Foca was part of the Serbian Empire until 1376 when it was attached to the Kingdom of Bosnia under King Tvrtko After Tvrtko s death the town was ruled by the dukes of Hum most notably was Herzog Stjepan Foca was the seat of the Ottoman Sanjak of Herzegovina established in 1470 and served as such until 1572 when the seat was moved to Pljevlja World War II Edit Young citizens from Foca entering Belgrade as a part of the Yugoslav Partisans In 1941 the Ustase killed the leading Serbs in Foca 1 Between December 1941 and January 1942 over two thousand Bosnian Muslim civilians were killed in Foca by the Chetniks as act of vengeance for repression over Serbs by Muslim soldiers in the ranks of the Ustase 2 Additionally Chetniks attacked Ustase and in Foca in August 1942 2 Tjentiste valley of heroes dedicated to the fighters and victims from the WWII On 13 February 1943 Pavle Đurisic reported to Draza Mihailovic the actions undertaken by the Chetniks in the Foca Pljevlja and Cajnice districts All Muslim villages in the three mentioned districts were totally burned so that not a single home remained in one piece All property was destroyed except cattle corn and senna 3 In the operation Chetnik losses were 22 dead of which 2 through accidents and 32 wounded Among the Muslims around 1 200 fighters and up to couple of thousands of civilian victims of both nationalitys 3 Đurisic said what remained of the Muslim population fled and that actions were taken to prevent their return 3 The municipality is also the site of the legendary Battle of Sutjeska between the Tito s Yugoslav Partisans and the German army A monument to the Partisans killed in the battle was erected in the village of Tjentiste Bosnian War Edit Main article Foca ethnic cleansing In 1992 at the onset of the Bosnian War the city fell under the control of the Army of Republika Srpska From 7 April 1992 to January 1994 Serb military police and paramilitary forces enacted a campaign of ethnic cleansing in the area of Foca against Bosniak civilians By one estimate around 21 000 non Serbs left Foca after July 1992 4 Most of them that managed to escape were settled in the town of Rozaje in Montenegro until the war ended Only about 10 Muslims remained at the end of the conflict 5 Thirteen mosques including the Aladza Mosque were destroyed and the 22 500 Muslims who made up the majority of inhabitants fled 6 The Tribunal Judges determined beyond a reasonable doubt that the purpose of the Serb campaign in Foca was among others to cleanse the Foca area of Muslims and concluded that to that end the campaign was successful 5 In numerous verdicts the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ICTY ruled that the ethnic cleansing killings mass rapes and the deliberate destruction of Bosniak property and cultural sites constituted crimes against humanity According to the Research and Documentation Center IDC 2 707 people were killed or went missing in the Foca municipality during the war Among them were 1 513 Bosniak civilians and 155 Serb civilians 7 Additionally Bosnian Serb authorities set up rape camps in which hundreds of women were raped 8 9 Numerous Serb officers soldiers and other participants in the Foca massacres were accused and convicted of war crimes by the ICTY Post war period Edit In 1995 the Dayton Agreement created a territorial corridor linking the once besieged city of Gorazde to the Federation entity as a consequence the northern part of Foca was separated to create the municipality of Foca Ustikolina citation needed Prior to that in 1994 the ethnically cleansed town was renamed Srbinje Serbian Cyrillic Srbiњe place of the Serbs In 2004 the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared the name change unconstitutional and reverted it back to Foca Since the war around 4 000 Bosniaks have returned to their homes in Foca and several mosques have been re built 6 This has taken place largely due to the administration of Zdravko Krsmanovic who was mayor from 2004 to 2012 In the 2012 elections however Krsmanovic was defeated and a new mayor Radisav Masic was elected with support of parties SDS and SNSD citation needed Reconstructed Aladza mosque all mosques in the town were damaged or destroyed during the war The Aladza Mosque was rebuilt from 2014 and reopened in May 2019 10 In October 2004 members of the Association of Women Victims of War Udruzenje Zene Zrtve Rata attempted to lay a plaque in front of the Partizan sports hall also used in 1992 as a rape camp to commemorate the crimes that occurred there 11 12 Around 300 Bosnian Serbs including members of the Association of the Prisoners of War of Republika Srpska prevented the plaque from being affixed 13 The Partizan sport hall was reconstructed by UNDP 14 with EU funding following a selection by the Foca municipal council 15 also with the participation of elected representatives of local returnees 16 In 2018 and 2019 the association of war victims have been commemorating rape as a weapon of war by congregating in front of Karaman s House in Miljevina and of the Partizan sport hall in Foca on the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict 19 June 17 In 2021 a memorial to convicted Srebrenica massacre perpetrator Ratko Mladic was painted near a school in the town 18 Settlements Edit Settlements within Foca Aside from the town of Foca the municipality includes the following settlements Anđelije Bastasi Bavcici Beleni Beslici Biokovo Birotici Bogavici Borje Borovinici Brajici Brajkovici Foca Brod Brusna Budanj Bujakovina Buncici Bunovi Cerova Ravan Crnetici Cvilin Celebici Celikovo Polje Curevo Danicici Derolovi Donje Zesce Drace Dragocava Dragojevici Đeđevo Falisi Filipovici Glusca Godijeno Gosticaj Govza Gradac Grandici Grdijevici Hum Huseinovici Igoce Izbisno Jasenovo Jecmista Jelec Josanica Kolakovici Kolun Kosman Kozarevina Kozja Luka Kratine Krna Jela Krusevo Kunduci Kunovo Kuta Lokve Ljubina Marevo Mazlina Mazoce Mestrevac Miljevina Mirjanovici Mjesaji Mravljaca Njuhe Orahovo Papratno Patkovina Paunci Petojevici Podgrađe Poljice Popov Most Potpece Previla Prevrac Prijeđel Prisoje Purisi Racici Radojevici Rijeka Rodijelj Slatina Slavicici Stojkovici Sorlaci Susjesno Skobalji Stovic Suljci Tecici Tjentiste Tođevac Toholji Trbusce Trtosevo Tvrdaci Ustikolina Velenici Vikoc Vitine Vojnovici Vranjevici Vrbnica Vucevo Vukusici Zabor Zakmur Zavait Zebina Suma Zubovici ZeljevoDemographics EditPopulation Edit Population of settlements Foca municipalitySettlement 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2013 Total 39 171 39 178 47 173 48 741 44 661 35 389 18 2881 Brod 600 3712 Đeđevo 504 3233 Foca 6 763 9 257 11 530 14 335 11 2374 Miljevina 1 763 9735 Orahovo 308 3266 Patkovina 600 2987 Prevrac 426 2038 Stovic 458 2019 Trbusce 544 207Ethnic composition Edit Serbian Orthodox church of St Sava Ethnic composition Foca town2013 1991 1981 1971 Total 11 237 100 0 14 335 100 0 11 530 100 0 9 257 100 0 Serbs 10 939 97 3 7 901 55 12 5 663 49 12 4 148 44 81 Bosniaks 83 0 7 5 526 38 55 4 414 38 28 4 309 46 55 Others 178 1 6 522 3 641 49 0 425 77 0 832 Yugoslavs 312 2 176 677 5 872 50 0 540 Croats 37 0 3 74 0 516 87 0 755 152 1 642 Montenegrins 632 5 481 514 5 553 Albanians 8 0 069 7 0 076 Ethnic composition Foca municipality2013 1991 1981 1971 Total 18 288 100 0 35 389 100 0 44 661 100 0 48 741 100 0 Serbs 16 739 91 53 18 315 45 21 18 908 42 34 21 458 44 02 Bosniaks 1 270 6 944 20 790 51 32 23 316 52 21 25 766 52 86 Others 224 1 225 851 2 101 148 0 331 164 0 336 Croats 55 0 301 94 0 232 141 0 316 218 0 447 Yugoslavs 463 1 143 1 156 2 588 102 0 209 Montenegrins 947 2 120 990 2 031 Albanians 20 0 045 13 0 027 Slovenes 10 0 022 15 0 031 Roma 8 0 018 Macedonians 7 0 016 15 0 031 Economy Edit Prince Karl iron bridge built in the late 19th century The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity as of 2018 19 Activity TotalAgriculture forestry and fishing 280Mining and quarrying 40Manufacturing 188Electricity gas steam and air conditioning supply 70Water supply sewerage waste management and remediation activities 84Construction 124Wholesale and retail trade repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 375Transportation and storage 158Accommodation and food services 184Information and communication 53Financial and insurance activities 58Real estate activities Professional scientific and technical activities 48Administrative and support service activities 9Public administration and defense compulsory social security 647Education 467Human health and social work activities 619Arts entertainment and recreation 138Other service activities 46Total 3 588Culture Edit Museum of old Herzegovina Local theatre Museum of old Herzegovina and city theatre are located in Foca 20 Twin towns sister cities EditFoca is twinned with Kragujevac 21 Niksic 22 Notable people EditZehra Deovic folk singer Rade Krunic footballer Aida Hadzialic politician in Sweden Maksim VasiljevicReferences Edit Stenton Michael 2000 Radio London and Resistance in Occupied Europe British Political Warfare 1939 1943 Oxford University Press pp 327 ISBN 0 19 820843 X a b Tomasevich Jozo 1975 War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941 1945 The Stanford University Press p 258 ISBN 0 8047 0857 6 a b c Hoare Marko Attila 2006 Genocide and Resistance in Hitler s Bosnia The Partisans and the Chetniks Oxford University Press pp 331 32 ISBN 0 19 726380 1 Blumenthal amp McCormack 2008 p 55 a b Facts about Foca PDF International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia a b Charter David 28 May 2009 World Agenda US hopes for Bosnia rest on town mayor s shoulders The Times London UK Ivan Tucic February 2013 Pojedinacan popis broja ratnih zrtava u svim opcinama BiH Prometej ba Retrieved 4 August 2014 ICTY Blagojevic and Jokic judgement PDF Retrieved 2012 04 05 ICTY Kunarac Kovac and Vukovic judgement PDF Retrieved 2012 04 05 East Journal Bosnian Serbs reject rape plaque BBC News 1 October 2004 Rape as a Crime Against Humanity Archived from the original on January 14 2008 Retrieved 2008 01 14 OHR Media Roundup UNDP Procurement Notices 40043 RFQ 112 17 Reconstruction works Glas Srpske European Parliament 2018 Start BiH 2019 Oslobodjenje 2019 Klix Sorguc Albina 26 April 2021 Homage to Ratko Mladic Provokes Fear in Bosnian Town Balkan Insight Retrieved 26 April 2021 Cities and Municipalities of Republika Srpska PDF rzs rs ba Republika Srspka Institute of Statistics 25 December 2019 Retrieved 31 December 2019 Gradsko pozoriste Foca muzej foca com in Serbian Retrieved 2021 01 18 admin grad Kraguјevac Gradovi priјateљi Grad Kraguјevac in Serbian Retrieved 2021 01 18 Parallelus Međunarodna saradnja Retrieved 2021 01 18 Works cited Edit Blumenthal David A McCormack Timothy L H 2008 The Legacy of Nuremberg Civilising Influence Or Institutionalised Vengeance Volume 20 of International humanitarian law series Martinus Nijhoff Publishers ISBN 9789004156913 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foca Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Foca amp oldid 1151838577, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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