Flydubai Flight 981
Flydubai Flight 981 (FZ981/FDB981) was a scheduled international passenger flight from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, to Rostov-on-Don, Russia. On 19 March 2016, the Boeing 737-800 aircraft operating the flight crashed during a go-around, killing all 62 passengers and crew on board.[1][2]
A6-FDN, the aircraft involved in the crash | |
| Accident | |
|---|---|
| Date | 19 March 2016 |
| Summary | Pilot error; spatial disorientation due to loss of situational awareness |
| Site | Rostov-on-Don Airport, Rostov-on-Don, Russia 47°15′54.7″N 39°49′43.8″E / 47.265194°N 39.828833°E |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Boeing 737-8KN |
| Operator | Flydubai |
| IATA flight No. | FZ981 |
| ICAO flight No. | FDB981 |
| Call sign | SKY DUBAI 981 |
| Registration | A6-FDN |
| Flight origin | Dubai International Airport, Dubai, United Arab Emirates |
| Destination | Rostov-on-Don Airport, Rostov-on-Don, Russia |
| Occupants | 62 |
| Passengers | 55 |
| Crew | 7 |
| Fatalities | 62 |
| Survivors | 0 |
The flight occurred at night and the weather at Rostov was poor. Flight 981 aborted its first landing attempt and entered a holding pattern for nearly two hours before making a second landing attempt. After aborting the second attempt, the aircraft climbed sharply during the go-around procedure and then descended rapidly and crashed onto the runway.[3][4]
Background edit
Airline edit
Flydubai is an Emirati state-owned low-cost carrier with its hub in Dubai. Its chairman Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum is also the chairman of Dubai-based Emirates.[5] Flydubai was founded and commenced operations in 2009 and expanded rapidly. At that time of the crash, it flew to over 100 destinations, including 11 in Russia, with its entire fleet consisted of Boeing 737-800s. Flydubai launched its Rostov-on-Don service in September 2013 with two scheduled flights per week.[6]
The airline had no previous fatal accidents and had an excellent safety record.[7] In 2015, Flydubai passed the safety audit of the IATA, and several days before the crash had become an official member of the organisation.[8] In the aftermath of the crash, Flydubai pilots raised concerns about duty-related fatigue. One pilot who told BBC News that staff had insufficient time to rest between shifts also informed senior management, who replied that "we don't have a fatigue issue at Flydubai." Another employee estimated that most of the 25 pilots (from a total of 600) who resigned from the airline in 2016 had done so because of "fatigue, rosters and quality of life." Some of the pilots believed that an accident was inevitable. In response to the allegations, Flydubai stated: "We are unable to disclose confidential information relating to our employees."[9]
Aircraft edit
The aircraft involved was a five-year-old Boeing 737-8KN,[note 1] registered as A6-FDN,[10] MSN 40241, and was powered by two CFM International CFM56-7B27 engines.[11] Its first flight occurred on 21 December 2010 and it was delivered to Flydubai on 24 January 2011.[11] The aircraft had passed a C-grade maintenance check on 21 January 2016.[12]
The plane, which carried enough fuel for 8.5 hours of flight, had been flying for six hours prior to the crash.[13]
Flight crew edit
The captain was 37-year-old Aristos Sokratous from Cyprus,[14] who had over 6,000 hours of total flying time, including 4,905 hours on the Boeing 737.[15] Sokratous was promoted to captain a year and a half before the crash.[14] At the time of the crash, he intended to quit the airline after accepting a job from Ryanair that would allow him to return to be with his family in Cyprus.[16] His wife was due to give birth to their first child a few weeks after the crash.[14] According to several Flydubai staff members, Sokratous decided to leave the airline mainly because of fatigue and lifestyle issues, and Flight 981 was one of his last flights with the airline.[9]
The first officer, 36-year-old Alejandro Cruz Álava from Spain,[17] had more than 5,700 hours of flying time, with 1,100 on the Boeing 737.[15] He began work with Flydubai in 2013 and had previously flown for two regional airlines in the Spanish Canary Islands, Binter Canarias and NAYSA, before joining the airline.[18]
According to the final report by the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC), the accident flight was both pilots' first-ever flight to Rostov. The captain had experience flying into other Russian airports, but the first officer did not.[1]: 104
Weather edit
The meteorological conditions at Rostov-on-Don Airport were described as "adverse." The cloud base was at 630 metres (2,070 ft), with light rain showers and a haze. The wind velocity was 13 m/s (25 kn; 47 km/h; 29 mph), gusting to 18 m/s (35 kn; 65 km/h; 40 mph), from 230 degrees, with severe turbulence and moderate wind shear on the final-approach course.[19]
Accident edit
Flight 981 was scheduled to depart from Dubai International Airport at 21:45 Gulf Standard Time (UTC+4) on 18 March 2016 and arrive at Rostov-on-Don Airport at 01:20 Moscow Standard Time (UTC+3) the next day.[20] It departed from Dubai after a 35-minute delay at 22:20 GST.[21][22] When Flight 981 arrived at the initial fix to begin the approach to Rostov-on-Don, two other flights had landed during the previous 20 minutes.[22][23]
An alert from Flight 981's onboard windshear-warning system caused the pilots to abandon their landing approach a few kilometres from the runway.[1]: 113 The flight entered a holding pattern near the airport, awaiting improvement to the weather.[3][13] While Flight 981 was holding, Aeroflot Flight 1166 made three unsuccessful attempts to land and then diverted to nearby Krasnodar Airport, landing there at 02:59.[22][24]
Nearly two hours later, during the crew's second approach to Runway 22, the airspeed suddenly increased by 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph),[1]: 145 an indication that the aircraft had encountered windshear, and again the crew initiated a go-around.[1]: 147 In contrast to the first go-around, the pilots retracted the landing gear and reduced the flaps setting.[1]: 148 This caused the nose to pitch up significantly, and the captain (who was flying the airplane) attempted to counter the force with considerable effort on the control column.[1]: 148 The captain pressed the nose-down trim switch, but continued to push the control column as well. This caused the aircraft to pitch down and enter a 45-degree descent.[1]: 153–154 At 03:42, it crashed onto the runway near the threshold[22][25] and caught fire.[26] Pieces of the aircraft were strewn across Runway 22 following the impact.
Victims edit
| Nation | Passengers | Crew | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | 44 | 1 | 45 |
| Ukraine | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| Iran | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Uzbekistan | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Spain | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Colombia | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Cyprus | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Seychelles | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 55 | 7 | 62 |
All 62 people on board, consisting of 55 passengers and 7 crew members, were killed in the crash.[21] Of the passengers, 44 (including four children) were Russian citizens.[17][28] Eight other passengers came from Ukraine, two from Iran with Indian passport and one from Uzbekistan. Thirty of the passengers were tourists on a package tour offered by Natalie Tours, one of the largest Russian tour operators.[23]
- Flydubai plane crash leaves 62 dead
Investigation edit
On the day of the crash, an investigative commission was established by the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) to determine the circumstances and causes of the crash. The investigation was led by Russian air accident investigators, and included representatives of the aviation authorities of the United Arab Emirates, the United States (the country of the aircraft's design and manufacture) and France (the country where the aircraft's engines were designed).[19] The American team consisted of air-accident investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board, experts from Boeing and representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration.[citation needed]
The Russian Investigative Committee opened an investigation into possible safety violations leading to the crash[26] and allocated more than 50 investigators to work on the case.[29] In a statement, it listed "crew error, technical failure, adverse weather conditions and other factors" as possible reasons for the crash.[29] Terrorism was eliminated as a possibility[12] as no traces of explosives were found.[30]
Progress edit
On 20 March 2016, investigators completed a survey of the wreckage. Russian and Emirati experts started an analysis of the radar data, flight crew–ATC communications and meteorological information. Both flight recorders were recovered from the crash site and delivered to the Interstate Aviation Committee in Moscow.[19]
On 20 and 21 March 2016, investigators from Russia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and France extracted the memory modules from their protective casings and downloaded the data from both the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR). Both recorders functioned normally until the time of impact. While their outer casings sustained some damage, the quality of both recordings was good. A transcript of the communication between the captain and first officer was prepared, and the data was analyzed. Investigators also began synchronizing information from the flight recorders, ATC data and meteorological information.[19][needs update]
On 21 March 2016, investigators in Rostov-on-Don finished collecting debris from the crash site and started reconstructing the fuselage layout in a hangar. Another group of investigators based in Moscow, together with Emirati investigators, airline representatives and experts from Cyprus and Spain, started to collect and analyse materials related to the aircraft's airworthiness, Flight 981's preparation before departure and the training of its flight crew.[19]
On 23 March 2016, Russian and foreign investigators began to test the Rostov Airport's radio-communication equipment, examine ATC communications with other flight crews before the crash and evaluate the actions of the ATC and the airport's meteorological services. Using data retrieved from the flight recorders, as well as information from the aircraft maintenance log and flight documentation, the investigators began to analyse the operation of all Flight 981's aircraft systems, including the flight-control system and engines, and also analysed the actions and state of the crew during the entire flight.[19][needs update]
On 29 March 2016, the IAC announced that preliminary analysis of information from the flight recorders showed no evidence of the failure of any aircraft systems, engines or other components. The airworthiness certificate was valid and all necessary maintenance history was in proper order at the time of departure.[19] A transcript of more than two hours of the last crew communications was prepared but was not released to the press, as international and Russian rules of air-crash investigation forbid publication.[19] The IAC requested that Boeing provide technical documentation to aid in the assessment of the aircraft's system operations as well as information about all similar previous incidents with Boeing airframes.[19][needs update]
On 20 April 2016, a first interim report was published by the IAC.[2]
In August 2018, the IAC began reconstructing data from the head-up display (HUD) system.[31]
Final report edit
On 26 November 2019, the IAC published its final report, which stated the cause as a combination of incorrect aircraft configuration, pilot error and the subsequent loss of the pilot-in-command's situational awareness in nighttime storm conditions. The go-around procedure with retracted landing gear and flaps but with the maximum available thrust consistent with the windshear escape manoeuver, combined with the lightness of the aircraft, led to the excessive nose-up attitude.[1]
Reactions edit
In light of the disaster, Rostov Oblast governor Vasily Golubev announced that the government would pay one million rubles (about 15,000 USD) to the families of the victims.[12] The day after the crash, 20 March, was designated as a day of mourning in the region.[12]
On 21 March 2016, Flydubai opened a family-assistance centre for the families of the victims in Rostov-on-Don.[32] It announced a payment of US$20,000 per passenger for the "immediate financial needs" of their families, but it subsequently paid only US$1,913 per passenger. [33] [34] The airline resumed regular flights to Rostov as soon as the airport reopened after the crash, but assigned a different flight number for the route.[5][35]
At a press conference, Flydubai CEO Ghaith Al Ghaith informed Emirati journalists that specialists from the company's engineering, safety and security departments were working closely on the ground with the Russian investigators.[36] He asked the media to refrain from speculation and "give the investigators time to do their job and come out with results."[36]
On 24 March 2016, crown prince of Abu Dhabi Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan travelled to Moscow to discuss the course of the crash investigation with Russian president Vladimir Putin.[37]
Aviation expert Alexander Knivel highlighted multiple similarities between Flight 981 and Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363.[38] In both cases, a Boeing 737 impacted the airfield at a high vertical speed while attempting a go-around. The Flight 363 investigation, conducted by the Interstate Aviation Committee, ruled that the 2013 accident was the result of pilot error. However, a dissenting opinion report claimed that the commission ignored a possible mechanical malfunction of the Boeing 737's elevator controls.[39]
On 28 March 2016, Artyom Kiryanov, a Russian Civic Chamber member, called for Russia's Federal Air Transport Agency and the IAC to suspend the flying certificates of all Russian owned-and-operated Boeing 737 Classics and Next Generation series, until the end of the Flight 981 investigation, citing concerns about the elevator controls in all 737s.[40][needs update] After this news reached the U.S., Boeing's stock fell 0.81% on the New York Stock Exchange.[41]
On 12 April 2016, the American law firm Ribbeck Law, on behalf of several relatives of the victims, filed a lawsuit against Boeing in the Circuit Court of Cook County in Chicago, pursuing financial compensation of US$5 million per passenger on the flight.[42][needs update]
In popular culture edit
The crash was featured in season 22, episode 1 of the Canadian documentary series Mayday, titled "Holding Pattern."[43]
See also edit
The IAC reports refer to the following accidents:[2]
- Armavia Flight 967: An Airbus A320 that crashed during a go-around in 2006
- China Airlines Flight 140: An Airbus A300 that crashed near the runway during a go-around in 1994
- Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 9560[1]: 98–100
- Aeroflot Flight N-528: An accident caused by pilot error during an attempted go-around
- Aeroflot Flight 821: A 737 that crashed before landing in Russia as a result of pilot spatial disorientation
- Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363: A 737 that crashed before landing in Russia as a result of pilot spatial disorientation
- John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash, a Piper Saratoga that crashed near Martha's Vineyard mainly as the result of spatial disorientation
- 2020 Calabasas helicopter crash, a helicopter that crashed in Calabasas, California as the result of spatial disorientation and pilot error.
Notes edit
- ^ The aircraft was a Boeing 737-800 model; Boeing assigns a unique customer code for each company that buys one of its aircraft, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built. Boeing's code for FlyDubai is "KN", hence "737-8KN".
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Boeing 737-8KN A6-FDN Fatal Accident - Final Report" (PDF). Interstate Aviation Committee. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- ^ a b c (PDF). Interstate Aviation Committee. 20 April 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ a b "Playback of FlyDubai flight FZ981". Flightradar24. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ "How An Illusion Made Pilots Crash Their Plane". 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ a b Cornwell, Alexander (21 March 2016). "Flydubai to resume flights to Rostov-on-Don on Tuesday". Gulf News. Dubai. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
- ^ Jain, Shweta (21 March 2016). "Flydubai Russia expansion plans may be affected by crash of flight FZ981". Gulf News. Dubai. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ Baldwin, Derek (19 March 2016). "Flydubai crash surprising as airline has excellent safety record, Dubai-based analyst says". Gulf News. Dubai. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ "Flydubai becomes latest IATA member from MENA". Arab News. Jeddah. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
- ^ a b Fottrell, Stephen (24 March 2016). "FlyDubai crash pilot 'was due to leave job over fatigue'". BBC World Service. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ "Boeing 737-800 А6-FDN 19.03.2016". Interstate Aviation Committee. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Boeing 737 Next Gen MSN 40241". Airfleets.net. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d Chance, Matthew; Cullinane, Susannah; Meilhan, Pierre (19 March 2016). "Flydubai plane crashes in Russia; 62 aboard reported dead". CNN. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b Hradecky, Simon (19 March 2016). "Crash: Flydubai B738 at Rostov on Don on Mar 19th 2016, struck wing onto runway after holding for 2 hours". Aviation Herald. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b c Hadjicostis, Menelaos (19 March 2016). . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
- ^ a b . Gulf News. Dubai. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ Long, Natalie (19 March 2016). . Gulf News. Dubai. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b c . Ministry of Emergency Situations. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ Long, Natalie (19 March 2016). "Flydubai plane crash: Two Spaniards were from Canary Islands". Gulf News. Dubai. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Boeing 737-800 А6-FDN 19.03.2016". Interstate Aviation Committee. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ "Flydubai flight FZ 981: Dubai – Rostov". FlightMapper. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Statement relating to Flydubai FZ981". Flydubai. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-8KN A6-FDN Rostov Airport (ROV)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b Струйное течение, полупустой самолет. Основные версии причин авиакатастрофы в Ростове-на-Дону [Jet stream, half-empty aircraft. Main versions of the plane crash in Rostov-on-Don]. Meduza (in Russian). 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ "Aeroflot flight SU1166". Flightradar24. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ [Incident with Boeing aircraft in Rostov-on-Don] (in Russian). Rostov-on-Don branch of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b Roth, Andrew (19 March 2016). "Dubai passenger jet crashes in Russia, killing 62". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ (PDF). Flydubai. 22 March 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ "Statement relating to Flydubai flight FZ981". Flydubai. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ a b Nechepurenko, Ivan (19 March 2016). "Wind Given as Possible Cause of Fatal Plane Crash in Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ Вероятность теракта на борту разбившегося в Ростове самолета практически исключена (in Russian). Interfax. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (21 August 2018). "Flydubai crash probe trying to reconstruct head-up display data". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ "Confirmation of opening of Family Assistance Centre". Flydubai. 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
- ^ "Statement relating to flydubai flight FZ981". Flydubai. 20 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
- ^ Новости, Р. И. А. (27 March 2016). "Родные 40 пассажиров упавшего Boeing получили выплаты от Flydubai". РИА Новости (in Russian). Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ Westall, Sylvia (20 March 2016). "Flydubai Says No Change to Flights After Russia Crash". The New York Times. Reuters. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
- ^ a b Rahman, Mujeeb (21 March 2016). . AMEinfo. Abu Dhabi. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ . TASS. 24 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
- ^ Bozhieva, Olga (22 March 2016). "Катастрофа Boeing: эксперты оценили версию заклинивания руля высоты". Moskovskij Komsomolets (in Russian). Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ Studenikin, Nikolay. Особое мнение представителя Росавиации [Alternative opinion of the Rosaviatsiya representative] (PDF) (in Russian). Interstate Aviation Committee. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
- ^ Loria, Elena (28 March 2016). "Для Boeing 737 могут закрыть российское небо" [Russian sky could be closed for Boeing 737]. Izvestia (in Russian). Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ^ Reyes, Robin (29 March 2016). . Sonoran Weekly Review. Belize. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ^ Goryaev, Oleg (13 April 2016). "Компании Boeing напомнили о ростовской авиакатастрофе" [Boeing company was reminded about Rostov air crash]. Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ @aircrash_ (6 May 2021). "Season 22, Episode 1 will be the heavily requested Flydubai Flight 981 (19 March 2016). @salfabbri thank you for giving us the info again!" (Tweet). Retrieved 12 November 2021 – via Twitter.
External links edit
- Interstate Aviation Committee
- Official profile of the investigation
- Interim report ()
- Final report
- Official profile of the investigation (in Russian) – the Russian version is the report of record.
- Interim report () (in Russian)
- Final report (in Russian)
- Official profile of the investigation
- Official statements from the airline Flydubai
- Official statements from Flydubai (Flydubai.com/en/emergency/) at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
- Official list of victims: , from Flydubai
- CCTV footage of the aircraft crash (first, second, third and fourth) and of the second go-around
- Unofficial audio recording of the ATC communications with the crew on YouTube
- Transcript of the ATC communications with the crew
- Flight history, according to Flightradar24
External videos ‘Modern day slavery’ Emirates and Flydubai pilots reveal exhausting labor conditions to RT