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Fern ally

February 15, 2024

Fern allies are a diverse group of seedless vascular plants that are not true ferns. Like ferns, a fern ally disperses by shedding spores to initiate an alternation of generations.

A clubmoss, from the Lycopodiopsida
Isoëtes lacustris, a quillwort, from the Isoetopsida
Equisetum fluviatile, from the Equisetopsida (horsetails)
Psilotum nudum, from the Psilotopsida (whisk ferns)

Classification edit

For a more detailed treatment, see Tracheophytes § Phylogeny.

Originally, three or four groups of plants were considered to be fern allies. In various classification schemes, these may be grouped as classes or divisions within the plant kingdom. Fern allies and ferns were sometimes grouped together as division Pteridophyta.[1] Another traditional classification scheme of living plants is as follows (here, the first three classes are the "fern allies"):

More recent evidence shows that the class Filices, as described above, is not monophyletic. The following classification represents a consensus view (although different authors may use different names for the various groups):[2]

Note that in either scheme, the same basic groups are recognized (Lycopodiophyta, Equisetopsida, Psilotopsida, and true ferns), but in the most recent scheme, both Equisetopsida and Psilotopsida are grouped as a subset of the true ferns, and only the Lycopodiophyta are not classified as ferns.

Relationships edit

Historically, several groups of plants were considered "fern allies": the clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts in the Lycopodiophyta, the whisk ferns in Psilotaceae, and the horsetails in the Equisetaceae. Similarly, three discrete groups of plants had been considered ferns: the adders-tongues, moonworts, and grape-ferns (Ophioglossales), the Marattiaceae, and the leptosporangiate ferns. More recent genetic studies have shown that the Lycopodiophyta are only distantly related to any other vascular plants, having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant clade, while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as much true ferns as are the Ophioglossoids and Marattiaceae. The Marattiaceae are a group of tropical ferns with a large, fleshy rhizome, and are now thought to be a sister group to the main group of ferns, the leptosporangiate ferns. The whisk ferns and Ophioglossids are demonstrably a clade, as are the leptosporangiate ferns and marattiaceae; however, the relationships between these two groups and the horsetails within the overarching clade of ferns remains uncertain.

References edit

  1. ^ Sporne, K.R. (1966), The Morphology of Pteridophytes (2nd ed.), London: Hutchinson, ISBN 978-0-09-104881-5
  2. ^ Pryer, K. M., Schuettpelz, E., Wolf, P. G., Schneider, H., Smith, A. R. & Cranfill, R. (2004), "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences", American Journal of Botany, 91 (10): 1582–1598, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582, PMID 21652310{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links edit

  • Common Ferns and Fern-Ally Species 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
  • (uses frames)
  • Lord, Thomas R. (2006). Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press [1]

February 15, 2024
fern, ally, fern, allies, diverse, group, seedless, vascular, plants, that, true, ferns, like, ferns, fern, ally, disperses, shedding, spores, initiate, alternation, generations, clubmoss, from, lycopodiopsidaisoëtes, lacustris, quillwort, from, isoetopsidaequ. Fern allies are a diverse group of seedless vascular plants that are not true ferns Like ferns a fern ally disperses by shedding spores to initiate an alternation of generations A clubmoss from the LycopodiopsidaIsoetes lacustris a quillwort from the IsoetopsidaEquisetum fluviatile from the Equisetopsida horsetails Psilotum nudum from the Psilotopsida whisk ferns Contents 1 Classification 2 Relationships 3 References 4 External linksClassification editFor a more detailed treatment see Tracheophytes Phylogeny Originally three or four groups of plants were considered to be fern allies In various classification schemes these may be grouped as classes or divisions within the plant kingdom Fern allies and ferns were sometimes grouped together as division Pteridophyta 1 Another traditional classification scheme of living plants is as follows here the first three classes are the fern allies Kingdom Plantae Division Tracheophyta vascular plants Class Lycopodiopsida clubmosses and related plants fern allies Class Sphenopsida or Equisetopsida horsetails and scouring rushes fern allies Class Psilotopsida whisk ferns fern allies Class Filices or Pteropsida true ferns including leptosporangiates marattioids adder s tongues and moonworts Class Spermatopsida or sometimes as several different classes of seed bearing plants More recent evidence shows that the class Filices as described above is not monophyletic The following classification represents a consensus view although different authors may use different names for the various groups 2 Kingdom Plantae Division Tracheophyta Class Lycopodiopsida Order Lycopodiales clubmosses Order Selaginellales spikemosses Order Isoetales quillworts and scale trees Class Polypodiopsida true ferns Subclass Equisetidae horsetails and scouring rushes Subclass Ophioglossidae whisk ferns adders tongues and moonworts also called Psilotopsida Subclass Marattiidae marattioid ferns Subclass Polypodiidae leptosporangiate ferns also called Pteridopsida or Filicopsida Class Spermatophyta or as several different divisions of seed bearing plants Note that in either scheme the same basic groups are recognized Lycopodiophyta Equisetopsida Psilotopsida and true ferns but in the most recent scheme both Equisetopsida and Psilotopsida are grouped as a subset of the true ferns and only the Lycopodiophyta are not classified as ferns Relationships editHistorically several groups of plants were considered fern allies the clubmosses spikemosses and quillworts in the Lycopodiophyta the whisk ferns in Psilotaceae and the horsetails in the Equisetaceae Similarly three discrete groups of plants had been considered ferns the adders tongues moonworts and grape ferns Ophioglossales the Marattiaceae and the leptosporangiate ferns More recent genetic studies have shown that the Lycopodiophyta are only distantly related to any other vascular plants having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant clade while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as much true ferns as are the Ophioglossoids and Marattiaceae The Marattiaceae are a group of tropical ferns with a large fleshy rhizome and are now thought to be a sister group to the main group of ferns the leptosporangiate ferns The whisk ferns and Ophioglossids are demonstrably a clade as are the leptosporangiate ferns and marattiaceae however the relationships between these two groups and the horsetails within the overarching clade of ferns remains uncertain References edit Sporne K R 1966 The Morphology of Pteridophytes 2nd ed London Hutchinson ISBN 978 0 09 104881 5 Pryer K M Schuettpelz E Wolf P G Schneider H Smith A R amp Cranfill R 2004 Phylogeny and evolution of ferns monilophytes with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences American Journal of Botany 91 10 1582 1598 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1582 PMID 21652310 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link External links editCommon Ferns and Fern Ally Species Archived 2012 05 13 at the Wayback Machine A Classification of the Ferns and Fern Allies uses frames Non seed plant images at bioimages vanderbilt edu Lord Thomas R 2006 Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania Indiana PA Pinelands Press 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fern ally amp oldid 1138668467, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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