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Fenton Johnson (poet)

Fenton Johnson (May 7, 1888 – September 17, 1958) was an American poet, essayist, author of short stories, editor, and educator. Johnson came from a middle-class African-American family in Chicago, where he spent most of his career. His work is often included in anthologies of 20th-century poetry, and he is noted for early prose poetry. Author James Weldon Johnson (no relation) called Fenton, "one of the first Negro revolutionary poets”.[1] He is also considered a forerunner of the Harlem Renaissance.[2]

Fenton Johnson
Portrait of Fenton Johnson published in Visions of the Dusk (1915)
BornMay 7, 1888
Chicago, Illinois
DiedSeptember 17, 1958(1958-09-17) (aged 70)
Chicago, Illinois
LanguageEnglish
Alma materNorthwestern University
University of Chicago
Columbia University
GenrePoetry

Early life and career Edit

Johnson was born on May 7, 1888, in Chicago, Illinois, to parents Elijah and Jesse (Taylor) Johnson. His father, Elijah Johnson, was a railroad porter and their African-American family was comparatively well-off. His family owned the State Street building in which they lived, and according to a biographical note by Arna Bontemps, Fenton Johnson was described as being "a dapper boy who drove his own electric automobile around Chicago."[3] Growing up, Johnson recalled that he "scribbled since the age of nine," but despite literary inclinations, Johnson did not initially plan to embark on a writing career, and certainly not a career in poetry. Throughout his childhood, Johnson intended to become a member of the clergy.[4]

Johnson grew up in Chicago, and he received his secondary education at various public schools in the city, including Englewood High School and Wendell Phillips High School. Johnson first began his undergraduate education at Northwestern University, which he attended from 1908 to 1909 and he went on to a degree at the University of Chicago. Johnson later attended the Columbia University Pulitzer School of Journalism.[4]

Following school, Fenton worked as a messenger and in the post office before he began to teach English at the State University of Louisville (SUL), which was a private, black, Baptist-owned institution in Kentucky that would later would be known as Simmons College. He taught there from 1910 to 1911, and returned to Chicago in 1911 to concentrate on his writing career.[4]

Literary career Edit

In 1913, Johnson published his first volume of poetry, A Little Dreaming. The collection was a self-published work, along with his next two collections, Visions of the Dusk (1915) and Songs of the Soil (1916).[4] Earlier, in 1909, Johnson appears to have submitted for publication a form of realistic-fiction diary, titled "A Wild Plaint", written in the name of a character, Aubrey Gray.[1][5] This manuscript, which remained unpublished, is "a vivid depiction of discrimination", with the entries "alternately optimistic, angry, depressed, and frustrated. At the conclusion of the fictional journal, Gray commits suicide, explaining that it is 'due to this color-prejudice…that I do what I am doing.' Johnson's discussion of prejudice and persecution includes racial epithets and racial and ethnic stereotypes."[6]

Between the release of his first and second collection of poetry, Johnson moved to New York, where he attended the Columbia School of Journalism with the financial support of a benefactor.[4] Following the release of his third book of poetry, Johnson moved back to Chicago, where he became one of the founding editors of The Champion in 1916. The Champion was formed in conjunction with Henry Bing Dismond, his cousin, who was also an aspiring poet and popular athlete, one of the few African-American college graduates chosen for officer training with the Army's Eighth Illinois Regiment at Camp Des Moines in 1918. The publication focused on black achievements and was published monthly. Two years after founding The Champion, in 1918, Johnson went on to found The Favorite Magazine, subtitled The World’s Greatest Monthly, with Dismond.[7]

The Favorite Magazine published a few of Johnson's poems, and around this time Johnson's short stories were also being published in The Crisis. In addition to the short stories published in The Crisis, Johnson published his own collection of short stories entitled Tales of Darkest America in 1920. In the same year, he published a book of essays entitled For the Highest Good. During this period, from about 1912 to 1925, Johnson established connections in Chicago with Harriet Monroe, and several of his poems were accepted for her magazine, Poetry.[8] In addition, Johnson found publication in the anthology selected by poet Alfred Kreymborg in 1915 called Others: A Magazine of the New Verse. One of his most famous poems, "Tired", was published in 1919 in Others and it was also published in The Book of American Negro Poetry in 1922, among other poems of his. Johnson completed or nearly completed a fourth collection of poems entitled African Nights, but he did not succeed in publishing the collection.[9]

In addition to his poetry, editing, and essay writing, Johnson also worked as a playwright. By the age of 19, Johnson plays had been "produced on the stage of the old Pekin Theatre, Chicago". In 1925, his play entitled The Cabaret Girl was performed at the Shadow Theatre in Chicago, the only known title of his performed plays.[4]

In the 1930s, Johnson worked for the Federal Writers’ Project, which was part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in Chicago. Directed by Arna Bontemps, part of the Federal Writers’ Project focused on writing about the black experience in Illinois. Bontemps later acted as Johnson's literary executor.[4]

Johnson's poetry has a consistent presence in anthologies, including Weldon Johnsons, The Book of American Negro Poetry; Harriet Monroe and Alice Corbin's The New Poetry: An Anthology of Twentieth Century Verse in English (1923); and Countee Cullen’s Caroling Dusk (1927).

Criticism and reception Edit

The poetry of Fenton Johnson has often been seen by critics to be characterized by great irony and a kind of hopelessness resulting from an embattled African American experience. In his introduction to Fenton Johnson in The Book of American Negro Poetry, James Weldon Johnson writes that in many of Johnson’s poems, "there is nothing left to fight or even hope for." Yet, James Weldon Johnson continues, "these poems of despair possess tremendous power and constitute Fenton Johnson’s best work." Fenton Johnson is often seen as a poet who possesses a particularly fatalistic perspective branching from his experience as an African American, and this type of embittered poetry is what he is most known for. Also in his introduction, Johnson makes a few claims about Johnson's earlier works, finding that his first book of poetry, A Little Dreaming, “was without marked distinction.”[10]

James Weldon Johnson also indicates in his introduction to Johnson that it was during the war period that Fenton Johnson adopted free verse, and “broke away from all traditions and ideas of Negro Poetry.” This newfound "formlessness", Johnson found, "voiced the disillusionment and bitterness of feeling the Negro race was then experiencing."[10] For James Weldon Johnson, then, Fenton Johnson's poetry became associated with despair, and such was how Johnson became framed within the larger The Book of the American Negro Poetry project, and subsequently in other anthologies. This "bitter" Fenton is particularly encapsulated in the lines of his poem "Tired": "I am tired of work. I am tired of building up somebody else’s civilization," the poem reads.[7]

Johnson has a particular legacy within American Modernist poetry. He is noted to have been a part of writers who would become the makers of a "new" poetry, which sought to "throw over the traditions of American Poetry", as James Weldon Johnson would describe it.[10] These "new" poems appeared in such magazines as Poetry, Others, and later, The Liberator, and they marked a progression from "commonplace traditionalism to the most revolutionary naturalism, from the rhymed, carefully scanned line to free verse, from conventionalized Negro dialect to the brawny language of [Carl] Sandberg’s Chicago Poems."[9]

While "Tired" has been frequently anthologized, Johnson's earlier poems were made in more "conventional modes", including dialect poetry, as found in his first book, A Little Dreaming.[10] The collection considered a wide range of topics, from a poem on Paul Laurence Dunbar, entitled "Dunbar", to medieval themes such as in "Lancelot’s Defiance".[11] Additionally, A Little Dreaming contains a customary Scottish poem, Irish poem, and even Yiddish poem, which points to a whole range of poetic influences during the early part of his poetic career.[9] In Visions of the Dusk and Songs of the Soil, Johnson begins to incorporate "Negro spirituals", and here the transition into themes more heavily influenced by the African-American experience might be observed.[9] In Songs of the Soil, Johnson writes that "The Negro has a history, and it is something more than a peasant."[9] Transitioning from here to the poem "Tired", we might find the "black revolutionary poet" that James Weldon Johnson proclaims Fenton Johnson to be and how many perceive him today.[10]

In 2016, Johnson was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. In their induction notes, the Hall of Fame writes:

"The language poet, Ron Silliman, in his 1987 collection of critical essays The New Sentence, pointed specifically to Johnson as the first American author to introduce 'prose poem with a clear, if simple, sentence:paragraph relation.' Silliman was particularly enthralled by Johnson’s The Minister, which he argues, is the 'first instance in English of a prose poem which calls attention to a discursive or poetic effect.' By this, Silliman means to say that Johnson’s prose poetry was perhaps one of the first to expand what poetry might look and sound like—here no longer conforming to meter or rhyme but a new repetitive logic, the sentence itself. As Silliman notes in his essay, Johnson’s poetry effectively points the way to [William Carlos] Williams and Gertrude Stein amongst others."[12]

Personal life Edit

Johnson was married to Cecilia Rhone. He was a member of the Authors League of America and of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

Works Edit

  • A Little Dreaming. The Peterson linotyping company. 1913. p. 2. poet Fenton Johnson.
  • Visions of the Dusk. F. J. 1915. Fenton Johnson (poet).
  • Songs of the Soil. F. J. 1916.
  • Tales of Darkest America. Favorite Magazine. 1920. p. 5. poet Fenton Johnson.

Anthologies Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Sigler, Danielle Brune (March 30, 2017). "Forgotten Manuscripts: Fenton Johnson's A Wild Plaint". African American Review. 50 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1353/afa.2017.0000. ISSN 1945-6182. S2CID 164671298.
  2. ^ "Fenton Johnson". Poetry Foundation. 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  3. ^ Bontemps, Arna, "Fenton Johnson", American Negro Poetry: An Anthology (New York: Macmillan, 1996), 222–223.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Sanders, Elizabeth, and Delwiche Engelhardt, "Fenton Johnson", The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 229.
  5. ^ Sigler, Danielle (April 27, 2017). "A newly identified work by writer and poet Fenton Johnson". Ransom Center Magazine.
  6. ^ "A Wild Plaint". Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  7. ^ a b Thomas, Lorenzo, "African Modernism and Twentieth Century American Poetry", Extraordinary Measures (University of Alabama Press, 2000).
  8. ^ Patton, Venetria K., and Maureen Honey, Double-take: A Revisionist Harlem Renaissance Anthology (New York: Rutgers University Press, 2011), 268.
  9. ^ a b c d e Wagner, Jean, Black Poets of the United States (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 179–180.
  10. ^ a b c d e Johnson, James Weldon, "Fenton Johnson", The Book of American Negro Poetry (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1931), 140–41.
  11. ^ Johnson, Fenton, A Little Dreaming (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative, 1997).
  12. ^ "Inductees: Fenton Johnson". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 5, 2017.

External links Edit

  • Jean Wagner (1973). Black poets of the United States: from Paul Laurence Dunbar to Langston Hughes. University of Illinois Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-252-00341-7. Fenton Johnson (poet).
  • Jacobs, A. W. (2017). "Fenton Johnson, America's First Radical Poet". a.w.jacobs.org. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  • "Fenton Johnson". Oxford Reference. Retrieved October 2, 2018.

fenton, johnson, poet, late, 20th, century, writer, fenton, johnson, fenton, johnson, 1888, september, 1958, american, poet, essayist, author, short, stories, editor, educator, johnson, came, from, middle, class, african, american, family, chicago, where, spen. For the late 20th century writer see Fenton Johnson Fenton Johnson May 7 1888 September 17 1958 was an American poet essayist author of short stories editor and educator Johnson came from a middle class African American family in Chicago where he spent most of his career His work is often included in anthologies of 20th century poetry and he is noted for early prose poetry Author James Weldon Johnson no relation called Fenton one of the first Negro revolutionary poets 1 He is also considered a forerunner of the Harlem Renaissance 2 Fenton JohnsonPortrait of Fenton Johnson published in Visions of the Dusk 1915 BornMay 7 1888Chicago IllinoisDiedSeptember 17 1958 1958 09 17 aged 70 Chicago IllinoisLanguageEnglishAlma materNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of ChicagoColumbia UniversityGenrePoetry Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Literary career 3 Criticism and reception 4 Personal life 5 Works 5 1 Anthologies 6 References 7 External linksEarly life and career EditJohnson was born on May 7 1888 in Chicago Illinois to parents Elijah and Jesse Taylor Johnson His father Elijah Johnson was a railroad porter and their African American family was comparatively well off His family owned the State Street building in which they lived and according to a biographical note by Arna Bontemps Fenton Johnson was described as being a dapper boy who drove his own electric automobile around Chicago 3 Growing up Johnson recalled that he scribbled since the age of nine but despite literary inclinations Johnson did not initially plan to embark on a writing career and certainly not a career in poetry Throughout his childhood Johnson intended to become a member of the clergy 4 Johnson grew up in Chicago and he received his secondary education at various public schools in the city including Englewood High School and Wendell Phillips High School Johnson first began his undergraduate education at Northwestern University which he attended from 1908 to 1909 and he went on to a degree at the University of Chicago Johnson later attended the Columbia University Pulitzer School of Journalism 4 Following school Fenton worked as a messenger and in the post office before he began to teach English at the State University of Louisville SUL which was a private black Baptist owned institution in Kentucky that would later would be known as Simmons College He taught there from 1910 to 1911 and returned to Chicago in 1911 to concentrate on his writing career 4 Literary career EditIn 1913 Johnson published his first volume of poetry A Little Dreaming The collection was a self published work along with his next two collections Visions of the Dusk 1915 and Songs of the Soil 1916 4 Earlier in 1909 Johnson appears to have submitted for publication a form of realistic fiction diary titled A Wild Plaint written in the name of a character Aubrey Gray 1 5 This manuscript which remained unpublished is a vivid depiction of discrimination with the entries alternately optimistic angry depressed and frustrated At the conclusion of the fictional journal Gray commits suicide explaining that it is due to this color prejudice that I do what I am doing Johnson s discussion of prejudice and persecution includes racial epithets and racial and ethnic stereotypes 6 Between the release of his first and second collection of poetry Johnson moved to New York where he attended the Columbia School of Journalism with the financial support of a benefactor 4 Following the release of his third book of poetry Johnson moved back to Chicago where he became one of the founding editors of The Champion in 1916 The Champion was formed in conjunction with Henry Bing Dismond his cousin who was also an aspiring poet and popular athlete one of the few African American college graduates chosen for officer training with the Army s Eighth Illinois Regiment at Camp Des Moines in 1918 The publication focused on black achievements and was published monthly Two years after founding The Champion in 1918 Johnson went on to found The Favorite Magazine subtitled The World s Greatest Monthly with Dismond 7 The Favorite Magazine published a few of Johnson s poems and around this time Johnson s short stories were also being published in The Crisis In addition to the short stories published in The Crisis Johnson published his own collection of short stories entitled Tales of Darkest America in 1920 In the same year he published a book of essays entitled For the Highest Good During this period from about 1912 to 1925 Johnson established connections in Chicago with Harriet Monroe and several of his poems were accepted for her magazine Poetry 8 In addition Johnson found publication in the anthology selected by poet Alfred Kreymborg in 1915 called Others A Magazine of the New Verse One of his most famous poems Tired was published in 1919 in Others and it was also published in The Book of American Negro Poetry in 1922 among other poems of his Johnson completed or nearly completed a fourth collection of poems entitled African Nights but he did not succeed in publishing the collection 9 In addition to his poetry editing and essay writing Johnson also worked as a playwright By the age of 19 Johnson plays had been produced on the stage of the old Pekin Theatre Chicago In 1925 his play entitled The Cabaret Girl was performed at the Shadow Theatre in Chicago the only known title of his performed plays 4 In the 1930s Johnson worked for the Federal Writers Project which was part of the Works Progress Administration WPA in Chicago Directed by Arna Bontemps part of the Federal Writers Project focused on writing about the black experience in Illinois Bontemps later acted as Johnson s literary executor 4 Johnson s poetry has a consistent presence in anthologies including Weldon Johnsons The Book of American Negro Poetry Harriet Monroe and Alice Corbin s The New Poetry An Anthology of Twentieth Century Verse in English 1923 and Countee Cullen s Caroling Dusk 1927 Criticism and reception EditThe poetry of Fenton Johnson has often been seen by critics to be characterized by great irony and a kind of hopelessness resulting from an embattled African American experience In his introduction to Fenton Johnson in The Book of American Negro Poetry James Weldon Johnson writes that in many of Johnson s poems there is nothing left to fight or even hope for Yet James Weldon Johnson continues these poems of despair possess tremendous power and constitute Fenton Johnson s best work Fenton Johnson is often seen as a poet who possesses a particularly fatalistic perspective branching from his experience as an African American and this type of embittered poetry is what he is most known for Also in his introduction Johnson makes a few claims about Johnson s earlier works finding that his first book of poetry A Little Dreaming was without marked distinction 10 James Weldon Johnson also indicates in his introduction to Johnson that it was during the war period that Fenton Johnson adopted free verse and broke away from all traditions and ideas of Negro Poetry This newfound formlessness Johnson found voiced the disillusionment and bitterness of feeling the Negro race was then experiencing 10 For James Weldon Johnson then Fenton Johnson s poetry became associated with despair and such was how Johnson became framed within the larger The Book of the American Negro Poetry project and subsequently in other anthologies This bitter Fenton is particularly encapsulated in the lines of his poem Tired I am tired of work I am tired of building up somebody else s civilization the poem reads 7 Johnson has a particular legacy within American Modernist poetry He is noted to have been a part of writers who would become the makers of a new poetry which sought to throw over the traditions of American Poetry as James Weldon Johnson would describe it 10 These new poems appeared in such magazines as Poetry Others and later The Liberator and they marked a progression from commonplace traditionalism to the most revolutionary naturalism from the rhymed carefully scanned line to free verse from conventionalized Negro dialect to the brawny language of Carl Sandberg s Chicago Poems 9 While Tired has been frequently anthologized Johnson s earlier poems were made in more conventional modes including dialect poetry as found in his first book A Little Dreaming 10 The collection considered a wide range of topics from a poem on Paul Laurence Dunbar entitled Dunbar to medieval themes such as in Lancelot s Defiance 11 Additionally A Little Dreaming contains a customary Scottish poem Irish poem and even Yiddish poem which points to a whole range of poetic influences during the early part of his poetic career 9 In Visions of the Dusk and Songs of the Soil Johnson begins to incorporate Negro spirituals and here the transition into themes more heavily influenced by the African American experience might be observed 9 In Songs of the Soil Johnson writes that The Negro has a history and it is something more than a peasant 9 Transitioning from here to the poem Tired we might find the black revolutionary poet that James Weldon Johnson proclaims Fenton Johnson to be and how many perceive him today 10 In 2016 Johnson was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame In their induction notes the Hall of Fame writes The language poet Ron Silliman in his 1987 collection of critical essays The New Sentence pointed specifically to Johnson as the first American author to introduce prose poem with a clear if simple sentence paragraph relation Silliman was particularly enthralled by Johnson s The Minister which he argues is the first instance in English of a prose poem which calls attention to a discursive or poetic effect By this Silliman means to say that Johnson s prose poetry was perhaps one of the first to expand what poetry might look and sound like here no longer conforming to meter or rhyme but a new repetitive logic the sentence itself As Silliman notes in his essay Johnson s poetry effectively points the way to William Carlos Williams and Gertrude Stein amongst others 12 Personal life EditJohnson was married to Cecilia Rhone He was a member of the Authors League of America and of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Works EditA Little Dreaming The Peterson linotyping company 1913 p 2 poet Fenton Johnson Visions of the Dusk F J 1915 Fenton Johnson poet Songs of the Soil F J 1916 Tales of Darkest America Favorite Magazine 1920 p 5 poet Fenton Johnson Anthologies Edit Harriet Monroe and Alice Corbin The New Poetry An Anthology of Twentieth Century Verse in English 1923 Countee Cullen Caroling Dusk 1927 James Weldon Johnson The Book of American Negro Poetry 1931 Arna Bontemps American Negro Poetry from 1963 Ruth Miller Black American Literature 1760 Present 1971 Abraham Chapman Black Voices An Anthology of African American Literature 1968 Richard Barksdale and Kenneth Kinnamon Black Writers of America A Comprehensive Anthology 1972 Robert Hayden Kaleidoscope 1982 Arthur P Davis J Saunders Redding and Joyce Ann Joyce The New Cavalcade 1991 Library of America American Poetry of the Twentieth Century Volume I 2000 Henry Louis Gates Jr and Nellie McKay Norton Anthology of African American Literature 2004 References Edit a b Sigler Danielle Brune March 30 2017 Forgotten Manuscripts Fenton Johnson s A Wild Plaint African American Review 50 1 1 15 doi 10 1353 afa 2017 0000 ISSN 1945 6182 S2CID 164671298 Fenton Johnson Poetry Foundation 2020 Retrieved 2020 10 06 Bontemps Arna Fenton Johnson American Negro Poetry An Anthology New York Macmillan 1996 222 223 a b c d e f g Sanders Elizabeth and Delwiche Engelhardt Fenton Johnson The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature Oxford Oxford University Press 2001 229 Sigler Danielle April 27 2017 A newly identified work by writer and poet Fenton Johnson Ransom Center Magazine A Wild Plaint Harry Ransom Center University of Texas Retrieved 2021 02 15 a b Thomas Lorenzo African Modernism and Twentieth Century American Poetry Extraordinary Measures University of Alabama Press 2000 Patton Venetria K and Maureen Honey Double take A Revisionist Harlem Renaissance Anthology New York Rutgers University Press 2011 268 a b c d e Wagner Jean Black Poets of the United States Chicago University of Illinois Press 1973 179 180 a b c d e Johnson James Weldon Fenton Johnson The Book of American Negro Poetry New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1931 140 41 Johnson Fenton A Little Dreaming Ann Arbor University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative 1997 Inductees Fenton Johnson Chicago Literary Hall of Fame Retrieved October 5 2017 External links EditJean Wagner 1973 Black poets of the United States from Paul Laurence Dunbar to Langston Hughes University of Illinois Press p 179 ISBN 978 0 252 00341 7 Fenton Johnson poet Jacobs A W 2017 Fenton Johnson America s First Radical Poet a w jacobs org Retrieved October 6 2017 Fenton Johnson Oxford Reference Retrieved October 2 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fenton Johnson poet amp oldid 1168370225, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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