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Fermilab

March 08, 2023

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located just outside Batavia, Illinois, near Chicago, is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics. Since 2007, Fermilab has been operated by the Fermi Research Alliance, a joint venture of the University of Chicago, and the Universities Research Association (URA). Fermilab is a part of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor.

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
A satellite view of Fermilab. The two circular structures are the Main Injector Ring (smaller) and Tevatron (larger).
EstablishedNovember 21, 1967 (as National Accelerator Laboratory)
Research typeAccelerator physics
Budget$546 million (2019)[1]
Field of research
Accelerator physics
DirectorLia Merminga
AddressP.O. Box 500
LocationWinfield Township, DuPage County, Illinois, United States
41°49′55″N 88°15′26″W / 41.83194°N 88.25722°W / 41.83194; -88.25722Coordinates: 41°49′55″N 88°15′26″W / 41.83194°N 88.25722°W / 41.83194; -88.25722
NicknameFermilab
AffiliationsU.S. Department of Energy
University of Chicago
Universities Research Association
Leon Max Lederman
Websitewww.fnal.gov
Map
Location in Illinois

Fermilab's Main Injector, two miles (3.3 km) in circumference, is the laboratory's most powerful particle accelerator.[2] The accelerator complex that feeds the Main Injector is under upgrade, and construction of the first building for the new PIP-II linear accelerator began in 2020.[3] Until 2011, Fermilab was the home of the 6.28 km (3.90 mi) circumference Tevatron accelerator. The ring-shaped tunnels of the Tevatron and the Main Injector are visible from the air and by satellite.

Fermilab aims to become a world center in neutrino physics. It is the host of the multi-billion dollar Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) now under construction.[4] The project has suffered delays and, in 2022, the journals Science and Scientific American each published articles describing the project as "troubled".[5][6] Ongoing neutrino experiments are ICARUS (Imaging Cosmic and Rare Underground Signals) and NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance). Completed neutrino experiments include MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search), MINOS+, MiniBooNE and SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and MicroBooNE (Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment).

On-site experiments outside of the neutrino program include the SeaQuest fixed-target experiment and Muon g-2. Fermilab continues to participate in the work at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC); it serves as a Tier 1 site in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid.[7] Fermilab also pursues research in quantum information science.[8] It founded the Fermilab Quantum Institute in 2019.[9] Since 2020, it also is home to the SQMS (Superconducting Quantum and Materials Science) center.[10]

In the public realm, Fermilab is home to a native prairie ecosystem restoration project and hosts many cultural events: public science lectures and symposia, classical and contemporary music concerts, folk dancing and arts galleries. The site is open from dawn to dusk to visitors who present valid photo identification.

Asteroid 11998 Fermilab is named in honor of the laboratory.

History

 
Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall

Weston, Illinois, was a community next to Batavia voted out of existence by its village board in 1966 to provide a site for Fermilab.[11]

The laboratory was founded in 1969 as the National Accelerator Laboratory;[12] it was renamed in honor of Enrico Fermi in 1974. The laboratory's first director was Robert Rathbun Wilson, under whom the laboratory opened ahead of time and under budget. Many of the sculptures on the site are of his creation. He is the namesake of the site's high-rise laboratory building, whose unique shape has become the symbol for Fermilab and which is the center of activity on the campus.

After Wilson stepped down in 1978 to protest the lack of funding for the lab, Leon M. Lederman took on the job. It was under his guidance that the original accelerator was replaced with the Tevatron, an accelerator capable of colliding protons and antiprotons at a combined energy of 1.96 TeV. Lederman stepped down in 1989 and remained Director Emeritus until his death. The science education center at the site was named in his honor.

The later directors are:

Accelerators

The Tevatron

Prior to the startup in 2008 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, the Tevatron was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world, accelerating protons and antiprotons to energies of 980 GeV, and producing proton-antiproton collisions with energies of up to 1.96 TeV, the first accelerator to reach one "tera-electron-volt" energy.[16] At 3.9 miles (6.3 km), it was the world's fourth-largest particle accelerator in circumference. One of its most important achievements was the 1995 discovery of the top quark, announced by research teams using the Tevatron's CDF and DØ detectors.[17] It was shut down in 2011.

Fermilab Accelerator Complex

Since 2013, the first stage in the acceleration process (pre-accelerator injector) in the Fermilab chain of accelerators[18] takes place in two ion sources which ionize hydrogen gas. The gas is introduced into a container lined with molybdenum electrodes, each a matchbox-sized, oval-shaped cathode and a surrounding anode, separated by 1 mm and held in place by glass ceramic insulators. A magnetron generates a plasma to form the ions near the metal surface.[citation needed] The ions are accelerated by the source to 35 keV and matched by low energy beam transport (LEBT) into the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) which applies a 750 keV electrostatic field giving the ions their second acceleration. At the exit of RFQ, the beam is matched by medium energy beam transport (MEBT) into the entrance of the linear accelerator (linac).[19]

The next stage of acceleration is linear particle accelerator (linac). This stage consists of two segments. The first segment has five drift tube cavities, operating at 201 MHz. The second stage has seven side-coupled cavities, operating at 805 MHz. At the end of linac, the particles are accelerated to 400 MeV, or about 70% of the speed of light.[20][21] Immediately before entering the next accelerator, the H− ions pass through a carbon foil, becoming H+ ions (protons).[22]

The resulting protons then enter the booster ring, a 468 m (1,535 ft) circumference circular accelerator whose magnets bend beams of protons around a circular path. The protons travel around the Booster about 20,000 times in 33 milliseconds, adding energy with each revolution until they leave the Booster accelerated to 8 GeV.[22] In 2021, the lab announced that its latest superconducting YBCO magnet could increase field strength at a rate of 290 tesla per second, reaching a peak magnetic field strength of around 0.5 tesla.[23]

The final acceleration is applied by the Main Injector [circumference 3,319.4 m (10,890 ft)], which is the smaller of the two rings in the last picture below (foreground). Completed in 1999, it has become Fermilab's "particle switchyard"[citation needed] in that it can route protons to any of the experiments installed along the beam lines after accelerating them to 120 GeV. Until 2011, the Main Injector provided protons to the antiproton ring [circumference 6,283.2 m (20,614 ft)] and the Tevatron for further acceleration but now provides the last push before the particles reach the beam line experiments.

  •  

    Two ion sources at the center with two high-voltage electronics cabinets next to them[24]

  •  

    Beam direction right to left: RFQ (silver), MEBT (green), first drift tube linac (blue)[24]

  •  

    A 7835 power amplifier that is used at the first stage of linac[20]

  •  

    A 12 MW klystron used at the second stage of linac[20]

  •  

    A cutaway view of the 805 MHz side-couple cavities[25]

  •  

    Booster ring[26]

  •  

    Fermilab's accelerator rings. The main injector is in the foreground, and the antiproton ring and Tevatron (inactive since 2011) are in the background.

Proton improvement plan

Recognizing higher demands of proton beams to support new experiments, Fermilab began to improve their accelerators in 2011. Expected to continue for many years,[27] the project has two phases: Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) and Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II).[28]

PIP (2011–2018)

The overall goals of PIP are to increase the repetition rate of the Booster beam from 7 Hz to 15 Hz and replace old hardware to increase reliability of the operation.[28] Before the start of the PIP project, a replacement of the pre-accelerator injector was underway. The replacement of almost 40 year-old Cockcroft–Walton generators to RFQ started in 2009 and completed in 2012. At the Linac stage, the analog beam position monitor (BPM) modules were replaced with digital boards in 2013. A replacement of Linac vacuum pumps and related hardware is expected to be completed in 2015. A study on the replacement of 201 MHz drift tubes is still ongoing. At the boosting stage, a major component of the PIP is to upgrade the Booster ring to 15 Hz operation. The Booster has 19 radio frequency stations. Originally, the Booster stations were operating without solid-state drive system which was acceptable for 7 Hz but not 15 Hz operation. A demonstration project in 2004 converted one of the stations to solid state drive before the PIP project. As part of the project, the remaining stations were converted to solid state in 2013. Another major part of the PIP project is to refurbish and replace 40 year-old Booster cavities. Many cavities have been refurbished and tested to operate at 15 Hz. The completion of cavity refurbishment is expected in 2015, after which the repetition rate can be gradually increased to 15 Hz operation. A longer term upgrade is to replace the Booster cavities with a new design. The research and development of the new cavities is underway, with replacement expected in 2018.[27]

PIP-II
 
Prototypes of SRF cavities to be used in the last segment of PIP-II Linac[29]

The goals of PIP-II include a plan to delivery 1.2 MW of proton beam power from the Main Injector to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment target at 120 GeV and the power near 1 MW at 60 GeV with a possibility to extend the power to 2 MW in the future. The plan should also support the current 8 GeV experiments including Mu2e, Muon g−2, and other short-baseline neutrino experiments. These require an upgrade to the Linac to inject to the Booster with 800 MeV. The first option considered was to add 400 MeV "afterburner" superconducting Linac at the tail end of the existing 400 MeV. This would have required moving the existing Linac up 50 metres (160 ft). However, there were many technical issues with this approach. Instead, Fermilab is building a new 800 MeV superconducting Linac to inject to the Booster ring.

Construction of the first building for the PIP-II accelerator began in 2020.[3] The new Linac site will be located on top of a small portion of Tevatron near the Booster ring in order to take advantage of existing electrical and water, and cryogenic infrastructure. The PIP-II Linac will have low energy beam transport line (LEBT), radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and medium energy beam transport line (MEBT) operated at the room temperature at with a 162.5 MHz and energy increasing from 0.03 MeV. The first segment of Linac will be operated at 162.5 MHz and energy increased up to 11 MeV. The second segment of Linac will be operated at 325 MHz and energy increased up to 177 MeV. The last segment of linac will be operated at 650 MHz and will have the final energy level of 800 MeV.[30]

As of 2022, the estimated PIP-II accelerator start date for the accelerator is 2028.[31] The project was approved for construction in April 2022 with an expected cost to the Department of Energy of $978M and with an additional $330M in contributions from international partners.[32]

Experiments

List of past and ongoing experiments

Experiment highlights

Fermilab dismantled the CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab)[55] experiment to make the space available for IARC (Illinois Accelerator Research Center).[56] Construction work has started for LBNF/DUNE and PIP-II while the NOνA and Muon g−2 experiments continue to collect data.[3] The laboratory also conducts research in quantum information science, including the development of teleportation technology[57] for the quantum internet and increasing the lifetime of superconducting resonators[58] for use in quantum computers.

LBNF/DUNE

Fermilab strives to become the world leader in Neutrino physics through the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment at the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility. Other leaders are CERN, which leads in Accelerator physics with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and Japan, which has been approved to build and lead the International Linear Collider (ILC). Fermilab will be the site of LBNF's future beamline, and the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), in Lead, SD, is the site selected to house the massive far detector. The term "baseline" refers to the distance between the neutrino source and the detector. The far detector current design is for four modules of instrumented liquid argon with a fiducial volume of 10 kilotons each.

According to the 2016 Conceptual Design Report, the first two modules were expected to be complete in 2024, with the beam operational in 2026. The final modules were planned to be operational in 2027.[59] In 2022, the cost for two far detector modules and the beam, alone, had risen to $3B. This led to a decision by the Department of Energy Office of Science to phase the experiment.[5] Phase I would consist of two modules, to be completed in 2028-29, and the beamline, to be completed in 2032. The installation of phase II, the remaining two far detector modules, is not yet planned and will be at a cost above the $3B estimate for phase I.[5]

A large prototype detector constructed at CERN took data with a test beam from 2018-2020. The results show that ProtoDUNE performed with greater than 99% efficiency.[60]

LBNF/DUNE program in neutrino physics plans to measure fundamental physical parameters with high precision and to explore physics beyond the Standard Model. The measurements DUNE will make are expected to greatly increase the physics community's understanding of neutrinos and their role in the universe, thereby better elucidating the nature of matter and anti-matter. It will send the world's highest-intensity neutrino beam to a near detector on the Fermilab site and the far detector 800 miles (1300 km) away at SURF.

Other neutrino experiments

The MiniBooNE detector was a 40-foot (12 m) diameter sphere containing 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1,520 phototube detectors. An estimated 1 million neutrino events were recorded each year. SciBooNE sat in the same neutrino beam as MiniBooNE but had fine-grained tracking capabilities. The NOνA experiment uses, and the MINOS experiment used, Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the Soudan Mine in Minnesota and the Ash River, Minnesota, site of the NOνA far detector. In 2017, the ICARUS neutrino experiment was moved from CERN to Fermilab.[61][39]

Muon g−2

Main article: Muon g−2

Muon g−2: (pronounced “gee minus two”) is a particle physics experiment to measure the anomaly of the magnetic moment of a muon to a precision of 0.14 ppm, which will be a sensitive test of the Standard Model.

 
Muon g−2 building (white and orange) which hosts the magnet

Fermilab is continuing an experiment conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory to measure the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon.

The magnetic dipole moment (g) of a charged lepton (electron, muon, or tau) is very nearly 2. The difference from 2 (the "anomalous" part) depends on the lepton, and can be computed quite exactly based on the current Standard Model of particle physics. Measurements of the electron are in excellent agreement with this computation. The Brookhaven experiment did this measurement for muons, a much more technically difficult measurement due to their short lifetime, and detected a tantalizing, but not definitive, 3 σ discrepancy between the measured value and the computed one.

The Brookhaven experiment ended in 2001, but 10 years later Fermilab acquired the equipment,[62] and is working to make a more accurate measurement (smaller σ) which will either eliminate the discrepancy or, hopefully, confirm it as an experimentally observable example of physics beyond the Standard Model.

 
Transportation of the 600 ton magnet to Fermilab

Central to the experiment is a 50 foot-diameter superconducting magnet with an exceptionally uniform magnetic field. This was transported, in one piece, from Brookhaven in Long Island, New York, to Fermilab in the summer of 2013. The move traversed 3,200 miles over 35 days, mostly on a barge down the East Coast and up the Mississippi.

The magnet was refurbished and powered on in September 2015,[63] and has been confirmed to have the same 1300 ppm p-p basic magnetic field uniformity that it had before the move.[64]: 4 

The project worked on shimming the magnet to improve its magnetic field uniformity.[64] This had been done at Brookhaven,[65] but was disturbed by the move and had to be re-done at Fermilab.

In 2018, the experiment started taking data at Fermilab.[66] In 2021, the laboratory reported that results from initial study involving the particle challenged the Standard Model, with the potential for discovery of new forces and particles.[67][68]

CMS and the LHC Physics Center

The LHC Physics Center (LPC) at Fermilab is a regional center of the Compact Muon Solenoid Collaboration (the experiment is housed at CERN). The LPC offers a vibrant community of CMS scientists from the US and plays a major role in the CMS detector commissioning, and in the design and development of the detector upgrade.[69] Fermilab is the host laboratory for USCMS,[70] which includes researchers from 50 U.S. universities including 715 students. Fermilab hosts the largest CMS Tier 1 computing center, handling approximately 40% of global CMS Tier 1 computing requests. On February 9, 2022, Fermilab's Patricia McBride (physicist) was elected spokesperson of the CMS collaboration.[71]

Delays and Cost Overruns on Projects

In 2014, the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel ("P5") recommended[72] three major initiatives for construction on the Fermilab site. Two were particle physics experiments: the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and Mu2e. The third was the PIPII accelerator upgrade described above. Also, P5 recommended Fermilab participation in LHC at CERN.

As of 2022, two P5-recommended Fermilab projects had suffered substantial delays:

  • The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment with the enabling Long Baseline Neutrino Facility was proposed to P5 as a $1B project; the cost estimate in 2021 dollars was $3B, with far detector operations beginning 2029 and full operation by 2032.[73]
  • The Mu2e experiment was to produce preliminary results in 2020,[74] but this is now delayed until 2026.[75]

Even smaller experiments, below the cost-level of individual P5 approval, that were proposed at the time of the 2014 P5 suffered considerable delay. The Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector (SBND) that was proposed in 2014 [76] with a $10M cost scale was originally scheduled for data taking in spring 2018,[77] but is now scheduled to begin in autumn 2023.[76]

The Department of Energy raised flags as early as Fiscal Year (FY) 2019. Each year, the US Department of Energy Office of Science reviews and grades the national laboratories in its portfolio on eight performance metrics.[78] Fermilab has received the lowest grades among the national laboratories in FY2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. A rare C grade was assigned for project management in 2021, reflective of the delays and cost overruns.[79]

Also, in 2020, the high-energy physics community expressed concern that the cost of major projects at Fermilab have led to diversion of funds from the high-energy physics core research program, harming the health of the field.[80][81] Congress increased the annual HEP budget from less than $800 million by about $250M to more than $1 billion—a 30% increase that went mainly to support large projects at Fermilab.[82]

The Fermilab project delays led to substantial change in leadership in 2022.[5] In September, 2021, Nigel Lockyer, Director of Fermilab, resigned.[83] Lockyer replaced by Lia Merminga, head of the PIP II project.[84] On March 31, 2022, James Siegrist, Associate Director for High Energy Physics in the Department of Energy Office of Science, who had overseen the response to the P5 report, stepped down.[85] Regina (Gina) Rameika joined the DOE’s Office of Science as the Associate Director for the Office of High Energy Physics in his place on November 7, 2022, moving from her role as spokesperson of the DUNE Experiment.[86]

History of discoveries at Fermilab

The following particles were first directly observed at Fermilab:

In 1999, physicists at on the KTeV experiment were also the first to observe direct CP violation in kaon decays.[91]

The DØ experiment and CDF experiment each made important contributions to the observation of the Higgs Boson, announced in 2012.[92]

Site

Access

In spring 2022, the Fermilab site reopened to the public for outdoor activities after closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Activities may include biking, hiking, running and viewing the bison herd, however, fishing, which was previously allowed, is now forbidden. Indoor access remains limited. All adult visitors entering site must present a government-issued photo ID, and REAL ID-compliant IDs will be required after May 3, 2023.[93] Up-to-date specifics about access can be found on the Fermilab website.[94]

Architecture

 
Interior of Wilson Hall

Fermilab's first director, Robert Wilson, insisted that the site's aesthetic complexion not be marred by a collection of concrete block buildings. The design of the administrative building (Wilson Hall) was inspired by St. Pierre's Cathedral in Beauvais, France,[95] though it was realized in a Brutalist style. Several of the buildings and sculptures within the Fermilab reservation represent various mathematical constructs as part of their structure.

The Archimedean Spiral is the defining shape of several pumping stations as well as the building housing the MINOS experiment. The reflecting pond at Wilson Hall also showcases a 32-foot-tall (9.8 m) hyperbolic obelisk, designed by Wilson. Some of the high-voltage transmission lines carrying power through the laboratory's land are built to echo the Greek letter π. One can also find structural examples of the DNA double-helix spiral and a nod to the geodesic sphere.

Wilson's sculptures on the site include Tractricious, a free-standing arrangement of steel tubes near the Industrial Complex constructed from parts and materials recycled from the Tevatron collider, and the soaring Broken Symmetry, which greets those entering the campus via the Pine Street entrance.[96] Crowning the Ramsey Auditorium is a representation of the Möbius strip with a diameter of more than 8 feet (2.4 m). Also scattered about the access roads and village are a massive hydraulic press and old magnetic containment channels, all painted blue.

Wildlife

In 1967, Wilson brought five American bison to the site, a bull and four cows, and an additional 21 were provided by the Illinois Department of Conservation.[97][98] Some fearful locals believed at first that the bison were introduced in order to serve as an alarm if and when radiation at the laboratory reached dangerous levels, but they were assured by Fermilab that this claim had no merit. Today, the Fermilab bison herd is a popular attraction that draws many visitors[99] and the grounds are also a sanctuary for other local wildlife populations.[100][101] A Christmas Bird Count has occurred at the lab every year since 1976.[102]

Working with the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, Fermilab has introduced barn owls to selected structures around the grounds.[103]

Tritium on site

During running, particle beams produce tritium, an isotope of hydrogen consisting of a proton and two neutrons that is weakly radioactive with a half-life of 12.3 years. This can bind with oxygen to form water. Tritium levels measured on site are very low compared to federal health and environmental standards. Fermilab monitors tritium leaving the site in surface and sewer water, and provides a useful FAQ sheet for those who want to learn more.[104]

See also

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March 08, 2023
fermilab, fermi, national, accelerator, laboratory, located, just, outside, batavia, illinois, near, chicago, united, states, department, energy, national, laboratory, specializing, high, energy, particle, physics, since, 2007, been, operated, fermi, research,. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Fermilab located just outside Batavia Illinois near Chicago is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high energy particle physics Since 2007 Fermilab has been operated by the Fermi Research Alliance a joint venture of the University of Chicago and the Universities Research Association URA Fermilab is a part of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryA satellite view of Fermilab The two circular structures are the Main Injector Ring smaller and Tevatron larger EstablishedNovember 21 1967 as National Accelerator Laboratory Research typeAccelerator physicsBudget 546 million 2019 1 Field of researchAccelerator physicsDirectorLia MermingaAddressP O Box 500LocationWinfield Township DuPage County Illinois United States41 49 55 N 88 15 26 W 41 83194 N 88 25722 W 41 83194 88 25722 Coordinates 41 49 55 N 88 15 26 W 41 83194 N 88 25722 W 41 83194 88 25722NicknameFermilabAffiliationsU S Department of EnergyUniversity of ChicagoUniversities Research AssociationNobel laureatesLeon Max LedermanWebsitewww wbr fnal wbr govMapLocation in IllinoisFermilab s Main Injector two miles 3 3 km in circumference is the laboratory s most powerful particle accelerator 2 The accelerator complex that feeds the Main Injector is under upgrade and construction of the first building for the new PIP II linear accelerator began in 2020 3 Until 2011 Fermilab was the home of the 6 28 km 3 90 mi circumference Tevatron accelerator The ring shaped tunnels of the Tevatron and the Main Injector are visible from the air and by satellite Fermilab aims to become a world center in neutrino physics It is the host of the multi billion dollar Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment DUNE now under construction 4 The project has suffered delays and in 2022 the journals Science and Scientific American each published articles describing the project as troubled 5 6 Ongoing neutrino experiments are ICARUS Imaging Cosmic and Rare Underground Signals and NOnA NuMI Off Axis ne Appearance Completed neutrino experiments include MINOS Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search MINOS MiniBooNE and SciBooNE SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment and MicroBooNE Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment On site experiments outside of the neutrino program include the SeaQuest fixed target experiment and Muon g 2 Fermilab continues to participate in the work at the Large Hadron Collider LHC it serves as a Tier 1 site in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid 7 Fermilab also pursues research in quantum information science 8 It founded the Fermilab Quantum Institute in 2019 9 Since 2020 it also is home to the SQMS Superconducting Quantum and Materials Science center 10 In the public realm Fermilab is home to a native prairie ecosystem restoration project and hosts many cultural events public science lectures and symposia classical and contemporary music concerts folk dancing and arts galleries The site is open from dawn to dusk to visitors who present valid photo identification Asteroid 11998 Fermilab is named in honor of the laboratory Contents 1 History 2 Accelerators 2 1 The Tevatron 2 2 Fermilab Accelerator Complex 2 3 Proton improvement plan 3 Experiments 3 1 List of past and ongoing experiments 3 2 Experiment highlights 3 2 1 LBNF DUNE 3 2 2 Other neutrino experiments 3 2 3 Muon g 2 3 2 4 CMS and the LHC Physics Center 3 3 Delays and Cost Overruns on Projects 3 4 History of discoveries at Fermilab 4 Site 4 1 Access 4 2 Architecture 4 3 Wildlife 4 4 Tritium on site 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory Edit Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall Weston Illinois was a community next to Batavia voted out of existence by its village board in 1966 to provide a site for Fermilab 11 The laboratory was founded in 1969 as the National Accelerator Laboratory 12 it was renamed in honor of Enrico Fermi in 1974 The laboratory s first director was Robert Rathbun Wilson under whom the laboratory opened ahead of time and under budget Many of the sculptures on the site are of his creation He is the namesake of the site s high rise laboratory building whose unique shape has become the symbol for Fermilab and which is the center of activity on the campus After Wilson stepped down in 1978 to protest the lack of funding for the lab Leon M Lederman took on the job It was under his guidance that the original accelerator was replaced with the Tevatron an accelerator capable of colliding protons and antiprotons at a combined energy of 1 96 TeV Lederman stepped down in 1989 and remained Director Emeritus until his death The science education center at the site was named in his honor The later directors are John Peoples 1989 to 1996 Michael S Witherell July 1999 to June 2005 Piermaria Oddone July 2005 to July 2013 13 Nigel Lockyer September 2013 to April 2022 14 Lia Merminga April 2022 to present 15 Accelerators EditThe Tevatron Edit Prior to the startup in 2008 of the Large Hadron Collider LHC near Geneva Switzerland the Tevatron was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world accelerating protons and antiprotons to energies of 980 GeV and producing proton antiproton collisions with energies of up to 1 96 TeV the first accelerator to reach one tera electron volt energy 16 At 3 9 miles 6 3 km it was the world s fourth largest particle accelerator in circumference One of its most important achievements was the 1995 discovery of the top quark announced by research teams using the Tevatron s CDF and DO detectors 17 It was shut down in 2011 Fermilab Accelerator Complex Edit Since 2013 the first stage in the acceleration process pre accelerator injector in the Fermilab chain of accelerators 18 takes place in two ion sources which ionize hydrogen gas The gas is introduced into a container lined with molybdenum electrodes each a matchbox sized oval shaped cathode and a surrounding anode separated by 1 mm and held in place by glass ceramic insulators A magnetron generates a plasma to form the ions near the metal surface citation needed The ions are accelerated by the source to 35 keV and matched by low energy beam transport LEBT into the radio frequency quadrupole RFQ which applies a 750 keV electrostatic field giving the ions their second acceleration At the exit of RFQ the beam is matched by medium energy beam transport MEBT into the entrance of the linear accelerator linac 19 The next stage of acceleration is linear particle accelerator linac This stage consists of two segments The first segment has five drift tube cavities operating at 201 MHz The second stage has seven side coupled cavities operating at 805 MHz At the end of linac the particles are accelerated to 400 MeV or about 70 of the speed of light 20 21 Immediately before entering the next accelerator the H ions pass through a carbon foil becoming H ions protons 22 The resulting protons then enter the booster ring a 468 m 1 535 ft circumference circular accelerator whose magnets bend beams of protons around a circular path The protons travel around the Booster about 20 000 times in 33 milliseconds adding energy with each revolution until they leave the Booster accelerated to 8 GeV 22 In 2021 the lab announced that its latest superconducting YBCO magnet could increase field strength at a rate of 290 tesla per second reaching a peak magnetic field strength of around 0 5 tesla 23 The final acceleration is applied by the Main Injector circumference 3 319 4 m 10 890 ft which is the smaller of the two rings in the last picture below foreground Completed in 1999 it has become Fermilab s particle switchyard citation needed in that it can route protons to any of the experiments installed along the beam lines after accelerating them to 120 GeV Until 2011 the Main Injector provided protons to the antiproton ring circumference 6 283 2 m 20 614 ft and the Tevatron for further acceleration but now provides the last push before the particles reach the beam line experiments Two ion sources at the center with two high voltage electronics cabinets next to them 24 Beam direction right to left RFQ silver MEBT green first drift tube linac blue 24 A 7835 power amplifier that is used at the first stage of linac 20 A 12 MW klystron used at the second stage of linac 20 A cutaway view of the 805 MHz side couple cavities 25 Booster ring 26 Fermilab s accelerator rings The main injector is in the foreground and the antiproton ring and Tevatron inactive since 2011 are in the background Proton improvement plan Edit Recognizing higher demands of proton beams to support new experiments Fermilab began to improve their accelerators in 2011 Expected to continue for many years 27 the project has two phases Proton Improvement Plan PIP and Proton Improvement Plan II PIP II 28 PIP 2011 2018 The overall goals of PIP are to increase the repetition rate of the Booster beam from 7 Hz to 15 Hz and replace old hardware to increase reliability of the operation 28 Before the start of the PIP project a replacement of the pre accelerator injector was underway The replacement of almost 40 year old Cockcroft Walton generators to RFQ started in 2009 and completed in 2012 At the Linac stage the analog beam position monitor BPM modules were replaced with digital boards in 2013 A replacement of Linac vacuum pumps and related hardware is expected to be completed in 2015 A study on the replacement of 201 MHz drift tubes is still ongoing At the boosting stage a major component of the PIP is to upgrade the Booster ring to 15 Hz operation The Booster has 19 radio frequency stations Originally the Booster stations were operating without solid state drive system which was acceptable for 7 Hz but not 15 Hz operation A demonstration project in 2004 converted one of the stations to solid state drive before the PIP project As part of the project the remaining stations were converted to solid state in 2013 Another major part of the PIP project is to refurbish and replace 40 year old Booster cavities Many cavities have been refurbished and tested to operate at 15 Hz The completion of cavity refurbishment is expected in 2015 after which the repetition rate can be gradually increased to 15 Hz operation A longer term upgrade is to replace the Booster cavities with a new design The research and development of the new cavities is underway with replacement expected in 2018 27 PIP II Prototypes of SRF cavities to be used in the last segment of PIP II Linac 29 The goals of PIP II include a plan to delivery 1 2 MW of proton beam power from the Main Injector to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment target at 120 GeV and the power near 1 MW at 60 GeV with a possibility to extend the power to 2 MW in the future The plan should also support the current 8 GeV experiments including Mu2e Muon g 2 and other short baseline neutrino experiments These require an upgrade to the Linac to inject to the Booster with 800 MeV The first option considered was to add 400 MeV afterburner superconducting Linac at the tail end of the existing 400 MeV This would have required moving the existing Linac up 50 metres 160 ft However there were many technical issues with this approach Instead Fermilab is building a new 800 MeV superconducting Linac to inject to the Booster ring Construction of the first building for the PIP II accelerator began in 2020 3 The new Linac site will be located on top of a small portion of Tevatron near the Booster ring in order to take advantage of existing electrical and water and cryogenic infrastructure The PIP II Linac will have low energy beam transport line LEBT radio frequency quadrupole RFQ and medium energy beam transport line MEBT operated at the room temperature at with a 162 5 MHz and energy increasing from 0 03 MeV The first segment of Linac will be operated at 162 5 MHz and energy increased up to 11 MeV The second segment of Linac will be operated at 325 MHz and energy increased up to 177 MeV The last segment of linac will be operated at 650 MHz and will have the final energy level of 800 MeV 30 As of 2022 the estimated PIP II accelerator start date for the accelerator is 2028 31 The project was approved for construction in April 2022 with an expected cost to the Department of Energy of 978M and with an additional 330M in contributions from international partners 32 Experiments EditList of past and ongoing experiments Edit ANNIE ArgoNeuT The Argon Neutrino Teststand detector 33 Cryogenic Dark Matter Search CDMS 34 COUPP Chicagoland Observatory for Underground Particle Physics 35 Dark Energy Survey DES 36 Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment DUNE formerly known as Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment LBNE 37 Holometer interferometer 38 ICARUS experiment 39 Originally located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso LNGS it will hold 760 tonnes of liquid Argon MAGIS 100 The 100 meter long Matter wave Atomic Gradiometer Interferometric Sensor 40 41 42 MiniBooNE Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment 43 MicroBooNE Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment 44 MINOS Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search 45 MINERnA Main INjector ExpeRiment with ns on As 46 MIPP Main Injector Particle Production 47 Mu2e Muon to Electron Conversion Experiment 48 Muon g 2 Measurement of the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon 49 NOnA NuMI Off axis ne Appearance 50 SELEX SEgmented Large X baryon spectrometer EXperiment run to study charmed baryons 51 Sciboone SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment 52 SeaQuest 53 Short Baseline Neutrino Detector 54 Experiment highlights Edit Fermilab dismantled the CDF Collider Detector at Fermilab 55 experiment to make the space available for IARC Illinois Accelerator Research Center 56 Construction work has started for LBNF DUNE and PIP II while the NOnA and Muon g 2 experiments continue to collect data 3 The laboratory also conducts research in quantum information science including the development of teleportation technology 57 for the quantum internet and increasing the lifetime of superconducting resonators 58 for use in quantum computers LBNF DUNE Edit Fermilab strives to become the world leader in Neutrino physics through the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment at the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility Other leaders are CERN which leads in Accelerator physics with the Large Hadron Collider LHC and Japan which has been approved to build and lead the International Linear Collider ILC Fermilab will be the site of LBNF s future beamline and the Sanford Underground Research Facility SURF in Lead SD is the site selected to house the massive far detector The term baseline refers to the distance between the neutrino source and the detector The far detector current design is for four modules of instrumented liquid argon with a fiducial volume of 10 kilotons each According to the 2016 Conceptual Design Report the first two modules were expected to be complete in 2024 with the beam operational in 2026 The final modules were planned to be operational in 2027 59 In 2022 the cost for two far detector modules and the beam alone had risen to 3B This led to a decision by the Department of Energy Office of Science to phase the experiment 5 Phase I would consist of two modules to be completed in 2028 29 and the beamline to be completed in 2032 The installation of phase II the remaining two far detector modules is not yet planned and will be at a cost above the 3B estimate for phase I 5 A large prototype detector constructed at CERN took data with a test beam from 2018 2020 The results show that ProtoDUNE performed with greater than 99 efficiency 60 LBNF DUNE program in neutrino physics plans to measure fundamental physical parameters with high precision and to explore physics beyond the Standard Model The measurements DUNE will make are expected to greatly increase the physics community s understanding of neutrinos and their role in the universe thereby better elucidating the nature of matter and anti matter It will send the world s highest intensity neutrino beam to a near detector on the Fermilab site and the far detector 800 miles 1300 km away at SURF Other neutrino experiments Edit The MiniBooNE detector was a 40 foot 12 m diameter sphere containing 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1 520 phototube detectors An estimated 1 million neutrino events were recorded each year SciBooNE sat in the same neutrino beam as MiniBooNE but had fine grained tracking capabilities The NOnA experiment uses and the MINOS experiment used Fermilab s NuMI Neutrinos at the Main Injector beam which is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels 455 miles 732 km through the Earth to the Soudan Mine in Minnesota and the Ash River Minnesota site of the NOnA far detector In 2017 the ICARUS neutrino experiment was moved from CERN to Fermilab 61 39 Muon g 2 Edit Main article Muon g 2 Muon g 2 pronounced gee minus two is a particle physics experiment to measure the anomaly of the magnetic moment of a muon to a precision of 0 14 ppm which will be a sensitive test of the Standard Model Muon g 2 building white and orange which hosts the magnet Fermilab is continuing an experiment conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory to measure the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon The magnetic dipole moment g of a charged lepton electron muon or tau is very nearly 2 The difference from 2 the anomalous part depends on the lepton and can be computed quite exactly based on the current Standard Model of particle physics Measurements of the electron are in excellent agreement with this computation The Brookhaven experiment did this measurement for muons a much more technically difficult measurement due to their short lifetime and detected a tantalizing but not definitive 3 s discrepancy between the measured value and the computed one The Brookhaven experiment ended in 2001 but 10 years later Fermilab acquired the equipment 62 and is working to make a more accurate measurement smaller s which will either eliminate the discrepancy or hopefully confirm it as an experimentally observable example of physics beyond the Standard Model Transportation of the 600 ton magnet to Fermilab Central to the experiment is a 50 foot diameter superconducting magnet with an exceptionally uniform magnetic field This was transported in one piece from Brookhaven in Long Island New York to Fermilab in the summer of 2013 The move traversed 3 200 miles over 35 days mostly on a barge down the East Coast and up the Mississippi The magnet was refurbished and powered on in September 2015 63 and has been confirmed to have the same 1300 ppm p p basic magnetic field uniformity that it had before the move 64 4 The project worked on shimming the magnet to improve its magnetic field uniformity 64 This had been done at Brookhaven 65 but was disturbed by the move and had to be re done at Fermilab In 2018 the experiment started taking data at Fermilab 66 In 2021 the laboratory reported that results from initial study involving the particle challenged the Standard Model with the potential for discovery of new forces and particles 67 68 CMS and the LHC Physics Center Edit The LHC Physics Center LPC at Fermilab is a regional center of the Compact Muon Solenoid Collaboration the experiment is housed at CERN The LPC offers a vibrant community of CMS scientists from the US and plays a major role in the CMS detector commissioning and in the design and development of the detector upgrade 69 Fermilab is the host laboratory for USCMS 70 which includes researchers from 50 U S universities including 715 students Fermilab hosts the largest CMS Tier 1 computing center handling approximately 40 of global CMS Tier 1 computing requests On February 9 2022 Fermilab s Patricia McBride physicist was elected spokesperson of the CMS collaboration 71 Delays and Cost Overruns on Projects Edit In 2014 the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel P5 recommended 72 three major initiatives for construction on the Fermilab site Two were particle physics experiments the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and Mu2e The third was the PIPII accelerator upgrade described above Also P5 recommended Fermilab participation in LHC at CERN As of 2022 two P5 recommended Fermilab projects had suffered substantial delays The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment with the enabling Long Baseline Neutrino Facility was proposed to P5 as a 1B project the cost estimate in 2021 dollars was 3B with far detector operations beginning 2029 and full operation by 2032 73 The Mu2e experiment was to produce preliminary results in 2020 74 but this is now delayed until 2026 75 Even smaller experiments below the cost level of individual P5 approval that were proposed at the time of the 2014 P5 suffered considerable delay The Short Baseline Neutrino Detector SBND that was proposed in 2014 76 with a 10M cost scale was originally scheduled for data taking in spring 2018 77 but is now scheduled to begin in autumn 2023 76 The Department of Energy raised flags as early as Fiscal Year FY 2019 Each year the US Department of Energy Office of Science reviews and grades the national laboratories in its portfolio on eight performance metrics 78 Fermilab has received the lowest grades among the national laboratories in FY2019 2020 2021 and 2022 A rare C grade was assigned for project management in 2021 reflective of the delays and cost overruns 79 Also in 2020 the high energy physics community expressed concern that the cost of major projects at Fermilab have led to diversion of funds from the high energy physics core research program harming the health of the field 80 81 Congress increased the annual HEP budget from less than 800 million by about 250M to more than 1 billion a 30 increase that went mainly to support large projects at Fermilab 82 The Fermilab project delays led to substantial change in leadership in 2022 5 In September 2021 Nigel Lockyer Director of Fermilab resigned 83 Lockyer replaced by Lia Merminga head of the PIP II project 84 On March 31 2022 James Siegrist Associate Director for High Energy Physics in the Department of Energy Office of Science who had overseen the response to the P5 report stepped down 85 Regina Gina Rameika joined the DOE s Office of Science as the Associate Director for the Office of High Energy Physics in his place on November 7 2022 moving from her role as spokesperson of the DUNE Experiment 86 History of discoveries at Fermilab Edit The following particles were first directly observed at Fermilab The top quark 87 announced in 1995 by the DO experiment and CDF experiment The bottom quark which was observed as a quark antiquark pair called the Upsilon meson 88 announced in 1977 by Experiment 228 The tau neutrino announced in July 2000 by the DONUT collaboration 89 The bottom Omega baryon W b announced by the DO experiment of Fermilab in 2008 90 In 1999 physicists at on the KTeV experiment were also the first to observe direct CP violation in kaon decays 91 The DO experiment and CDF experiment each made important contributions to the observation of the Higgs Boson announced in 2012 92 Site EditAccess Edit In spring 2022 the Fermilab site reopened to the public for outdoor activities after closure due to the COVID 19 pandemic in the United States Activities may include biking hiking running and viewing the bison herd however fishing which was previously allowed is now forbidden Indoor access remains limited All adult visitors entering site must present a government issued photo ID and REAL ID compliant IDs will be required after May 3 2023 93 Up to date specifics about access can be found on the Fermilab website 94 Architecture Edit Interior of Wilson Hall Fermilab s first director Robert Wilson insisted that the site s aesthetic complexion not be marred by a collection of concrete block buildings The design of the administrative building Wilson Hall was inspired by St Pierre s Cathedral in Beauvais France 95 though it was realized in a Brutalist style Several of the buildings and sculptures within the Fermilab reservation represent various mathematical constructs as part of their structure The Archimedean Spiral is the defining shape of several pumping stations as well as the building housing the MINOS experiment The reflecting pond at Wilson Hall also showcases a 32 foot tall 9 8 m hyperbolic obelisk designed by Wilson Some of the high voltage transmission lines carrying power through the laboratory s land are built to echo the Greek letter p One can also find structural examples of the DNA double helix spiral and a nod to the geodesic sphere Wilson s sculptures on the site include Tractricious a free standing arrangement of steel tubes near the Industrial Complex constructed from parts and materials recycled from the Tevatron collider and the soaring Broken Symmetry which greets those entering the campus via the Pine Street entrance 96 Crowning the Ramsey Auditorium is a representation of the Mobius strip with a diameter of more than 8 feet 2 4 m Also scattered about the access roads and village are a massive hydraulic press and old magnetic containment channels all painted blue Wildlife Edit In 1967 Wilson brought five American bison to the site a bull and four cows and an additional 21 were provided by the Illinois Department of Conservation 97 98 Some fearful locals believed at first that the bison were introduced in order to serve as an alarm if and when radiation at the laboratory reached dangerous levels but they were assured by Fermilab that this claim had no merit Today the Fermilab bison herd is a popular attraction that draws many visitors 99 and the grounds are also a sanctuary for other local wildlife populations 100 101 A Christmas Bird Count has occurred at the lab every year since 1976 102 Working with the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County Fermilab has introduced barn owls to selected structures around the grounds 103 Tritium on site Edit During running particle beams produce tritium an isotope of hydrogen consisting of a proton and two neutrons that is weakly radioactive with a half life of 12 3 years This can bind with oxygen to form water Tritium levels measured on site are very low compared to federal health and environmental standards Fermilab monitors tritium leaving the site in surface and sewer water and provides a useful FAQ sheet for those who want to learn more 104 See also EditBig Science Center for the Advancement of Science in Space operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS CERN Fermi Linux LTS Scientific Linux Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterReferences Edit DOE FY20 Budget Justification Retrieved 2019 10 20 Brown Bruce Current and Future High Power Operation of Fermilab Main Injector Researchgate Retrieved 25 February 2021 a b c Biron Lauren 22 July 2020 Two construction projects reach major milestones at Fermilab Fermilab United States Government Retrieved 25 February 2021 HEP Project Status Mike Procario PDF High Energy Physics Advisory Panel November 1 2 2021 Agenda a b c d 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Journey of Muon g 2 Brookhaven National Laboratory Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Lord Steve 26 September 2015 Fermilab brings super magnet to life after 10 years Aurora Beacon News Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 via Chicago Tribune a b Kiburg Brendan 26 October 2015 G 2 Report PDF Report Archived PDF from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 2015 12 05 Redin S I 1999 Magnetic Field shimming Measurement and Control for the BNL Muon g 2 Experiment PDF Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference Cat No 99CH36366 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference Vol 5 New York pp 3167 3169 doi 10 1109 PAC 1999 792238 ISBN 0 7803 5573 3 Archived PDF from the original on 2015 12 07 Martin Bruno 6 February 2018 Fermilab s Muon g 2 experiment officially starts up Fermilab United States Government Retrieved 25 February 2021 Overbye Dennis April 7 2021 Finding From Particle Research Could Break Known Laws of Physics It s not the next Higgs boson yet But the 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High Energy Physics Office of Science Department of Energy Retrieved 26 December 2022 Johnson George March 5 1995 Physicists Weigh In The Quark Is a Porker New York Times Retrieved 30 April 2022 Discovery of the bottom quark Upsilon history fnal gov Fermilab History and Archives Project Retrieved 10 July 2021 Jackson Judy July 20 2000 Physicists Find First Direct Evidence for Tau Neutrino at Fermilab Fermilab News Retrieved 30 April 2022 Fermilab physicists discover doubly strange particle Fermilab 9 September 2008 Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 O Boyle LuAnne March 1 1999 Fermilab Physicists Find New Matter Antimatter Asymmetry Fermilab News Retrieved 30 April 2022 Kurt Reisselmann July 2 2012 Tevatron scientists announce their final results on the Higgs particle Fermilab News Retrieved 30 April 2022 Marc Tracy March 28 2022 Fermilab site reopens to the public welcomes visitors Fermilab News Visit Fermilab Fermilab Retrieved 13 April 2022 Fermilab History and Archives Project Archived from the original on 2017 01 18 The Fermilab Campus About Fermilab 1 December 2005 Archived from the original on 3 April 2007 Retrieved 27 February 2007 Shivni Rashmi January 27 2016 The genetic purity and diversity of the Fermilab bison herd Fermilab News Retrieved 2020 11 22 Sharos David April 22 2019 Baby bison born at Fermilab The Beacon News Retrieved 2020 11 22 via Chicago Tribune Safety and the Environment at Fermilab Fermilab 30 December 2005 Archived from the original on 2006 09 26 Retrieved 2006 01 06 Ecology Nature Wildlife Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 24 August 2001 Archived from the original on 2003 03 01 Retrieved 2011 10 26 Nature and Ecology Fermilab Archived from the original on 2018 07 01 Retrieved 2018 09 09 Fermilab Christmas Bird Count Fermilab Retrieved 22 February 2019 Birds Find Haven at Fermilab Fermilab History and Archives Site and Natural History July 6 1978 Retrieved 2021 04 27 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Tritium at Fermilab Fermilab Retrieved 13 April 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fermilab Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Fermilab Today Daily newsletter Other Fermilab online publications Fermilab Virtual Tour Architecture at the Fermilab campus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fermilab amp oldid 1143459056, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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