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Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts

January 31, 2023

Among the approximately one million foreign volunteers and conscripts who served in the Wehrmacht during World War II were ethnic Belgians, Czechs, Dutch, Finns, Danes, French, Hungarians, Norwegians, Poles,[1] Portuguese, Swedes,[2] along with people from Great Britain, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Balkans.[3] At least 47,000 Spaniards served in the Blue Division.[4]

Andrey Vlasov and General Zhilenkov (center) of the Russian Liberation Army meeting with Joseph Goebbels (February 1945)
Soldier of the Free Arabian Legion in Greece, September 1943.

Some estimates state anywhere between 600,000 and 1,400,000 Soviet citizens (Russians and other non-Russian ethnic minorities) joined the Wehrmacht forces as Hiwis (or Hilfswillige).[5] The Ukrainian collaborationist forces were composed of an estimated number of 180,000 volunteers serving with units scattered all over Europe.[6] Russian émigrés and defectors from the Soviet Union formed the Russian Liberation Army or fought as Hilfswillige within German units of the Wehrmacht primarily on the Eastern Front.[7] Non-Russians from the Soviet Union formed the Ostlegionen (literally "Eastern Legions"). The East Battalions comprized a total of 175,000 personnel.[8] These units were all commanded by General Ernst August Köstring. (1876−1953)[9] A lower estimate for the total number of foreign volunteers that served in the entire German armed forces (including the Waffen SS) is 350,000.[10]

These units were often under the command of German officers and some published their own propaganda newssheets.

List of units

 
Foreign volunteer battalion in the Wehrmacht. Soldiers of the Free Arabian Legion in Greece, September 1943
 
Spanish volunteer forces of the Blue Division entrain at San Sebastián, 1942
 
Ukrainian Liberation Army oath to Adolf Hitler

Soviet Union

Unit name Description
  Armenian Legion Mostly Soviet Armenians
  Azerbaijani Legion Mostly Soviet Azeris
  Georgian Legion Mostly Soviet Georgians
Hiwi Soviet Civilians
XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps Until 1 February 1945 under command of the Wehrmacht, then the Corps was transferred to the Waffen-SS[11]
Kalmykian Voluntary Cavalry Corps Mostly Kalmyks
Litauische Bau-Bataillonen Mostly conscripted Lithuanians
Fatherland Defense Force Land unit composed of Lithuanians
  Luftwaffen-Legion Lettland Air unit composed of Latvians.
Nachtigall Battalion Ukrainians of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
Ostlegionen Consisting mostly of Caucasians
Roland Battalion A.k.a. Special Group Roland. Second Polish Republic citizens of Ukrainian ethnicity
  Russian Liberation Army Mostly ethnic Russians
  162nd Turkoman Division Formed in May 1943 and comprised 5 Azeri and 6 Turkestani artillery/infantry units.[12]
  Ukrainian Liberation Army Ukrainians
  Ukrainian National Army Ukrainians

Croatia

Middle East

  • Legion Freies Arabien (Arab volunteers)
    • Deutsch-Arabische Lehr-Abteilung (Arab volunteers)
    • Deutsch-Arabisches Bataillon Nr. 845 (Arab volunteers)
  • Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 1 (Turkish volunteers)

Azerbaijani, Georgian and Armenian volunteers

Further information: Azeri SS Volunteer Formations

North Caucasian volunteers

  • Kaukasisch-Mohammedanische Legion (Azerbaijani, Circassian, Daghestani, Chechen, Ingush, and Lezghin volunteer units)
  • Kaukasischer-Waffen-Verband der SS or Freiwilligen Brigade Nordkaukasien (volunteers from the North Caucasus region)
  • Nordkaukasische Legion ("North Caucasian Legion" volunteers from the North Caucasus region)
  • Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 1 (North Caucasian volunteers)
  • Sonderverband Bergmann (North Caucasian volunteers)
    • II. Sonderverband Bergmann Battalion (North Caucasian volunteers)
  • SS-Waffengruppe Nordkaukasus (North Caucasian volunteers; Chechens, Ingush & Dagestani)

Central Asian volunteers

  • 162. (Turkistan) Infanterie-Division (Turkestani volunteers)
  • Muselmanischen SS-Division Neu-Turkistan (Turkestani volunteers)
  • Turkistanische Legion (volunteers from Central Asia; Uzbeks, Kazakhs & Turkmen)
  • Böhler-Brigade (Turkestani volunteers)
  • 1. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion (Turkestani volunteers)
  • 2. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion (Turkestani volunteers)
  • 3. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion (Turkestani volunteers)
  • Osttürkischer Waffen-Verband der SS or 1. Ostmuselmanisches SS-Regiment (Central Asia volunteers)
  • Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Ersatz-Battalion (Turkestani volunteers)
  • Waffen-Gruppe Turkistan (Central Asian volunteers)

Kalmykian volunteers

  • Kalmüken Verband Dr. Doll (Kalmykian volunteers)
  • Abwehrtrupp 103 (Kalmykian volunteers)
  • Kalmücken Legion or Kalmücken-Kavallerie-Korps (Kalmykian volunteers)

Tatar volunteers

  • Tatar Legion
  • SS-Waffengruppe Idel-Ural (Turkic volunteers from Volga/Ural area)
  • Waffen-Gebirgs-Brigade der SS (Tatar Nr. 1) (Tatar volunteers)
  • 30. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Russische Nr. 2) (Armenian & Tatar volunteer units)
  • Wolgatatarische Legion (Volga Tatars but also of other volunteers from the region)
  • Tataren-Gebirgsjäger-Regiment der SS (Crimean Tatar volunteers)
  • Waffen-Gruppe Krim (Crimean Tatar volunteers)
  • Schutzmannschaft Battalion (Crimean Tatar volunteers)

Cossack volunteers

  • 1. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division (volunteers from Cossacks in Cherson, from February 1945 XV. SS-Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps)
  • Kosaken-Reiter-Brigade Kaukasus II (Caucasus Cossack volunteers)
  • Kuban-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 3 (Kuban Cossack volunteers)
  • Don-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 5 (Don Cossack volunteers)
  • Terek-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 6 (Terek Cossack volunteers)
  • Kosaken-Artillerie-Regiment 2 (Caucasian Cossack volunteers)
  • Sibirisches Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 2 (Siberian Cossack volunteers)
  • XV. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps (Kotelnikovo Cossack volunteers)
  • Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 5 (Cossack volunteers)

Caucasian mixed volunteer units

Caucasian, Central Asian, Crimean and Ural mixed volunteer units

Main article: Ostlegionen
  • Waffen-Gruppe Turkistan
  • Waffen-Gruppe Idel-Ural
  • Waffen-Gruppe Azerbaijan
  • Waffen-Gruppe Krim

Propaganda newspapers for Caucasian and Cossack units

Azerbaijan
  • Azerbajçan – Azerbaijani Legion
Kalmykia
  • Kalmyckij Boec ("Kalmyk Soldier") – Kalmyk Cavalry Corps
Kosaken (Cossack Nation)
  • Kosaken-Illustrierte ("Cossack Illustrated") – 1st Cossack Cavalry Division (trilingual)
  • La terra dei cosacchi ("The Land of the Cossacks") – Cossack units in upper Italy
Krimtürken (Crimean Tatars)
  • Kirim ("Crimea") – Weekly paper for the Crimean Tatar volunteers, Berlin 1944–1945
Tataren (Tatar nation)
  • Deutsch-tatarisches Nachrichtenblatt ("German-Tatar News Journal") – Volga Tatar Legion, monthly publication, Berlin 1944–1945 (bilingual)
Turkestaner (Central Asian nation)
  • Yeni Türkistan ("New Turkestan") – Turkistan Legion
  • Svoboda ("Freedom") – 162nd Turkoman Division
  • Türk Birligi ("Turkish Unity") – Osttürkischer Waffen-Verband der SS, weekly publication, Berlin 1944–1945

German commanders of Central Asian, Caucasian and Cossack units

These German commanders also received honorary military or leading titles between their units at charge; for example Helmuth von Pannwitz received the title of "Ataman" from his Cossack units.

German representative of the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories

Central Asian, Caucasian and Cossack political leaders

Puppet Governments and Organizations in the USSR

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ Ryszard Kaczmarek: Polacy w Wehrmachcie. Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2010. ISBN 978-83-08-04488-9
  2. ^ Wangel, Carl-Axel (1982). Sveriges militära beredskap 1939-1945 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget. ISBN 978-91-85266-20-3.
  3. ^ Grasmeder, Elizabeth M.F. "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers". International Security. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  4. ^ "Spain's Nazi volunteers defend their right to recognition - and German pensions". The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2015.
  5. ^ Audrey L. Alstadt (2013). "The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule". p. 187. ISBN 9780817991838
  6. ^ Carlos Caballero Jurado (1983). Foreign Volunteers of the Wehrmacht 1941–45. Translated by Alfredo Campello, David List. Osprey. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-85045-524-3.
  7. ^ M. V. Nazarov, The Mission of the Russian Emigration, Moscow: Rodnik, 1994. ISBN 5-86231-172-6[page needed]
  8. ^ “Slaughter on the Eastern Front: Hitler and Stalin’s War 1941-1945“ Appendix 3
  9. ^ Dermot Bradley, Karl-Friedrich Hildebrand, Markus Rövekamp: Die Generale des Heeres 1921–1945. Band 7: Knabe–Luz. Biblio Verlag, Bissendorf 2004, ISBN 3-7648-2902-8.
  10. ^ “SS: Hitler's Foreign Divisions” description
  11. ^ Rolf Michaelis: Die Waffen-SS. Mythos und Wirklichkeit. Michaelis-Verlag, Berlin 2001, p. 36
  12. ^ Nikolai Tolstoy (1977). The Secret Betrayal. Charles Scribner’s Sons. pp. 304ff. ISBN 0-684-15635-0.
  13. ^ Carlos Caballero Jurado, Ramiro Bujeiro (2009). Blue Division Soldier 1941-45: Spanish Volunteer on the Eastern Front. Osprey Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-84603-412-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

Bibliography

  • Jurado, Carlos Caballero (1985). Foreign volunteers of the Wehrmacht 1941-45. London: Osprey. ISBN 0850455243. OCLC 13216649.
  • Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.

Further reading

  • Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.
  • Edele, Mark (2017). Stalins' Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941-1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198798156.

January 31, 2023
wehrmacht, foreign, volunteers, conscripts, among, approximately, million, foreign, volunteers, conscripts, served, wehrmacht, during, world, were, ethnic, belgians, czechs, dutch, finns, danes, french, hungarians, norwegians, poles, portuguese, swedes, along,. Among the approximately one million foreign volunteers and conscripts who served in the Wehrmacht during World War II were ethnic Belgians Czechs Dutch Finns Danes French Hungarians Norwegians Poles 1 Portuguese Swedes 2 along with people from Great Britain Estonia Latvia Lithuania and the Balkans 3 At least 47 000 Spaniards served in the Blue Division 4 Andrey Vlasov and General Zhilenkov center of the Russian Liberation Army meeting with Joseph Goebbels February 1945 Soldier of the Free Arabian Legion in Greece September 1943 Some estimates state anywhere between 600 000 and 1 400 000 Soviet citizens Russians and other non Russian ethnic minorities joined the Wehrmacht forces as Hiwis or Hilfswillige 5 The Ukrainian collaborationist forces were composed of an estimated number of 180 000 volunteers serving with units scattered all over Europe 6 Russian emigres and defectors from the Soviet Union formed the Russian Liberation Army or fought as Hilfswillige within German units of the Wehrmacht primarily on the Eastern Front 7 Non Russians from the Soviet Union formed the Ostlegionen literally Eastern Legions The East Battalions comprized a total of 175 000 personnel 8 These units were all commanded by General Ernst August Kostring 1876 1953 9 A lower estimate for the total number of foreign volunteers that served in the entire German armed forces including the Waffen SS is 350 000 10 These units were often under the command of German officers and some published their own propaganda newssheets Contents 1 List of units 1 1 Soviet Union 1 2 Croatia 2 Middle East 3 Azerbaijani Georgian and Armenian volunteers 4 North Caucasian volunteers 5 Central Asian volunteers 6 Kalmykian volunteers 7 Tatar volunteers 8 Cossack volunteers 9 Caucasian mixed volunteer units 10 Caucasian Central Asian Crimean and Ural mixed volunteer units 11 Propaganda newspapers for Caucasian and Cossack units 12 German commanders of Central Asian Caucasian and Cossack units 13 German representative of the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 14 Central Asian Caucasian and Cossack political leaders 15 Puppet Governments and Organizations in the USSR 16 Other 17 See also 18 References 18 1 Bibliography 19 Further readingList of units Edit Foreign volunteer battalion in the Wehrmacht Soldiers of the Free Arabian Legion in Greece September 1943 Spanish volunteer forces of the Blue Division entrain at San Sebastian 1942 Ukrainian Liberation Army oath to Adolf Hitler Soviet Union Edit Unit name Description Armenian Legion Mostly Soviet Armenians Azerbaijani Legion Mostly Soviet Azeris Georgian Legion Mostly Soviet GeorgiansHiwi Soviet CiviliansXV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps Until 1 February 1945 under command of the Wehrmacht then the Corps was transferred to the Waffen SS 11 Kalmykian Voluntary Cavalry Corps Mostly KalmyksLitauische Bau Bataillonen Mostly conscripted LithuaniansFatherland Defense Force Land unit composed of Lithuanians Luftwaffen Legion Lettland Air unit composed of Latvians Nachtigall Battalion Ukrainians of the Organization of Ukrainian NationalistsOstlegionen Consisting mostly of CaucasiansRoland Battalion A k a Special Group Roland Second Polish Republic citizens of Ukrainian ethnicity Russian Liberation Army Mostly ethnic Russians 162nd Turkoman Division Formed in May 1943 and comprised 5 Azeri and 6 Turkestani artillery infantry units 12 Ukrainian Liberation Army Ukrainians Ukrainian National Army UkrainiansCroatia Edit Unit name 369th Croatian Infantry Division Wehrmacht 373rd Croatian Infantry Division Wehrmacht 392nd Croatian Infantry Division Wehrmacht 369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment Wehrmacht Croatian Naval Legion Croatian Air Force Legion Croatian Anti Aircraft LegionMiddle East EditLegion Freies Arabien Arab volunteers Deutsch Arabische Lehr Abteilung Arab volunteers Deutsch Arabisches Bataillon Nr 845 Arab volunteers Freiwilligen Stamm Regiment 1 Turkish volunteers Azerbaijani Georgian and Armenian volunteers EditFurther information Azeri SS Volunteer Formations Armenische Legion Armenian volunteers Aserbaidschanische Legion Azerbaijani volunteers 30 Waffen Grenadier Division der SS Russische Nr 2 Georgische Legion Georgian volunteers Freiwilligen Stamm Regiment 1 Georgian volunteers Freiwilligen Stamm Regiment 2 Armenians amp Azerbaijanis Sonderverband Bergmann Georgian and Azerbaijani volunteers I Sonderverband Bergmann Battalion Georgian volunteers III Sonderverband Bergmann Battalion Azerbaijani volunteers SS Waffengruppe Georgien Georgian volunteers SS Waffengruppe Armenien Armenian volunteers SS Waffengruppe Aserbaidschan Azeri volunteers North Caucasian volunteers EditKaukasisch Mohammedanische Legion Azerbaijani Circassian Daghestani Chechen Ingush and Lezghin volunteer units Kaukasischer Waffen Verband der SS or Freiwilligen Brigade Nordkaukasien volunteers from the North Caucasus region Nordkaukasische Legion North Caucasian Legion volunteers from the North Caucasus region Freiwilligen Stamm Regiment 1 North Caucasian volunteers Sonderverband Bergmann North Caucasian volunteers II Sonderverband Bergmann Battalion North Caucasian volunteers SS Waffengruppe Nordkaukasus North Caucasian volunteers Chechens Ingush amp Dagestani Central Asian volunteers Edit162 Turkistan Infanterie Division Turkestani volunteers Muselmanischen SS Division Neu Turkistan Turkestani volunteers Turkistanische Legion volunteers from Central Asia Uzbeks Kazakhs amp Turkmen Bohler Brigade Turkestani volunteers 1 Turkestanisches Arbeits Battalion Turkestani volunteers 2 Turkestanisches Arbeits Battalion Turkestani volunteers 3 Turkestanisches Arbeits Battalion Turkestani volunteers Ostturkischer Waffen Verband der SS or 1 Ostmuselmanisches SS Regiment Central Asia volunteers Turkestanisches Arbeits Ersatz Battalion Turkestani volunteers Waffen Gruppe Turkistan Central Asian volunteers Kalmykian volunteers EditKalmuken Verband Dr Doll Kalmykian volunteers Abwehrtrupp 103 Kalmykian volunteers Kalmucken Legion or Kalmucken Kavallerie Korps Kalmykian volunteers Tatar volunteers EditTatar Legion SS Waffengruppe Idel Ural Turkic volunteers from Volga Ural area Waffen Gebirgs Brigade der SS Tatar Nr 1 Tatar volunteers 30 Waffen Grenadier Division der SS Russische Nr 2 Armenian amp Tatar volunteer units Wolgatatarische Legion Volga Tatars but also of other volunteers from the region Tataren Gebirgsjager Regiment der SS Crimean Tatar volunteers Waffen Gruppe Krim Crimean Tatar volunteers Schutzmannschaft Battalion Crimean Tatar volunteers Cossack volunteers Edit1 Kosaken Kavallerie Division volunteers from Cossacks in Cherson from February 1945 XV SS Kosaken Kavallerie Korps Kosaken Reiter Brigade Kaukasus II Caucasus Cossack volunteers Kuban Kosaken Reiter Regiment 3 Kuban Cossack volunteers Don Kosaken Reiter Regiment 5 Don Cossack volunteers Terek Kosaken Reiter Regiment 6 Terek Cossack volunteers Kosaken Artillerie Regiment 2 Caucasian Cossack volunteers Sibirisches Kosaken Reiter Regiment 2 Siberian Cossack volunteers XV Kosaken Kavallerie Korps Kotelnikovo Cossack volunteers Freiwilligen Stamm Regiment 5 Cossack volunteers Caucasian mixed volunteer units EditFreiwilligen Stamm Division Georgian Turkish North Caucasian Armenian amp Azerbaijani volunteers Caucasian Central Asian Crimean and Ural mixed volunteer units EditMain article Ostlegionen Waffen Gruppe Turkistan Waffen Gruppe Idel Ural Waffen Gruppe Azerbaijan Waffen Gruppe KrimPropaganda newspapers for Caucasian and Cossack units EditAzerbaijanAzerbajcan Azerbaijani LegionKalmykiaKalmyckij Boec Kalmyk Soldier Kalmyk Cavalry CorpsKosaken Cossack Nation Kosaken Illustrierte Cossack Illustrated 1st Cossack Cavalry Division trilingual La terra dei cosacchi The Land of the Cossacks Cossack units in upper ItalyKrimturken Crimean Tatars Kirim Crimea Weekly paper for the Crimean Tatar volunteers Berlin 1944 1945Tataren Tatar nation Deutsch tatarisches Nachrichtenblatt German Tatar News Journal Volga Tatar Legion monthly publication Berlin 1944 1945 bilingual Turkestaner Central Asian nation Yeni Turkistan New Turkestan Turkistan Legion Svoboda Freedom 162nd Turkoman Division Turk Birligi Turkish Unity Ostturkischer Waffen Verband der SS weekly publication Berlin 1944 1945German commanders of Central Asian Caucasian and Cossack units EditThese German commanders also received honorary military or leading titles between their units at charge for example Helmuth von Pannwitz received the title of Ataman from his Cossack units Generalleutnant Helmuth von Pannwitz Oberst Hans Joachim von Schultz Oberstleutnant Gunther von Steinsdorff Oberst von Baath Oberst Freiherr von Nolcken Oberst Konstantin Wagner Sonderfuhrer Othmar Rudolf Wyrba a k a Dr Doll German Tibetan and Mongolian language expert leader of the Kalmuck units Oberstleutnant Pipgorra Oberst Raimund Hoerst SS Obersturmbannfuhrer Andreas Meyer Mader SS Hauptsturmfuhrer Billig SS Hauptsturmfuhrer Hermann SS Sturmbannfuhrer der Reserve Franz Liebermann SS Hauptsturmfuhrer Reiner Olzscha SS Hauptsturmfuhrer Furst SS Standartenfuhrer Harun el Raschid Bey of the central Asian legions was a German who converted to Islam while serving as an advisor to Enver Pasha Generalmajor Prof Dr Oskar Ritter von Niedermayer Generalleutnant Ralph von HeygendorffGerman representative of the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories EditOtto BrautigamCentral Asian Caucasian and Cossack political leaders EditCossack Ataman General Pyotr Krasnov Cossack Ataman General Andrei Shkuro Cossack Ataman Vasili Glazkov Kalmuk Prince TundotovPuppet Governments and Organizations in the USSR EditProvisional Government of Lithuania Zuyev Republic Belarusian Central Council Lokot Autonomy later Lepel Republic Ukrainian National Government Ukrainian National Committee Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya Ingushetia Liberation Movement of the Peoples of Russia Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia North Caucasus National Committee Turkestan National Committee Patriotic Union Tetri Giorgi Cossack Central Office National Karachai Committee Armenian National Committee Kalmyk National Committee Simferopol Muslim Committee Tatar Committee Eastern Turkish Council Caucasian Council Cossack National Liberation Movement Main Board of the Cossack Forces Russian Committee in Latvia Belarusian Committee Warsaw Belarusian Committee Bialystok Belarusian Representation Belarusian Self Help Committee Belarusian National Center Belarusian Cultural Assembly Committee to Combat Bolshevism Russian Committee Caucasian Committee in the General Government Commission for Cossacks Gathering of the nations enslaved by RussiaOther EditUnit nameBlue Division 13 Blue LegionFree Arabian LegionIndian LegionLegion of French Volunteers Against BolshevismMalgre nousPoles in the WehrmachtRussian CorpsWalloon LegionBritish Free CorpsIranian LegionIrish Free CorpsSee also EditCollaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II Georgian uprising on Texel Waffen SS foreign volunteers and conscripts Non Germans in the German armed forces during World War II SelbstschutzReferences Edit Ryszard Kaczmarek Polacy w Wehrmachcie Wydawnictwo Literackie Krakow 2010 ISBN 978 83 08 04488 9 Wangel Carl Axel 1982 Sveriges militara beredskap 1939 1945 in Swedish Stockholm Militarhistoriska Forlaget ISBN 978 91 85266 20 3 Grasmeder Elizabeth M F Leaning on Legionnaires Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers International Security Retrieved 30 July 2021 Spain s Nazi volunteers defend their right to recognition and German pensions The Daily Telegraph 30 November 2015 Audrey L Alstadt 2013 The Azerbaijani Turks Power and Identity under Russian Rule p 187 ISBN 9780817991838 Carlos Caballero Jurado 1983 Foreign Volunteers of the Wehrmacht 1941 45 Translated by Alfredo Campello David List Osprey p 29 ISBN 978 0 85045 524 3 M V Nazarov The Mission of the Russian Emigration Moscow Rodnik 1994 ISBN 5 86231 172 6 page needed Slaughter on the Eastern Front Hitler and Stalin s War 1941 1945 Appendix 3 Dermot Bradley Karl Friedrich Hildebrand Markus Rovekamp Die Generale des Heeres 1921 1945 Band 7 Knabe Luz Biblio Verlag Bissendorf 2004 ISBN 3 7648 2902 8 SS Hitler s Foreign Divisions description Rolf Michaelis Die Waffen SS Mythos und Wirklichkeit Michaelis Verlag Berlin 2001 p 36 Nikolai Tolstoy 1977 The Secret Betrayal Charles Scribner s Sons pp 304ff ISBN 0 684 15635 0 Carlos Caballero Jurado Ramiro Bujeiro 2009 Blue Division Soldier 1941 45 Spanish Volunteer on the Eastern Front Osprey Publishing p 34 ISBN 978 1 84603 412 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Bibliography Edit Jurado Carlos Caballero 1985 Foreign volunteers of the Wehrmacht 1941 45 London Osprey ISBN 0850455243 OCLC 13216649 Elizabeth M F Grasmeder Leaning on Legionnaires Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers International Security July 2021 Vol 46 No 1 pp 147 195 Further reading EditElizabeth M F Grasmeder Leaning on Legionnaires Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers International Security July 2021 Vol 46 No 1 pp 147 195 Edele Mark 2017 Stalins Defectors How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitler s Collaborators 1941 1945 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780198798156 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts amp oldid 1128648683, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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