fbpx
Wikipedia

Fergus of Galloway

January 01, 1970

Fergus of Galloway (died 12 May 1161) was a twelfth-century Lord of Galloway. Although his familial origins are unknown, it is possible that he was of Norse-Gaelic ancestry. Fergus first appears on record in 1136, when he witnessed a charter of David I, King of Scotland. There is considerable evidence indicating that Fergus was married to an illegitimate daughter of Henry I, King of England. It is possible that Elizabeth Fitzroy was the mother of Fergus's three children.

Fergus of Galloway
Lord of Galloway
Fourteenth-century illuminated initial of Leiden University Library Letterkunde 191 (Roman van Ferguut). The knight depicted in the initial may represent an Arthurian character who in turn may be named after Fergus himself.[1]
Died12 May 1161
Issue

Fergus forged a marital alliance with Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles through the marriage of the latter to Fergus's daughter, Affraic. As a consequence of this union, the leading branch of the Crovan dynasty descended from Fergus. When Óláfr was assassinated by a rival branch of the dynasty, Galloway itself was attacked before Fergus's grandson, Guðrøðr Óláfsson, was able to seize control of Isles. Both Fergus and his grandson appear to have overseen military operations in Ireland, before the latter was overthrown by Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll. The fact that there is no record of Fergus lending Guðrøðr support against Somairle could be evidence of a slackening of Fergus's authority. Contemporary sources certainly report that Galloway was wracked by inter-dynastic strife during the decade.

Fergus's fall from power came in 1160, after Malcolm IV, King of Scotland settled a dispute amongst his leading magnates and launched three military campaigns into Galloway. The reasons for the Scottish invasion are unknown. On one hand, it is possible that Fergus had precipitated events by preying upon Scottish territories. In the aftermath of the attack, the king came to terms with Somairle which could be evidence that he had either been allied with Fergus against the Scots or that he had aided in Fergus's destruction. In any case, Fergus himself was driven from power, and forced to retire to the abbey of Holyrood. He died the next year. The Lordship of Galloway appears to have been partitioned between his sons, Gille Brigte and Uhtred, and Scottish influence further penetrated into Galloway.

Origins edit

 
Fergus's name as it appears on folio 35v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Fergus de Galwedia"[2]

Fergus's familial origins are unknown.[3] He is not accorded a patronym in contemporary sources,[4] and his later descendants are traced no further than him in their charters.[5][note 1] The fact that he tends to be styled "of Galloway" in contemporary sources suggests that he was the head of the most important family in the region. Such appears to have been the case with Fergus's contemporary Freskin, a significant settler in Moray, who was styled de Moravia.[15]

One source that may possibly cast light on Fergus's familial origins is Roman de Fergus,[16] a mediaeval Arthurian romance, mainly set in southern Scotland,[17] which tells the tale of a knight who may represent Fergus himself.[18] The name of the knight's father in this source is a form of the name borne by Fergus's neighbouring contemporary Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll, and could be evidence that Fergus's father bore the same name.[19][note 2] On the other hand, instead of being evidence of any historical relationship, the names could have been employed by the romance merely because they were regarded as stereotypically Gallovidian.[21] In any case, there is reason to suspect that the romance is a literary pastiche or parody of the compositions of Chrétien de Troyes;[22] and besides the coincidence of names, the tale has little to commend it as an authoritative source for the historical Fergus.[23]

Despite the uncertainty surrounding his origins, it is possible that Fergus was of Norse-Gaelic and native Gallovidian ancestry.[24] Traditionally, the Gallovidians appear to have looked towards the Isles instead of Scotland, and the core of his family's lands seems to have centred in valley of the river Dee and the coastal area around Whithorn, regions of substantial Scandinavian settlement.[25] In any case, the fact that Fergus died as an old man in 1161 suggests that he was born before 1100.[26]

Early career edit

 
One of the mounds in Lochfergus, a now-drained lochan near Kirkcudbright, where Fergus may have had a fortress[27]

Fergus first appears on record in about 1136×1141, when he and his son, Uhtred, witnessed the grant of the lands of Partick to the church of St Kentigern at Glasgow.[28][note 3] The exact extent of the twelfth-century Lordship of Galloway is unclear.[37] Surviving acta of Fergus and Uhtred reveal a concentration of endowments in central Galloway, between the rivers Urr and Fleet. Subsequent grants of lands by later descendants of Fergus in the Dee valley could represent the expansion of territory from this original core.[38] There is evidence indicating that Fergus's domain extended into western Galloway as well. His descendants were certainly associated with the castle of Cruggleton and dealt with lands in the vicinity.[39]

In 1140, during the return journey of Máel Máedoc Ua Morgair, Archbishop of Armagh from Clairvaux to Ulster, the latter made landfall at Cruggleton, as evidenced by Vita Sancti Malachiae, composed by Bernard of Clairvaux.[40] Although this source associates the castle with the Scots, it seems unlikely that Scottish royal authority extended to the Gallovidian coast, and the statement could therefore be a result of confusion with Máel Máedoc's previous stay at the castle of Carlisle, then controlled by David I, King of Scotland. In fact, Máel Máedoc's visit to Cruggleton may have involved the local lord of the region,[39] conceivably Fergus himself.[41] The mid-twelfth-century lordship, therefore, seems to have been centred in the region of Wigtown Bay and the mouth of the river Dee.[39]

 
The ruinous castle of Cruggleton from a distance. This fortress was an ancient Gallovidian power centre,[42] and the castle itself may have been built by Fergus's grandson, Roland fitz Uhtred.[43]

The fact that Gilla Brigte, who may well have been Fergus's eldest child, later appears to have drawn his power from west of the river Cree could be evidence that this man's mother was a member of a prominent family from this region. Such an alliance could also explain Fergus's apparent westward expansion.[44] Whatever the case, the fact that the Diocese of Whithorn was revived in about 1128, possibly at the hands of Fergus himself, could indicate that he purposely established an episcopal see that encompassed the entirety of his domain.[45] The apparent extension of Fergus's authority into western Galloway may have been facilitated by the disintegration of the expansive nearby Kingdom of the Isles. Upon the death of the reigning Guðrøðr Crovan, King of the Isles, the Isles plunged into chaos, enduring periods of vicious dynastic kin-strife, overwhelming Norwegian overlordship, and Irish intrusion as well. By the end of the first quarter of the twelfth century, however, Guðrøðr Crovan's youngest son, Óláfr, seems to have been reinserted into the Isles by Henry I, King of England. This restoration of the Crovan dynasty appears to have formed part of the English Crown's extension of influence into the Irish Sea region.[46] Another aspect of this expansion was the establishment of David, a younger brother of the reigning Alexander I, King of Scotland, as Henry I's vassal.[47]

Allied to the English edit

 
Seal of Alexander I, King of Scotland, apparent brother-in-law of Fergus

There is a considerable amount of evidence indicating that Fergus married a daughter of Henry I (many believe it was Elizabeth Fitzroy).[48] For example, there is documentary evidence suggesting that all three of Fergus's children—Uhtred, Gilla Brigte, and Affraic—were related to the English royal family.[49] Specifically, Uhtred was called a cousin of Henry I's grandson, Henry II, King of England, by Roger de Hoveden.[50] Although sources specifically concerning Gilla Brigte fail to make a similar claim, potentially indicating that he had a different mother than Uhtred,[51] Gilla Brigte's son, Donnchad, Earl of Carrick, was certainly regarded as a kinsman of Henry II's son and successor, John, King of England.[52] In regard to Affraic, Robert de Torigni, Abbot of Mont Saint-Michel remarked that her son, Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles, was related to Henry II through the latter's mother, Matilda,[53] one of Henry I's daughters.[54]

 
Henry I, King of England as depicted in British Library Royal 14 C VII

Henry I appears to have had about twenty-four illegitimate children.[55] Although the name and identity of Fergus's wife is unknown,[3] she would seem to have been one of Henry I's numerous illegitimate daughters through which the king forged marital alliances with neighbouring princes along the periphery of his Anglo-Norman realm.[56] The date of Uhtred's earliest attestation suggests that he was born in about 1123/1124 at the latest, whilst the fact that Guðrøðr was old enough to render homage to the Norwegian king in 1153 suggests that Affraic herself was born no later than about 1122. Such birth dates suggest that Fergus's marriage dates to a period when the English Crown consolidated authority in the north-west and extended its influence into the Irish Sea. From the perspective of the English, an alliance between Henry I and Fergus would have secured an understanding with the man who controlled an important part of the north western flank of the Anglo-Norman realm.[57] In fact, one of Henry I's bastard daughters, Sybilla, was wed to the reigning Alexander, seemingly not long after the latter's accession.[58] Fergus's own apparent marriage, therefore, appears to evidence not only his pre-eminent status in Galloway itself, but the degree of political sovereignty he possessed as its ruler.[59] The unions of Alexander and Fergus evidence Henry I's intent of extending English authority north of the Solway Firth.[60]

David and Scottish consolidation edit

 
David I, King of Scotland as he is depicted in a mid-twelfth-century royal charter

The early twelfth century saw the rise of Alexander's younger brother, David.[61] The latter's close connections with the English likely contributed to his eventual acquisition of a substantial part of southern Scotland from Alexander.[62] In about 1113, David married Maud de Senlis, a wealthy English widow, and through her came into possession of extensive lordship that came to be known as the Honour of Huntingdon.[63] As the mid-part of the century approached, the balance of power along the northern part of the Anglo-Norman realm began to shift in favour of David.[61][note 4] In 1120, Henry I's only legitimate son died along with Richard d'Avranches, Earl of Chester in the White Ship disaster. The latter's lordship in the Welsh March was a critical region of Henry I's realm, and the English king responded by transplanting Ranulf le Meschin from his lordship of Carlisle to Richard d'Avranches' former lordship along the Welsh frontier.[65]

Upon Alexander's death in 1124, David succeeded to the throne.[66] The latter's subsequent endowment of Annandale to Robert de Brus appears to have not only signalled the Scottish Crown's intention of consolidating control of the region, but served as a declaration of the kingdom's claims to Cumbria.[67] Fergus's marriage to Henry I's daughter, which appears to date to about this period, may have been arranged with such developments in mind. If so, the union could have been orchestrated as a means to not only compensate for Ranulf's removal, but to counter the dramatic rise of David and the resultant imbalance of power his ascent created.[68] With Ranulf thus vacated from the north, Henry I had filled the power vacuum with various so-called "new men".[61] One such incomer may have been Robert de Brus, a Norman who had previously received extensive lands from the English Crown.[69] In fact, it is possible that it was in the wake of Ranulf's removal that Robert de Brus originally received the lordship of Annandale. If so, the latter may have been inserted into the region by Henry I, or perhaps through collaborative effort between Henry I and his then-vassal David as a means of securing the Anglo-Scottish border.[70][note 5] The apparent rise of Fergus at about this time may have also played a part in the infeftment of Annandale.[72]

 
Marginal illustration in British Library Royal 14 C II (Chronica) of the standard after which the Battle of the Standard is named

Henry I himself was married to David's older sister, Edith, a union which closely bound him to the Scottish royal house.[73] For as long as Henry I lived, relations between him and David remained harmonious. When the former died in 1135, however, the peace between the neighbouring realms was shattered when his nephew, Stephen of Blois, Count of Boulogne and Mortain, successfully seized the throne.[74] Before the end of the year, the Scots surged forth and seized Carlisle and Cumberland before peace was restored. Relations broke down the following year, and the Scots again invaded in 1137, seizing Northumberland, and pushed forth towards York.[75] The contemporary accounts of the English chroniclers Richard Hexham[76] and Ailred, Abbot of Rievaulx single out Gallovidian soldiers for their excessive atrocities in David's campaign.[77] Disaster struck the Scots in 1138 at the Battle of the Standard, when David's forces were utterly overcome by the English near Northallerton.[78]

Although Gallovidians clearly took part in David's campaigning, there is no specific evidence connecting Fergus to the operations until after operations ceased.[79] It is possible that Fergus's attestation of 1136 could have had bearing on Gallovidian participation in the king's campaigning.[80] If Fergus's wife was indeed a bastard of Henry I, Fergus himself had a stake in the unfolding English succession crisis, as she would have been a half-sister of Stephen's opponent, Matilda,[81] whom Henry I had nominated as his royal successor.[82] Explicit confirmation of Fergus's involvement may exist in the terms of the subsequent peace treaty, as Richard Hexham recorded that one of the hostages that was handed over to the English for surety was the son of an earl named Fergus.[83] The fact that there was no Scottish earl of that name suggests that, unless Richard Hexham was mistaken, it was Fergus himself who was referred to. In any case, after this date there is no further evidence of Fergus's involvement in Anglo-Scottish affairs.[84]

Ecclesiastical activities edit

 
Divisions within the Lordship of Galloway (coloured green) and surrounding lordships in the twelfth century.[85][note 6] The Diocese of Whithorn encompassed all Gallovidan regions except Desnes Ioan, which fell under the Scottish Diocese of Glasgow, and appears to have been only incorporated into the lordship during the tenure of Fergus's sons.

In about 1128, the Diocese of Whithorn was revived after three centuries had passed since the consecration of the last diocesan bishop.[86] The revival itself is revealed by a papal mandate dated December 1128,[87] and the record of the oath of the bishop-elect, Gilla Aldan, to Thurstan, Archbishop of York between about 1128 and 1140.[88] It is uncertain who was the driving force behind the revival. David's known ecclesiastical activities could suggest that he was responsible. On the other hand, the extent of David's authority in Galloway is questionable. As for Fergus himself, there is no conclusive proof that he controlled the lordship at this point in time,[89] or that he himself established the see.[90]

The fact that Gilla Aldan was likely of native origin—as opposed to David's apparent preference for Anglo-Norman clergy—and the fact that Gilla Aldan professed obedience to the Archbishop of York—an ecclesiast whom David was attempting to exclude from influencing the Scottish Church—would both appear to indicate Gilla Aldan was a non-Scottish appointment.[91] If Fergus was indeed responsible for Whithorn's revival, it would have almost certainly aided his royal aspirations since securing ecclesiastical independence could have been part of the process of ensuring political independence.[92] Gilla Aldan's successor was Christian, a man who was consecrated in 1154 by Hugh d'Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who in turn may have been acting as a proxy for Roger de Pont l'Evêque, Archbishop-elect of York.[93]

Fergus and his family were remarkable ecclesiastical patrons, working with Augustinians, Benedictines, Cistercians, and Premonstratensians.[94] Surviving charter evidence reveals that Fergus granted the lands of Dunrod, St Mary's Isle (upon which a priory was at some point erected), and nearby Galtway to the Augustinian abbey of Holyrood.[95] A fifteenth-century list of properties belonging to the Knights Hospitaller reveals that Fergus had granted this order of the lands of Galtway (within the mediaeval parishes of Balmaclellan and Dalry) at some point in his career.[33] This transaction appears to further evidence Fergus's alignment with the English Crown.[61]

 
Confirmation charter noting Fergus's grant of lands of Dunrod to the Scottish abbey of Holyrood.[96] Fergus's name appears on the sixth line.

The necrology of the abbey of Newhouse states that Fergus was the founder of a Premonstratensian house at Whithorn.[97] Both he and Christian are stated by the necrology of the abbey of Prémontré to have founded a monastery at Whithorn.[98] Christian's tenure as bishop (1154–1186), and Fergus's reign as lord (×1160), suggest that the priory of Whithorn was founded at some point between about 1154 and 1160.[99] According to the annals of Maurice of Prato, this house was transformed into a Premonstratensian house by Christian in about 1177.[100] These sources, therefore, appear to reveal that Fergus was responsible for the establishment of a possibly Augustinian house at Whithorn, whilst Christian was responsible for its later refoundation as a Premonstratensian institution.[101] Such a switch was not an unknown occurrence in England or on the Continent.[102]

 
The ruinous remains of the Cistercian abbey of Dundrennan, perhaps founded or co-founded by Fergus. It is possible that monastery was founded partly as an act of penitence for Gallovidian atrocities committed in 1138 during the Scottish Crown's invasion of northern England.

Either Fergus or David—or perhaps both Fergus and David—may have been responsible for the foundation of the abbey of Dundrennan, a Cistercian house situated well within the confines of Fergus's lordship.[103] John Fordun and Walter Bower accord its foundation solely to David,[104] although the near contemporary John Hexham failed to note the house amongst David's known foundations.[105] The fact that Walter Daniel, a Cistercian monk from the community at Rievaulx, was highly critical of Galloway and its inhabitants may be evidence that Fergus was unlikely to have been the sole founder.[106] David's own close connections with the Cistercians could suggest that the monastery owed its formation, as a daughter house of Rievaulx, to cooperation between David and Fergus.[107]

The abbey of Dundrennan appears to have been founded in about 1142,[108] which in turn places its formation at a time when David had extended his power in the south west.[107] Such a date also places the foundation at about the time Máel Máedoc was in the region, which in turn may hint at his own involvement.[109] In any case, if Fergus and David were involved in the abbey's endowment, the fact that it was colonised by Cistercians from Rievaulx suggests that it was somewhat of a penitential foundation in regard to the infamous Gallovidian contribution at the Battle of the Standard four years previously.[110] Furthermore, the fact that Thurstan himself had been responsible for the English resistance meant that Fergus had warred against his own spiritual overlord, and had almost certainly endured ecclesiastical repercussions as a result.[111] In the eyes of the Cistercians, Fergus and David were both responsible for failing to curb atrocities committed during the campaign, and Fergus himself was held accountable by Walter Daniel's Vita Ailredi for thousands of deaths.[112]

 
Soulseat Loch, sometimes called the Green Lake,[113] where the abbey of Soulseat once stood. The abbey could be identical to "Viride Stagnum" ("green lake"),[114] where Máel Máedoc founded a monastery.

Another religious house possibly founded by Fergus was the abbey of Soulseat, a Premonstratensian house seated near Stranraer.[115] Walter Bower and the necrologies certainly state as such.[116] However, the fact that this house appears to be identical to the "Viride Stagnum" attested by the contemporary Vita Sancti Malachiae seems to be evidence that Soulseat originated as a Cistercian house founded by Máel Máedoc himself.[117] If Máel Máedoc and Fergus met during the former's apparent stay in Cruggleton, it is conceivable that Fergus granted him the lands upon which he founded a religious house at Soulseat.[118] If Máel Máedoc indeed founded a Cistercian house on this site, it clearly was converted to a Premonstratensian monastery not long afterwards,[119] under the advocacy of Fergus.[120] The church of Cruggleton, near the site of the like-named castle, could have also been constructed by Fergus.[121]

 
The ruinous remains of the Augustinian abbey of Holyrood, where Fergus retired in 1160

Although the late mediaeval Hystoria Fundacionis Prioratus Insule de Traile claims that Fergus founded the priory of St Mary's Isle,[122] the fantastical foundation claims preserved by this source are not corroborated by contemporary sources.[123] According to a confirmation charter dating to within the decade after Fergus's death, Fergus granted the house to the abbey of Holyrood.[124] A confirmation charter of William I, King of Scotland reveals that the priory of St Mary's Isle may have been in existence by the time of Fergus's grandson, Roland fitz Uhtred, Lord of Galloway,[125] although the first recorded prior appears in the thirteenth century.[126] Fergus's supposed links with this house, therefore, are dubious.[123] Although Walter Bower declared that Fergus was responsible for the foundation of the abbey of Tongland, his great-grandson, Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway, appears to have founded it in the thirteenth century.[127] The erroneous attribution of Fergus to this house may be the result of an attempt to enhance the antiquity of its establishment by linking it with the progenitor of Alan's family.[128]

It is a wild country [Galloway] where the inhabitants are like beasts, and altogether barbarous. ... Rievaulx made a foundation in this savagery, which now, by the help of God, who gives the increase to a new plantation, bears much fruit.

— excerpt from Vita Ailredi depicting the perceived contrast between the Gallovdian culture and the reformed religious foundations introduced by Fergus.[129]

The inspiration behind Fergus's ecclesiastical patronage is uncertain. On one hand, it is conceivable that he was imitating or competing with the extensive patronage of the Scottish monarchy.[130] On the other hand, familial connections with the rulers of England and the Isles could have played a part in his ecclesiastical interests. Contact with influential ecclesiasts like Máel Máedoc and Ailred could have also inspired Fergus's benefactions.[131][note 7]

Furthermore, the introduction of Augustinians and Premonstratensians into Galloway may have been part of a process of revitalising the newly reformed diocese.[135] The construction of ecclesiastical buildings, much like castles, was often a means by which mediaeval rulers displayed their pre-eminent status, which in turn could explain Fergus's ecclesiastical activities.[136] In effect, his religious foundations may evince attempts to assert his authority in the region.[137] While the foundation of an episcopal see seems to have been a means by which Fergus sought to reinforce his independence from the Scots, his remarkable support of reformed religious orders may have been a way in which he attempted to legitimise his regal aspirations.[138]

Unravelling of the Isles edit

Alliance with Óláfr Guðrøðarson edit

 
A king gaming piece of the so-called Lewis chessmen.[139] Some of the pieces may have arrived in the Isles as a result of Guðrøðr's dealings in Norway.[140]

Early in his career, Fergus bound himself to the Isles in the form of a marital alliance between Affraic and Óláfr, the reigning King of the Isles.[141] Although the union itself is not dated in contemporary sources,[142] the Scandinavian sojourn undertaken the couple's son in 1152 suggests that the marriage was arranged in the 1130s or 1140s. The alliance forged between Óláfr and Fergus gave the former's family valuable familial-connections with the English Crown, one of the most powerful monarchies in western Europe.[143] As for Fergus, the union bound Galloway more tightly to a neighbouring kingdom from which an invasion had been launched during the overlordship of Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway.[144] The alliance with Óláfr also ensured Fergus the protection of one of Britain's most formidable fleets, and further gave him a valuable ally outwith the orbit of the Scottish Crown.[145]

One possible reason for Fergus's apparent lack of further participation in Anglo-Scottish affairs may have been due to events in the Isles.[146] Although the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann portrays Óláfr's reign as one of tranquillity,[147] a more accurate evaluation of his reign may be that he adeptly managed to navigate an uncertain political climate.[148] In regard to Fergus, the acquisition of the Dublin kingship in 1142, by the Islesman Ottar mac meic Ottair, may well have represented a threat to the authority of Óláfr, and the prospects of Fergus's grandson.[149] By the mid-part of the twelfth century, however, the ageing Óláfr's realm may well have begun to buckle under the strain,[150] as perhaps evidenced by the depredations wrought on the Scottish mainland by Óláfr's leading ecclesiast, Wimund, Bishop of the Isles.[151] Confirmation of Óláfr's concern over the royal succession may well be preserved by the chronicle,[150] which states that Guðrøðr journeyed to the court of Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway in 1152, where Guðrøðr rendered homage to the Norwegian king, and seemingly secured recognition of the royal inheritance of the Isles.[152]

 
A queen gaming piece of the so-called Lewis chessmen[153] Almost nothing is known of queenship in the Isles.[154]

The following year marked a watershed in the history for the Kingdom of the Isles with the successive deaths of David and Óláfr.[155] The latter was slain by three Dublin-based sons of his exiled brother, after which these men—the Haraldsonnar—partitioned Mann amongst themselves.[156] Once in control, the chronicle reveals that the Haraldsonnar fortified themselves against forces loyal to the kingdom's legitimate heir by launching a pre-emptive strike against Fergus. Although the invasion of Galloway was repulsed with heavy casualties, once the Haraldsonnar returned to Mann the chronicle records that they slaughtered and expelled all resident Gallovidians that they could find. This ruthless reaction evidently reveals an attempt to uproot local factions adhering to Affraic and her son.[157] Whatever the case, within months of his father's assassination, Guðrøðr executed his vengeance. Enstrengthened with Norwegian military support, Guðrøðr overcame his three kin-slaying cousins, and successfully secured the kingship for himself.[158]

Rise of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte edit

 
Detail from Maughold IV,[159] a Manx runestone displaying a contemporary sailing vessel.[160] The power of the kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley-fleets.[161]

Midway through the twelfth-century, Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Tír nEógain pressed forth his claim to the high-kingship of Ireland, an office then held by the elderly Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht.[162] In 1154, the forces of Toirrdelbach and Muirchertach met in a major maritime conflict off the Inishowen coast.[163] According to the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters, Muirchertach's maritime forces were mercenaries drawn from Galloway, Arran, Kintyre, Mann, and "the territories of Scotland".[164] This record appears to be evidence that Guðrøðr, Fergus, and perhaps Somairle, provided ships to Muirchertach's cause.[165][note 8] Although Toirrdelbach's forces obtained a narrow victory, his northern maritime power seems to have been virtually nullified by the severity of the contest,[167] and Muirchertach soon after marched on Dublin,[168] gained overlordship over the Dubliners, and effectively secured himself the high-kingship of Ireland for himself.[169]

The defeat of forces drawn from the Isles, and Muirchertach's subsequent spread of power into Dublin, may have had severe repercussions concerning Guðrøðr's career.[170] In 1155 or 1156, Somairle and an apparent relative of Ottar precipitated a coup against Guðrøðr, presenting Somairle's son, Dubgall, as a replacement to Guðrøðr's rule.[171] Late in 1156, Somairle and Guðrøðr clashed and divided the Kingdom of the Isles between themselves. Two years later the former drove the latter from the kingship and into exile.[172]

 
A rook gaming piece of the so-called Lewis chessmen[173]

It is uncertain why Fergus failed to support his grandson against Somairle.[174] The record of the capture of Domnall mac Máel Coluim at Whithorn in 1156, as recorded by the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Holyrood,[175] and Gesta Annalia I, may have bearing on Fergus.[176] Domnall appears to have been a son of Máel Coluim mac Alasdair, who was in turn a claimant to the Scottish throne and somehow related to Somairle.[177] Following David's death in 1153, Somairle and Máel Coluim had risen in revolt against a newly inaugurated Malcolm without much success.[178] Domnall's later capture in western Galloway, therefore, could be evidence that the Meic Máel Coluim claimants had attempted to forcefully carve out a power base in western Galloway. However, the fact that the chronicle makes no mention of such conflict in Galloway, coupled with the fact that Whithorn was a spiritual centre rather than a secular power centre, could suggest that Domnall was in the region under less violent circumstances. If so, it is conceivable that Fergus could have originally forged an understanding with the Meic Máel Coluim before pressure from his sons forced him to desert Domnall's cause. The fact that the latter's capture preceded Somairle's coup could suggest that, although Domnall may have been in the midst of securing Gallovidian support, once Somairle's designs against Guðrøðr became apparent, the Gallovdians handed over Somairle's kinsman to the Scots.[179][note 9]

Scottish subjection of Galloway edit

 
Malcolm IV, King of Scotland as he is depicted in a mid-twelfth-century royal charter

There is evidence to suggest that Fergus struggled to maintain control of his lordship during the decade. Such a crisis could well have kept him from intervening in the Isles on Guðrøðr's behalf. As with the latter, the failure of Muirchertach's mercenary fleet could have contributed to a loss of Fergus's own authority.[174] Disarray in the lordship is evidenced by Vita Ailredi, which reveals that the region was wracked by inter-dynastic strife during this period.[180]

In 1160, Malcolm returned to Scotland having spent months campaigning in the service of the English on the Continent. After successfully dealing with a considerable number of disaffected magnates at Perth,[181] the Chronicle of Holyrood and the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Melrose reveal that he launched three military expeditions into Galloway.[182] The circumstances surrounding these invasions is unclear,[183] although what is clear is that Fergus submitted to the Scots before the end of the year.[184][note 10] Specifically, according to Gesta Annalia I, once the Scots subdued the Gallovidians, the conquerors forced Fergus to retire to the abbey of Holyrood, and hand over his son, Uhtred, as a royal hostage.[186] The Chronicle of Holyrood[187] and the fifteenth-century Ordinale of Holyrood corroborate Fergus's monastic retirement,[188] with the former source further recording Fergus's grant of the lands of Dunrod to the abbey.[187][note 11]

 
Seal of Richard de Morville, Constable of Scotland.[190] The Morvilles were one of numerous knightly families used by the Scottish Crown to encircle Fergus's lordship.[191][note 12]

On one hand, it is possible that Fergus himself had precipitated Malcolm's reaction by raiding into the territory between the rivers Urr and Nith.[193] The fact that the Chronicle of Holyrood describes Malcolm's Gallovidian opponents as "federate enemies", and makes no mention of his sons, suggests that Fergus was supported by other accomplices.[194] In fact, it is possible that Malcolm had encountered an alliance between Fergus and Somairle.[195] Evidence of such a coalition may exist in the dating clause of a royal charter that notes a formal agreement between Somairle and Malcolm that Christmas.[196] Additionally, the fact that several churches near Kirkcudbright are recorded to have once belonged to Iona, an ancient ecclesiastical centre that Somairle attempted to revive during his reign in the Isles, could suggest some sort of concord between the rulers.[197] If Somairle and Fergus had indeed been allies, the fall of the latter, coupled with the further advancement of Scottish authority into the Solway region, may have finally brought Somairle to terms with the Scots.[198] An alternate possibility is that the charter clause could be evidence that Somairle supported Malcolm in his suppression and destruction of Fergus.[21] There is also reason to suspect that Ferteth, Earl of Strathearn possessed some sort of affiliation with Fergus.[199] Not only does Ferteth appear to be the most prominent of the disaffected magnates who confronted Malcolm in 1160,[200] but his father is recorded to have taken a leading part in the Battle of the Standard,[201] and Ferteth himself was married to a woman whose name may be evidence that she was a native of Galloway.[199][note 13] The kin-strife noted by Vita Ailredi could be evidence that Fergus's sons assisted in his overthrow, or at least did little to arrest it.[203]

Death and aftermath edit

 
The remains of Motte of Urr, the earthen remains of a twelfth-century motte-and-bailey castle. The motte may have been the site of a castle of Walter de Berkeley, Chamberlain of Scotland, an Anglo-Norman settled in Galloway by Uhtred in the 1160s.[204]

Fergus did not live long after retiring, and died on 12 May 1161, as evidenced by the Chronicle of Holyrood.[205] Surviving sources reveal that he overshadowed his sons during his lifetime, with Uhtred witnessing only three charters and Gilla Brigte none at all. The latter's apparent exclusion from affairs of state could be relevant to the subsequent animosity between the siblings, as well as the difficulties Fergus faced with the men late in his career.[206] Upon Fergus's death, the lordship appears to have been split between the brothers. Although there is no specific evidence for Gilla Brigte's share, later transactions involving Uhtred reveal that the latter held lands in the lower Dee valley, seemingly centred in an area around Kirkcudbright. The fact that this region appears to have formed the core of Fergus's holdings could be evidence that Uhtred was the senior successor. Conceivably, Uhtred's allotment consisted of the lordship's territory east of the river Cree, whilst Gilla Brigte's share was everything east of this waterway.[207]

 
Charter of David to Robert de Brus concerning Annandale.[208] The settlement of such men in southern Scotland may have been a means of countering the rise of Fergus.

In the wake of Malcolm's destruction of Fergus, the Scottish Crown moved to further incorporate Galloway into the Scottish realm. Uhtred appears to have been granted the territory between the rivers Nith and Urr,[209] whilst Gilla Brigte may have been wed to a daughter or sister of Donnchad II, Earl of Fife, the kingdom's foremost Gaelic magnate.[210] Scottish authority penetrated into the lordship through the installation of royal officials,[211] and Scottish power was perhaps further projected into Galloway by a royal castle at Dumfries.[212] Surviving royal acta dating to after the fall of Fergus indicate that, from the perspective of the Scottish Crown, the Lordship of Galloway had been integrated into the Kingdom of Scotland, and was subject to the overlordship of Malcolm himself.[213]

Notes edit

  1. ^ The only known examples of surnames borne by members of Fergus's family in the Irish Annals are the following attributed to (Fergus's grandson) Roland fitz Uhtred, Lord of Galloway and his sons: "Ailín mac Uchtraigh",[6] "Rolant mac Uchtraich",[7] "Rollant mac Uchtraigh",[8] "Tomas mac Uchtraigh",[9] "Tomas mac Uchtraigh",[10] "Tomás mac Uchtraigh",[11] "Tomas mac Uchtraigh",[12] "Tomass mac Uchtraigh",[13] and "Tomáss macc Uchtraidh".[14]
  2. ^ Conversely, the name of the knight's father could indicate that this character represents the historical Somairle himself.[20] Evidence that Somairle and Fergus were indeed related could be the fact that Gilla Brigte, who may have been Fergus's eldest son, bore the same name as Somairle's father, Gilla Brigte.[21]
  3. ^ At about the same time, Fergus also witnessed a grant of David to the church of St Kentigern in Glasgow concerning the king's gift of revenue from Strathgryfe, Cunningham, Kyle, and Carrick.[29] Another grant witnessed by Fergus at about this date concerned David's grant of a cut of the profits from Cumberland to the church. Both of these acts were concluded at Cadzow.[30] The three transactions are the only Scottish royal acts witnessed by Fergus.[31] Although Fergus is generally styled Lord of Galloway in modern historiography, there is no evidence that Fergus himself bore such a title. Surviving sources typically fail to accord him any title whatsoever, although there a few that may allude to royal status.[32] For example, a late mediaeval list of endowments to the Knights Hospitaller accords him the royal title "rex Galwitensium", a style unlikely to have been invented by the clerk.[33] Vita Ailredi describes Fergus as a regulus, a title which can either represent a diminutive form of rex ("king"), or simply refer to a ruler without any royal connotations.[34] The twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Holyrood calls Fergus princeps Galwaie, a style that likewise does not necessarily refer to royalty.[35] Nevertheless, this source styles both Óengus, Earl of Moray and Donnchad I, Earl of Fife as comites, which seems to be indicate that Fergus was regarded to be of a higher status to these men.[36]
  4. ^ David's latter's extension of authority into the Southern Uplands, in a specific region perhaps stretching from Strathgryffe to Carrick, appears to be evidenced by a later grant of his succeeding grandson, Malcolm IV, King of Scotland, which mentions unspecified Gall Gaidhel lands held by David during Alexander's reign.[64]
  5. ^ Another possibility is that Robert de Brus had been originally installed in Annandale by Ranulf himself.[71]
  6. ^ The Gallovidian regions are the Rhinns, Farines, the Glenkens, Desnesmor, and Desnes Ioan.
  7. ^ Considering Fergus's apparent connections with Cistercians, Augustinians, and Premonstratensians, a possible relationship between him and Máel Máedoc is not inconceivable.[132] Fergus may have also possessed connections with Ailred, who spent part of his career as a member of David's court before becoming Abbot of Rievaulx.[133] According to Vita Ailredi, it was Ailred who later reconciled Fergus with his sons, and further prevailed upon him to retire from the lordship to the abbey of Holyrood.[134]
  8. ^ An alternate possibility is that the annal does not refer to Galloway at all, and that it actually refers to the Gall Gaidheil of Arran, Kintyre, Mann, and the territory of Scotland.[166]
  9. ^ Domnall's involvement in western Galloway may also hint at a possible connection between Somairle and Galloway, perhaps forming further evidence of kinship between Fergus and Somairle.[21]
  10. ^ There is a fantastical account of Fergus's revolt preserved by Hystoria Fundacionis Prioratus Insule de Traile.[185]
  11. ^ Later evidence reveals that Fergus's descendants chose to regard his submission and retirement as one of piety rather than political submission. The Ordinale of Holyrood reveals that the souls of Fergus, Uhtred, Roland, and Alan were commemorated at the abbey as late as the fifteenth century.[189]
  12. ^ The Morville's were settled in Cunningham, north of Galloway.[191] Richard himself was the father-in-law of Roland.[192]
  13. ^ According to Ailred, there was much confusion and consternation on the Scottish side before the Battle of the Standard, with the Gallovidians claiming the right to occupy the front line. Ailred states that it was Ferteth's father, Máel Ísu I, Earl of Strathearn, who convinced David to acquiesce to his Gallovidian troops.[202]

Citations edit

  1. ^ Besamusca (2002) p. 211.
  2. ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 60–61; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  3. ^ a b Oram, RD (2004).
  4. ^ Oram, RD (1991) pp. 117, 119; Oram, RD (1988) p. 27, 32.
  5. ^ McDonald (2000) p. 172; Oram, RD (1991) p. 119.
  6. ^ Annala Uladh (2005) § 1234.1; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1234.1; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  7. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1199.11; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1199.11; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  8. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1200.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1200.6; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  9. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1211.7; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1211.7; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  10. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1213.6; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1213.6; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  11. ^ Annala Uladh (2005) § 1214.2; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1214.2; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  12. ^ Annala Uladh (2005) § 1212.4; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1212.4; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  13. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1213.9; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1213.9; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  14. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1221.7; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1221.7; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31–32.
  15. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 32.
  16. ^ McDonald (2000) p. 173; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 53–54; Oram, RD (1991) pp. 119–120; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 35–41; Legge (1964).
  17. ^ Wenthe (2012) pp. 28, 33, 35–36; Hunt 2005 pp. 55–56; Besamusca (2002) p. 213; Thomas (1993) p. 91.
  18. ^ Rickard (2011) p. 113; Hunt (2005) p. 55; McDonald (2002) p. 116 n. 53; Thomas (1993); Oram, RD (1988) pp. 35–41; Legge (1948–1949) pp. 167–171.
  19. ^ Oram, RD (1988) pp. 35–41; Legge (1964); Martin (1872) pp. 9 § 37, 10 § 27, 15 § 16, 32 § 37, 73 § 25.
  20. ^ Rickard (2011) p. 113; Hunt (2005) p. 61 n. 26; McDonald (2003) p. 177; Thomas (1993); Legge (1964); Brugger (1929–1930).
  21. ^ a b c d Woolf (2013) p. 5.
  22. ^ Faletra (2014) p. 206 n. 26; Archibald (2009) p. 144; Hunt (2005); Besamusca (2002) p. 213; Kuiper (1998); Thomas (1993) p. 94; Oram, RD (1991) p. 120; Oram, RD (1988) p. 37; Freeman (1983).
  23. ^ Kuiper (1998); Oram, RD (2000) pp. 53–54; Oram, RD (1991) pp. 119–120; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 35–41.
  24. ^ Scott, JG (1997) p. 25; Oram, RD (1991) pp. 121–122.
  25. ^ Scott, JG (1997) p. 25; Oram, RD (1991) p. 122.
  26. ^ Scott, JG (1997) p. 25.
  27. ^ Oram, RD (2000) pp. 56, 221.
  28. ^ Sharpe (2011) p. 96 n. 243; Hudson, B (2006) p. 223, 223 n. 54; McDonald (2000) p. 171; Oram, RD (1988) p. 31; Legge (1964); Lawrie (1905) pp. 85–86 § 109; Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) p. 9 § 3; Document 1/4/29 (n.d.).
  29. ^ Sharpe (2011) pp. 93–94, 95–96, 93–94 n. 236; Lawrie (1905) pp. 95–96 § 125; Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) p. 12 § 9; Document 1/4/30 (n.d.).
  30. ^ Sharpe (2011) pp. 96, 94 n. 237; Hudson, B (2006) p. 223, 223 n. 54; Lawrie (1905) p. 96 § 126; Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) p. 12 § 10; Document 1/4/31 (n.d.).
  31. ^ Sharpe (2011) p. 6 n. 243.
  32. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 48.
  33. ^ a b Sharpe (2011) pp. 95–96, 96 n. 242; Hudson, B (2006) p. 223, 223 n. 55; McDonald (2002) p. 104; McDonald (2000) p. 180; Oram, RD (2000) p. 62; Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 157; McDonald (1995) p. 201, 201 n. 76; Brooke (1991) pp. 55, 57; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 48, 52, 333; Barrow, GWS (1975) p. 128; Dugdale; Caley; Ellis et al. (1830) p. 838.
  34. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 49; Powicke (1978) p. 45.
  35. ^ Oram, RD (1988) pp. 50–52; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 139, 189; Anderson (1922) p. 245.
  36. ^ Taylor (2016) pp. 36–37 n. 49; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 118, 126, 186, 188; Anderson (1922) pp. 174 n. 3, 224.
  37. ^ Oram, RD (1988) pp. 44–45.
  38. ^ Oram, RD (1988) pp. 42–43.
  39. ^ a b c Oram, RD (1988) pp. 45–46.
  40. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 139; McDonald (1995) pp. 202–203; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 45–46; Lawlor (1920) pp. 76, 76 n. 4, 78, 78 n. 1.
  41. ^ McDonald (1995) pp. 202–203; Scott (1988) p. 36.
  42. ^ Oram, RD (2008) pp. 171, 181.
  43. ^ Oram, RD (2008) p. 181.
  44. ^ Oram, RD (2000) pp. 57–58.
  45. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 58; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 269–270.
  46. ^ Oram, RD (2000) pp. 58–59.
  47. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 59.
  48. ^ Barrow (2005) pp. 430–431 n. 28; Thompson (2003) p. 150; Oram, RD (2000) p. 60; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 30, 70–74; Hollister; Keefe (1973) p. 5, 5 n. 17.
  49. ^ Brooke (1994) p. 80.
  50. ^ Barrow (2005) pp. 430–431 n. 28; Oram, RD (2000) p. 60; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 71, 99; Keefe (1981) p. 191 n. 5; Anderson (1908) p. 258; Stubbs (1869) p. 105; Stubbs (1867) p. 80; Riley (1853) p. 423.
  51. ^ Oram, RD (1988) pp. 71–72, 99.
  52. ^ Barrow (2005) pp. 430–431 n. 28; Oram, RD (1988) p. 99; Bain (1881) pp. 81–82 § 480.
  53. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 60; Oram, RD (1993) p. 116; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 72, 99; Lawrie (1910) p. 115; Anderson (1908) p. 245; Howlett (1889) pp. 228–229.
  54. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. xiii tab. 2; Hollister (2004).
  55. ^ Hollister (2004); Hollister (2003) p. 41, 41 n. 68; Thompson (2003).
  56. ^ Hollister (2004); Thompson (2003); Hollister; Keefe (1973) p. 5.
  57. ^ Oram, RD (2000) pp. 59, 61; Oram, RD (1993) pp. 115–116.
  58. ^ Duncan (2008); McDonald (2000) pp. 174–175; Oram, RD (1993) p. 116; Brooke (1991) pp. 48–49.
  59. ^ McDonald (2000) pp. 174–175; Brooke (1991) pp. 48–49.
  60. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 85; Blakely (2005) p. 20.
  61. ^ a b c d Oram, RD (2000) p. 62.
  62. ^ Barrow, GWS (2006); Oram, RD (1991) pp. 122–123.
  63. ^ Barrow, GWS (2006); Kapelle (1979) p. 204.
  64. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 63; Liber S. Marie de Calchou' (1846) pp. III–VII; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (n.d.) vol. 19 § 38; Document 1/5/24 (n.d.).
  65. ^ King (2004); Oram, RD (2000) p. 62.
  66. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 63.
  67. ^ Oram, RD (2000) pp. 63–64.
  68. ^ Oram, RD (1993) p. 116; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 73–74.
  69. ^ Blakely (2005) pp. 8–27; Oram, RD (2000) p. 62; Kapelle (1979) p. 198.
  70. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 86; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 63–64; Scott, JG (1997) pp. 29–30.
  71. ^ Kapelle (1979) p. 206.
  72. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 86.
  73. ^ Barrow, GWS (2006); Barrow, GWS (1992) pp. 62–63.
  74. ^ Barrow, GWS (2006); Barrow, GWS (1992) pp. 62–65.
  75. ^ Barrow, GWS (2006).
  76. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 77; Anderson (1908) pp. 181, 182–183, 185–186, 187–190; Howlett (1886) pp. 152–159.
  77. ^ Aird (2007) pp. 65, 72 n. 52; Oram, RD (1988) p. 77; Anderson (1908) p. 180, 180 n. 4; Howlett (1886) pp. 187–188.
  78. ^ Strickland (2012) pp. 100–101; Oram, RD (1988) p. 77.
  79. ^ Oram, RD (1993) p. 114 n. 5; Oram, RD (1988) p. 78.
  80. ^ Oram, RD (1993) p. 114 n. 5.
  81. ^ Oram, RD (1991) pp. 123–124.
  82. ^ Hollister (2004).
  83. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 78; Anderson (1908) pp. 214–215; Howlett (1886) p. 178.
  84. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 78.
  85. ^ Scott, JG (1997) pp. 13a fig. 1, 23 fig. 5; Oram, RD (1991) p. 118 fig. 8.1; Barrow, GWS (1980) p. 51.
  86. ^ Oram, R (2009) p. 132; Oram, RD (1988) p. 268.
  87. ^ Oram, R (2009) p. 132; Hudson, B (2006) p. 222; Hill (1997) p. 23; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 268, 293; Lawrie (1905) pp. 53–54 § 63, 314 § 63; Raine (1894) pp. 48–49.
  88. ^ Oram, R (2009) p. 132; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 268–269, 294; Raine (1894) p. 60.
  89. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 269.
  90. ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 157 n. 119.
  91. ^ Oram, RD (1988) pp. 270–271.
  92. ^ Smith (2016) p. 245; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 271–272.
  93. ^ Oram, R (2009) pp. 132 tab. 8.1, 133; Oram, RD (1988) p. 275; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 127, 188.
  94. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 201.
  95. ^ Sharpe (2011) p. 92 n. 230; Webb (2004) p. 93; Oram, RD (2000) p. 110 n. 38; Brooke (1991) p. 57; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 311, 316; Barrow; Scott (1971) pp. 146–149 § 39; Charters and Other Documents (1871) pp. 9–13 § 2; Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis (1840) pp. 20–21 § 25, 22–25 § 27, 38–40 § 49; Document 1/6/34 (n.d.); Document 2/12/6 (n.d.); Document 2/12/12 (n.d.).
  96. ^ Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis (1840) pp. 20–21 § 25; Document 2/12/6 (n.d.).
  97. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 197; Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 103; Radford (1948–1949) p. 103; Report of the Manuscripts (1907) pp. xxxvii, 484.
  98. ^ Hill (1997) p. 23; Oram, RD (1988) p. 46; Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 103; Radford (1948–1949) pp. 103–104, 103 n. 89.
  99. ^ Hill (1997) p. 23; McDonald (1995) p. 197.
  100. ^ Hill (1997) p. 23; McDonald (1995) p. 198; Migne (1885) pp. 33, 54.
  101. ^ Barrow, J (2015) pp. 109–110; McDonald (1995) p. 198.
  102. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 198.
  103. ^ Jamroziak (2008) p. 41; Stringer, KJ (2000) pp. 142–143; McDonald (1995) pp. 194–195; Oram, RD (1993) pp. 115–116; Stell (1991) p. 151; Scott (1988) p. 35; Cruden (1986) p. 76; Stringer, K (1980); Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 74.
  104. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 194; Skene (1872) pp. 230–231; Skene (1871) p. 238–239; Goodall (1759) p. 538; Hearnius (1722) p. 1551.
  105. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 194; Arnold (1885) p. 330.
  106. ^ Scott (1988) p. 36; Stringer, K (1980); Powicke (1978) pp. 45–46.
  107. ^ a b Stringer, K (1980).
  108. ^ Hill (1997) p. 23; Oram, RD (1993) p. 115; Stringer, K (1980); Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 74.
  109. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 203.
  110. ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) pp. 142–143.
  111. ^ Oram, RD (1993) p. 115.
  112. ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) pp. 142–143; Powicke (1978) p. 46.
  113. ^ Cowan; Easson (1976) pp. 78–79; Reid (1932).
  114. ^ Reid (1932).
  115. ^ McDonald (1995) pp. 196–197.
  116. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 46; Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 102; Radford (1948–1949) p. 103; Report of the Manuscripts (1907) pp. xxxvii, 484; Goodall (1759) p. 538; Hearnius (1722) p. 1551.
  117. ^ McDonald (1995) pp. 196–197; Duffy (1993) p. 72; Scott (1988) p. 36; Radford (1948–1949) p. 103; Lawlor (1920) p. 120; Acta Sanctorum (1894) p. 165.
  118. ^ Scott (1988) pp. 36–37.
  119. ^ Scott (1988) pp. 37–38.
  120. ^ Duffy (1993) p. 72.
  121. ^ Stell (1991) p. 150.
  122. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 199; Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 96; Gordon (1868) pp. 204–206; The Bannatyne Miscellany (1836) pp. 19–20.
  123. ^ a b McDonald (1995) p. 199.
  124. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 199; Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis (1840) pp. 22–25 § 27; Document 1/6/34 (n.d.).
  125. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 199; Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 97; Barrow; Scott (1971) pp. 313–314 § 293; Document 1/6/265 (n.d.).
  126. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 199; Theiner (1864) pp. vi, 14 § 32; Document 2/139/41 (n.d.).
  127. ^ McDonald (1995) pp. 199–200; Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 103; Goodall (1759) p. 538; Hearnius (1722) p. 1552.
  128. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 200.
  129. ^ Jamroziak (2008) pp. 41, 43; Aird (2007) pp. 66, 72 n. 60; Stringer, KJ (2000) pp. 131–132; Powicke (1978) pp. 44–45.
  130. ^ Jamroziak (2008) pp. 41–42; Aird (2007) p. 66; McDonald (1995) pp. 201–206, 215.
  131. ^ Jamroziak (2008) pp. 41–42; McDonald (1995) pp. 192, 202–207.
  132. ^ McDonald (1995) pp. 203, 205–206.
  133. ^ Aird (2007) p. 66; Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 143 n. 67; McDonald (1995) pp. 203–204, 205–206.
  134. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 204; Powicke (1978) pp. 45–46.
  135. ^ McDonald (1995) p. 215.
  136. ^ Jamroziak (2008); McDonald (1995) p. 215.
  137. ^ Jamroziak (2008); Aird (2007) p. 66.
  138. ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) pp. 157–158.
  139. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 156 fig. 1b, 163 fig. 8e.
  140. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 178.
  141. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 69.
  142. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 79.
  143. ^ Oram, RD (1993) p. 116; Oram, RD (1988) p. 79.
  144. ^ Oram, RD (1993) p. 116; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 10, 78, 80.
  145. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 80.
  146. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 67.
  147. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 85; Oram, RD (2011) p. 113; Oram, RD (2000) p. 73; Anderson (1922) p. 137; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 60–61.
  148. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 73.
  149. ^ Downham (2013) pp. 171–172; Oram, RD (2000) p. 67.
  150. ^ a b Oram, RD (2011) p. 113; Oram, RD (2000) p. 73.
  151. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 93 n. 43; Oram, RD (2011) p. 113.
  152. ^ Downham (2013) p. 172; McDonald (2012) p. 162; Oram, RD (2011) p. 113; Beuermann (2010) pp. 106–107; Power (2005) p. 22; Oram, RD (2000) p. 73; Anderson (1922) p. 225; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 62–63.
  153. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 157 fig. 2a, 163 fig. 8d, 187 fig. 14.
  154. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 163.
  155. ^ Oram, RD (2011) pp. 108, 113.
  156. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 85; Downham (2013) p. 171; Oram, RD (2011) p. 113; Duffy (1993) pp. 41–42, 42 n. 59; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 80–81.
  157. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 81; Anderson (1922) pp. 225–226; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 64–65.
  158. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 87; Downham (2013) p. 171; McDonald (2012) p. 162; McDonald (2007b) pp. 67–68, 85; Oram, RD (2011) p. 113; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 69–70; Duffy (1993) p. 42; Oram, RD (1988) p. 81.
  159. ^ McDonald (2007a) p. 59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 128–129 pl. 1; Rixson (1982) pp. 114–115 pl. 1; Cubbon (1952) p. 70 fig. 24; Kermode (1915–1916) p. 57 fig. 9.
  160. ^ McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007a) pp. 58–59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; Wilson (1973) p. 15.
  161. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 337; McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007b) pp. 120, 128–129 pl. 1.
  162. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 2; O'Byrne (2005a); O'Byrne (2005c); Duffy (2004).
  163. ^ Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113, 120; McDonald (2008) p. 134; Duffy (2007) p. 2; McDonald (2007a) p. 71; O'Byrne (2005a); O'Byrne (2005b); O'Byrne (2005c); Duffy (2004); Oram, RD (2000) p. 73; Duffy (1992) pp. 124–125.
  164. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1154.11; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1154.11; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113, 120; Clancy (2008) p. 32; McDonald (2008) p. 134; Butter (2007) p. 141, 141 n. 121; Duffy (2007) p. 2; McDonald (2007a) p. 71; McDonald (2007b) p. 118; Oram, RD (2000) p. 73; Simms (2000) p. 12; Duffy (1992) pp. 124–125.
  165. ^ Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113, 120; McDonald (2008) p. 134; Duffy (2007) p. 2; McDonald (2007a) p. 71; McDonald (2007b) p. 118.
  166. ^ Clancy (2008) p. 34.
  167. ^ Griffin (2002) p. 42.
  168. ^ O'Byrne (2005a); Duffy (2004); Griffin (2002) p. 42.
  169. ^ Duffy (2004).
  170. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 120.
  171. ^ Downham (2013) p. 172; Woolf (2013) pp. 3–4; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113–114, 120; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243–244; Woolf (2004) p. 104; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 74, 76; Sellar (2000) p. 191; McDonald (1997) pp. 54–58; Duffy (1993) pp. 40–41.
  172. ^ McDonald (2012) pp. 153, 161; McDonald (2007b) pp. 92, 113, 121 n. 86; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 120–121; McDonald (2007a) pp. 57, 64; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 244; Woolf (2004) p. 104; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 74, 76; Sellar (2000) p. 191; McDonald (1997) p. 56.
  173. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6c, 184 fig. 11, 189 fig. 16.
  174. ^ a b Oram, RD (2011) p. 121.
  175. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 77; Oram, RD (1988) p. 84; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 128, 188; Anderson (1922) p. 232.
  176. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 84; Skene (1872) pp. 249–250; Skene (1871) p. 254–255.
  177. ^ Neville (2016) p. 9; Woolf (2013) pp. 2–5.
  178. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 74.
  179. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 77.
  180. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 121; Stringer, K (1980); Powicke (1978) pp. 45–46.
  181. ^ Scott, WW (2008); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; Oram, RD (1988) p. 90; Neville (1983) pp. 50–53.
  182. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; Oram, RD (2000) p. 80; Brooke (1991) pp. 52–54; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 136–137, 136–137 n. 1, 189; Anderson (1922) pp. 244–245; Stevenson (1856) pp. 128–129; Stevenson (1835) p. 77.
  183. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 80.
  184. ^ Scott, WW (2008); Oram, RD (2000) p. 80.
  185. ^ Oram, RD (1988) pp. 91, 84 n. 78; Gordon (1868) pp. 204–206; The Bannatyne Miscellany (1836) pp. 19–20.
  186. ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 136–137; Neville (2016) p. 11; Oram, RD (1988) p. 93; Skene (1872) p. 251; Skene (1871) p. 256.
  187. ^ a b Neville (2016) p. 11; Oram, RD (2000) p. 80; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 18; Oram, RD (1988) p. 93; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 137, 189; Anderson (1922) p. 245.
  188. ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) pp. 144–145; Eeles (1914) pp. 67–68.
  189. ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 145 n. 73; Eeles (1914) pp. lxi, 2.
  190. ^ Laing (1850) pp. xxix, 101 § 593, pl. 5 ill. 6.
  191. ^ a b MacQueen (2003) p. 290.
  192. ^ Stringer, K (2004).
  193. ^ McDonald (2002) p. 116 n. 55; Brooke (1991) pp. 54–56.
  194. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 80; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 136–137, 136 n. 1, 189; Anderson (1922) p. 245.
  195. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 4–5; Oram, RD (2011) p. 122; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 80–81.
  196. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 4–5; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 80–81; McDonald (1997) p. 52; Innes (1864) pp. 2, 51–52.
  197. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 122; Oram, RD (2000) p. 78; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 298–299; Barrow; Scott (1971) pp. 213–214 § 141; Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis (1840) p. 41 § 51; Document 1/6/124 (n.d.).
  198. ^ Oram, RD (2000) pp. 80–81.
  199. ^ a b Neville (1983) pp. 53–54.
  200. ^ Hodge (2007) p. 315; Oram, RD (1988) p. 90; Neville (1983) pp. 53–54.
  201. ^ Neville (1983) pp. 53–54, 90 n. 29.
  202. ^ Neville (1983) pp. 47, 90 n. 29; Howlett (1886) pp. 189–190.
  203. ^ Oram, RD (1991) p. 126.
  204. ^ Oram, RD (2011) pp. 314 fig. 9.1, 315; Scott (1993) p. 133; Oram, RD (1988) p. 238; Barrow, GWS (1980) p. 174.
  205. ^ McDonald (2002) p. 104; Oram, RD (1988) p. 93; Barrow, GWS (1975) p. 128; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 139, 189; Anderson (1922) p. 247.
  206. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 97.
  207. ^ Oram, RD (1988) p. 101.
  208. ^ Gladstone (1919).
  209. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 127; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 101–104.
  210. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 127; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 89.
  211. ^ Oram, RD (2000) pp. 89; Oram, RD (1988) p. 104.
  212. ^ Oram, RD (1988) pp. 101–102; Scott (1982).
  213. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 89; Oram, RD (1988) p. 104.

References edit

Primary sources edit

  • Acta Sanctorum: Novembris. Vol. 2. Brussels: Socio Bollandianos. 1894.
  • Anderson, AO, ed. (1908). Scottish Annals From English Chroniclers, A.D. 500 to 1286. London: David Nutt. OL 7115802M.
  • Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd.
  • Anderson, MO; Anderson, AO, eds. (1938). A Scottish Chronicle Known as the Chronicle of Holyrood. Publications of the Scottish History Society. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable.
  • "Annala Uladh: Annals of Ulster Otherwise Annala Senait, Annals of Senat". Corpus of Electronic Texts (28 January 2003 ed.). University College Cork. 2003. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  • "Annala Uladh: Annals of Ulster Otherwise Annala Senait, Annals of Senat". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  • "Annals of Loch Cé". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  • "Annals of Loch Cé". Corpus of Electronic Texts (5 September 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  • "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (3 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013a. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  • "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013b. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  • Arnold, T, ed. (1885). Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 2. London: Longmans & Co.
  • Bain, J, ed. (1881). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014807203.
  • Barrow, GWS; Scott, WW, eds. (1971). The Acts of William I, King of Scots, 1165–1214. Regesta Regum Scottorum, 1153–1424. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-142-9.
  • Charters and Other Documents Relating to the City of Edinburgh, A.D. 1143–1540. Edinburgh: The Scottish Burgh Records Society. 1871. OL 23704566M.
  • . British Library. n.d. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  • "Diplomatarium Norvegicum". Dokumentasjonsprosjektet. n.d. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  • "Document 1/4/29". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 1/4/30". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 1/4/31". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 1/5/24". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 1/6/34". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 1/6/124". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 1/6/265". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 2/12/6". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 2/12/12". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 2/139/41". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • Dugdale, W; Caley, J; Ellis, H; Bulkeley, B, eds. (1830). Monasticon Anglicanum. Vol. 6, pt. 2 (New ed.). London: Joseph Harding.
  • Eeles, FC, ed. (1914). The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: The Old Edinburgh Club.
  • Gladstone, R (1919). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 6: 137–146. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  • Goodall, W, ed. (1759). Joannis de Fordun Scotichronicon cum Supplementis ac Continuatione Walteri Boweri. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Roberti Flaminii. hdl:2027/mdp.39015005759371.
  • Gordon, JFS (1868). Monasticon. Vol. 1. Glasgow: John Tweed. OL 7239194M.
  • Hearnius, T, ed. (1722). Johannis de Fordun Scotichronici. Vol. 5. Oxford.
  • Howlett, R, ed. (1886). Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 3. London: Longman & Co.
  • Howlett, R, ed. (1889). Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 4. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • Innes, C, ed. (1864). Ane Account of the Familie of Innes, Compiled by Duncan Forbes of Culloden, 1608. Aberdeen: The Spalding Club. OL 24829824M.
  • Laing, H (1850). Descriptive Catalogue of Impressions From Ancient Scottish Seals, Royal, Baronial, Ecclesiastical, and Municipal, Embracing a Period From A.D. 1094 to the Commonwealth. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. OL 24829707M.
  • Lawrie, AC, ed. (1905). Early Scottish Charters, prior to A.D. 1153. Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons. OL 7024304M.
  • Lawrie, AC, ed. (1910). Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, Kings of Scotland, A.D. 1153–1214. James MacLehose and Sons. OL 7217114M.
  • Lawlor, HR, ed. (1920). St Bernard of Clairvaux's Life of St Malachy of Armagh. Translations of Christian Literature, Series V: Lives of Celtic Saints. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. OL 7108542M.
  • Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis: Munimenta Ecclesie Sancte Crucis de Edwinesburg. Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club. 1840. OL 24829738M.
  • Liber S. Marie de Calchou: Registrum Cartarum Abbacie Tironensis de Kelso, 1113–1567. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. 1846.
  • Martin, E, ed. (1872). Fergus Roman von Guillaume le Clerc. Halles: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. OL 17935822M.
  • Migne, J-P, ed. (1855). Patrologiæ Cursus Completus. Latina. Vol. 198. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Munch, PA; Goss, A, eds. (1874). Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: Manx Society.
  • Powicke, M, ed. (1978) [1950]. The Life of Ailred of Rievaulx. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822256-4.
  • Raine, J, ed. (1894). The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops. Vol. 3. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. 1843. OL 14037534M.
  • Report of the Manuscripts of the Earl of Ancaster. Historical Manuscripts Commission. Dublin: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1907. OL 7047737M.
  • Riley, HT, ed. (1853). The Annals of Roger de Hoveden: Comprising the History of England and of Other Countries of Europe, From A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201. Vol. 1. London: H. G. Bohn. OL 7095424M.
  • Skene, WF, ed. (1871). Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. OL 24871486M.
  • Skene, WF, ed. (1872). John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. OL 24871442M.
  • Stevenson, J, ed. (1835). Chronica de Mailros. Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club. OL 13999983M.
  • Stevenson, J, ed. (1856). The Church Historians of England. Vol. 4, pt. 1. London: Seeleys.
  • Stubbs, W, ed. (1867). Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 1. Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. hdl:2027/osu.32435026697177.
  • Stubbs, W, ed. (1869). Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 2. Longmans, Green, and Co.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  • The Bannatyne Miscellany. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club. 1836. OL 24829681M.
  • Theiner, A, ed. (1864). Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia. Rome: Vatican. hdl:2027/mdp.39015022391661.

Secondary sources edit

  • Aird, WM (2007). "'Sweet Civility and Barbarous Rudeness': A View From the Frontier. Abbot Ailred of Rievaulx and the Scots" (PDF). In Ellis, SG; Klusáková, L (eds.). Imagining Frontiers Contesting Identities. Pisa: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. pp. 59–75. ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7.
  • Archibald, E (2009). "Questioning Arthurian Ideals". In Archibald, E; Putter, A (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–153. ISBN 978-0-521-86059-8.
  • Barrow, GWS (1975). "The Pattern of Lordship and Feudal Settlement in Cumbria". Journal of Medieval History. 1 (2): 117–138. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(75)90019-6. eISSN 1873-1279. ISSN 0304-4181.
  • Barrow, GWS (1980). The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822473-7.
  • Barrow, GWS (1992). Scotland and its Neighbours in the Middle Ages. London: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 1-85285-052-3.
  • Barrow, GWS (2005) [1965]. Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2022-2.
  • Barrow, GWS (2006). "David I (c.1085–1153)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (January 2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7208. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Barrow, J (2015). The Clergy in the Medieval World: Secular Clerics, Their Families and Careers in North-Western Europe, c. 800–c. 1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08638-8.
  • Besamusca, B (2002) [2000]. "The Medieval Dutch Arthurian Material" (PDF). In Jackson, WH; Ranawake, SA (eds.). The Arthur of the Germans: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval German and Dutch Literature. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 187–228. ISBN 0-7083-1776-6.
  • Beuermann, I (2010). "'Norgesveldet?' South of Cape Wrath? Political Views Facts, and Questions". In Imsen, S (ed.). The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c. 1100–c. 1400. Trondheim Studies in History. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 99–123. ISBN 978-82-519-2563-1.
  • Beuermann, I (2014). "No Soil for Saints: Why was There No Native Royal Martyr in Man and the Isles". In Sigurðsson, JV; Bolton, T (eds.). Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 81–95. ISBN 978-90-04-25512-8. ISSN 1569-1462.
  • Blakely, RM (2005). The Brus Family in England and Scotland, 1100–1295. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-152-X.
  • Brooke, D (1991). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 66: 47–58. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  • Brooke, D (1994). Wild Men and Holy Places: St. Ninian, Whithorn and the Medieval Realm of Galloway. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. ISBN 0-86241-479-2.
  • Brugger, E (1929–1930). "The Hebrides in the French Arthurian Romances". Arthuriana. 2: 7–19. doi:10.2307/43859652. eISSN 2515-1029. ISSN 1359-4133. JSTOR 43859652.
  • Butter, R (2007). Cill- Names and Saints in Argyll: A Way Towards Understanding the Early Church in Dál Riata? (PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Glasgow.
  • Caldwell, DH; Hall, MA; Wilkinson, CM (2009). "The Lewis Hoard of Gaming Pieces: A Re-examination of Their Context, Meanings, Discovery and Manufacture". Medieval Archaeology. 53 (1): 155–203. doi:10.1179/007660909X12457506806243. eISSN 1745-817X. ISSN 0076-6097. S2CID 154568763.
  • Clancy, TO (2008). "The Gall-Ghàidheil and Galloway" (PDF). The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. 2: 19–51. ISSN 2054-9385.
  • Cowan, IB; Easson, DE (1976) [1957]. Medieval Religious Houses, Scotland: With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-12069-1. OL 5212943M.
  • Cruden, S (1986). Scottish Medieval Churches. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers. ISBN 0-85976-104-5.
  • Cubbon, W (1952). Island Heritage: Dealing With Some Phases of Manx History. Manchester: George Falkner & Sons. OL 24831804M.
  • Downham, C (2013). "Living on the Edge: Scandinavian Dublin in the Twelfth Century". No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-age. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies. Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Aberdeen. pp. 157–178. ISBN 978-0-9557720-1-6. ISSN 2051-6509.
  • Duffy, S (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171". Ériu. 43: 93–133. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007421.
  • Duffy, S (1993). Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 (PhD thesis). Trinity College, Dublin. hdl:2262/77137.
  • Duffy, S (2004). "Mac Lochlainn, Muirchertach (d. 1166)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20745. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Duffy, S (2007). "The Prehistory of the Galloglass". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 1–23. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.
  • Duncan, AAM (2008). "Alexander I (d. 1124)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (October 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/321. Retrieved 24 October 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Ewart, G; Pringle, D; Caldwell, D; Campbell, E; Driscoll, S; Forsyth, K; Gallagher, D; Holden, T; Hunter, F; Sanderson, D; Thoms, J (2004). "Dundonald Castle Excavations, 1986–93". Scottish Archaeological Journal. 26 (1–2): i–x, 1–166. eISSN 1766-2028. ISSN 1471-5767. JSTOR 27917525.
  • Faletra, MA (2014). Wales and the Medieval Colonial Imagination: The Matters of Britain in the Twelfth Century. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137391032. ISBN 978-1-137-39103-2.
  • Freeman, MA (1983). "Fergus: Parody and the Arthurian Tradition". French Forum. 8 (3): 197–215. eISSN 1534-1836. ISSN 0098-9355. JSTOR 40551390.
  • Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
  • Griffin, PC (2002). The Mac Lochlainn High-Kingship in Late Pre-Norman Ireland (PDF) (PhD thesis). Trinity College, Dublin.
  • Hill, P, ed. (1997). Whithorn and St Ninian: The Excavation of a Monastic Town, 1984–91. Phoenix Mill, Far Thrupp, Stroud, GLS: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-0912-9.
  • Hodge, A (2007). "A New Charter of William the Lion Relating to Strathearn". Scottish Historical Review. 86 (2): 314–318. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.314. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241. JSTOR 25529984. S2CID 159647128.
  • Hollister, CW (2003) [2001]. Henry I. Yale English Monarchs. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09829-4.
  • Hollister, CW (2004). "Henry I (1068/9–1135)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12948. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Hollister, CW; Keefe, TK (1973). "The Making of the Angevin Empire". Journal of British Studies. 12 (2): 1–25. doi:10.1086/385639. eISSN 1545-6986. ISSN 0021-9371. JSTOR 175272. S2CID 146449981.
  • Hudson, B (2006). Irish Sea Studies, 900–1200. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781851829835.
  • Hudson, BT (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
  • Hunt, T (2005). "The Roman de Fergus: Parody or Pastiche?". In Purdie, R; Royan, N (eds.). The Scots and Medieval Arthurian Legend. Arthurian Studies. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. pp. 55–70. ISBN 1-84384-036-7. ISSN 0261-9814.
  • Jamroziak, E (2008). "Cistercians and Border Conflicts: Some Comparisons Between the Experiences of Scotland and Pomerania". In Burton, J; Stöber, K (eds.). Monasteries and Society in the British Isles in the Later Middle Ages. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 40–50. ISBN 978-1-84383-386-4.
  • Kapelle, WE (1979). The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1371-0.
  • Keefe, TK (1981). "King Henry II and the Earls: The Pipe Roll Evidence". Albion. 13 (3): 191–222. doi:10.2307/4048847. ISSN 0095-1390. JSTOR 4048847.
  • Kermode, PMC (1915–1916). "Further Discoveries of Cross-Slabs in the Isle of Man" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 50: 50–62. doi:10.9750/PSAS.050.50.62. eISSN 2056-743X. ISSN 0081-1564. S2CID 223924724.
  • King, E (2004). "Ranulf (I), Third Earl of Chester (d. 1129)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23127. Retrieved 1 June 2013. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Kuiper, W (1998). "Fergus". In Gerritsen, WP; van Melle, AG (eds.). A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 100–103. ISBN 0-85115-381-X. OL 356056M.
  • Legge, MD (1948–1949). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 27: 163–172. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  • Legge, MD (1964). "The Father of Fergus of Galloway". Scottish Historical Review. 43 (1): 86–87. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241. JSTOR 25528555.
  • MacInnes, IA (2019). "'A Somewhat too Cruel Vengeance was Taken for the Blood of the Slain': Royal Punishment of Rebels, Traitors, and Political Enemies in Medieval Scotland, c.1100–c.1250". In Tracy, L (ed.). Treason: Medieval and Early Modern Adultery, Betrayal, and Shame. Explorations in Medieval Culture. Leiden: Brill. pp. 119–146. ISBN 978-90-04-40069-6. ISSN 2352-0299. LCCN 2019017096.
  • MacQueen, HL (2003). "Scotland: Politics, Government and Law". In Rigby, SH (ed.). A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages. Blackwell Companions to British History. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 283–308. ISBN 0-631-21785-1.
  • McDonald, A (1995). "Scoto-Norse Kings and the Reformed Religious Orders: Patterns of Monastic Patronage in Twelfth-Century Galloway and Argyll". Albion. 27 (2): 187–219. doi:10.2307/4051525. ISSN 0095-1390. JSTOR 4051525.
  • McDonald, RA (1997). The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336. Scottish Historical Monographs. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-898410-85-0.
  • McDonald, RA (2000). "Rebels Without a Cause? The Relations of Fergus of Galloway and Somerled of Argyll With the Scottish Kings, 1153–1164". In Cowan, E; McDonald, R (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 166–186. ISBN 1-86232-151-5.
  • McDonald, RA (2002). "Soldiers Most Unfortunate". In McDonald, R (ed.). History, Literature, and Music in Scotland, 700–1560. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 93–119. ISBN 0-8020-3601-5.
  • McDonald, RA (2003). Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 9781862322363.
  • McDonald, RA (2007a). "Dealing Death From Man: Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea, 1079–1265". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 45–76. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.
  • McDonald, RA (2007b). Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
  • McDonald, RA (2008). "Man, Ireland, and England: The English Conquest of Ireland and Dublin-Manx Relations". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Dublin. Vol. 8. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 131–149. ISBN 978-1-84682-042-7.
  • McDonald, RA (2012). "The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans: The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context, 1079–1265". In Hudson, B (ed.). Studies in the Medieval Atlantic. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–184. doi:10.1057/9781137062390.0012. ISBN 978-1-137-06239-0.
  • McDonald, RA (2016). "Sea Kings, Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change: Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change, AD c1100–1265". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.). Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 333–349. doi:10.4324/9781315630755. ISBN 978-1-315-63075-5. ISSN 0583-9106.
  • McDonald, RA; McLean, SA (1992). "Somerled of Argyll: A New Look at Old Problems". Scottish Historical Review. 71 (1–2): 3–22. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241. JSTOR 25530531.
  • Neville, CJ (1983). The Earls of Strathearn From the Twelfth to the Mid-Fourteenth Century, With an Edition of Their Written Acts (PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Aberdeen.
  • Neville, CJ (2016). "The Beginnings of Royal Pardon in Scotland". Journal of Medieval History. 42 (5): 1–29. doi:10.1080/03044181.2016.1212250. eISSN 1873-1279. ISSN 0304-4181. S2CID 157655719.
  • O'Byrne, E (2005a). "Mac Lochlainn, Muirchertach (c. 1110–1166)". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 295–298. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
  • O'Byrne, E (2005b). "Ua Conchobair, Ruaidrí (c. 1116–1198)". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 466–471. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
  • O'Byrne, E (2005c). "Ua Conchobair, Tairrdelbach (1088–1156)". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 471–474. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
  • Oram, R (2009). "The Medieval Bishops of Whithorn, Their Cathedral and Their Tombs". In Lowe, C (ed.). 'Clothing for the Soul Divine': Burials at the Tomb of St Ninian, Excavations at Whithorn Priory, 1957–67. Archaeology Report. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland. pp. 131–165. hdl:1893/7085.
  • Oram, RD (1988). The Lordship of Galloway, c. 1000 to c. 1250 (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/2638.
  • Oram, RD (1991). "Fergus, Galloway and the Scots" (PDF). In Oram, RD; Stell, GP (eds.). Galloway: Land and Lordship. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 117–130. ISBN 0-9505994-6-8.
  • Oram, RD (1993). "A Family Business? Colonisation and Settlement in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Galloway". Scottish Historical Review. 72 (2): 111–145. doi:10.3366/shr.1993.72.2.111. eISSN 1750-0222. hdl:1893/6623. ISSN 0036-9241.
  • Oram, RD (2000). The Lordship of Galloway. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-541-5.
  • Oram, RD (2004). "Fergus, Lord of Galloway (d. 1161)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49360. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Oram, RD (2008). "Royal and Lordly Residence in Scotland c 1050 to c 1250: An Historiographical Review and Critical Revision". The Antiquaries Journal. 88: 165–189. doi:10.1017/S0003581500001372. eISSN 1758-5309. hdl:1893/2122. ISSN 0003-5815. S2CID 18450115.
  • Oram, RD (2011). Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1496-7.
  • Power, R (2005). "Meeting in Norway: Norse-Gaelic Relations in the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, 1090–1270" (PDF). Saga-Book. 29: 5–66. ISSN 0305-9219.
  • Radford, CAR (1948–1949). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 27: 85–126. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  • Reid, RC (1932). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 17: 172–181. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  • Rickard, P (2011) [1956]. Britain in Medieval French Literature, 1100–1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-67070-9.
  • Rixson, D (1982). The West Highland Galley. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 1-874744-86-6.
  • Scott, JG (1982). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 57: 90–91. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  • Scott, JG (1988). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 63: 35–44. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  • Scott, JG (1993). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 68: 131–133. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  • Scott, JG (1997). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 72: 11–40. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  • Scott, WW (2008). "Malcolm IV (1141–1165)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (January 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17860. Retrieved 24 October 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Sellar, WDH (2000). "Hebridean Sea Kings: The Successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 187–218. ISBN 1-86232-151-5.
  • Sharpe, R (2011). "Peoples and Languages in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Britain and Ireland: Reading the Charter Evidence" (PDF). In Broun, D (ed.). The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain. Glasgow: Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow. pp. 1–119. ISBN 978-0-85261-919-3.
  • Simms, K (2000) [1987]. From Kings to Warlords. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-784-9.
  • Smith, B (2016) [2002]. "The Frontiers of Church Reform in the British Isles, 1170–1230". In Abulafia, D; Berend, N (eds.). Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 239–253. doi:10.4324/9781315249285. ISBN 978-0-7546-0522-5.
  • Stell, G (1991). (PDF). In Oram, RD; Stell, GP (eds.). Galloway: Land and Lordship. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 145–159. ISBN 0-9505994-6-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  • Strickland, MJ (2012). "The Kings of Scots at War, c. 1093–1286". In Spiers, EM; Crang, JA; Strickland, MJ (eds.). A Military History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 94–132. ISBN 978-0-7486-3204-6.
  • Stringer, K (1980). (PDF). Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. 55: 174–177. ISSN 0141-1292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  • Stringer, K (2004). "Morville, Richard de (d. 1189/90)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19380. Retrieved 27 September 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Stringer, KJ (2000). "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland: Galloway, c.1140–c.1240". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 127–165. ISBN 1-86232-151-5.
  • Taylor, A (2016). The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland, 1124–1290. Oxford Studies in Medieval European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874920-2.
  • Thomas, N (1993). "The Old French Roman de Fergus: Scottish Mise-en-Scène and Political Implication". Parergon. 11 (1): 91–101. doi:10.1353/pgn.1993.0045. S2CID 144806146.
  • Thompson, K (2003). "Affairs of State: The Illegitimate Children of Henry I". Journal of Medieval History. 29 (2): 129–151. doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(03)00015-0. eISSN 1873-1279. ISSN 0304-4181. S2CID 144398531.
  • Webb, N (2004). Settlement and Integration in Scotland 1124–1214: Local Society and the Development of Aristocratic Communities: With Special Reference to the Anglo-French Settlement of the South East (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.
  • Wenthe, M (2012). (PDF). LATCH: A Journal for the Study of the Literary Artifact in Theory, Culture, or History. 5: 28–53. eISSN 1940-5731. ISSN 1947-9441. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  • Wilson, DM (1973). "Manx Memorial Stones of the Viking Period" (PDF). Saga-Book. 18: 1–18.
  • Woolf, A (2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D (ed.). The Argyll Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 94–109. ISBN 1-84158-253-0.
  • Woolf, A (2013). "The Song of the Death of Somerled and the Destruction of Glasgow in 1153". Journal of the Sydney Society for Scottish History. 14: 1–11.

External links edit

  • "Fergus, Lord of Galloway (d.1161)". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.
Regnal titles
Unknown Lord of Galloway
×1160 		Succeeded by
Succeeded by

January 01, 1970
fergus, galloway, died, 1161, twelfth, century, lord, galloway, although, familial, origins, unknown, possible, that, norse, gaelic, ancestry, fergus, first, appears, record, 1136, when, witnessed, charter, david, king, scotland, there, considerable, evidence,. Fergus of Galloway died 12 May 1161 was a twelfth century Lord of Galloway Although his familial origins are unknown it is possible that he was of Norse Gaelic ancestry Fergus first appears on record in 1136 when he witnessed a charter of David I King of Scotland There is considerable evidence indicating that Fergus was married to an illegitimate daughter of Henry I King of England It is possible that Elizabeth Fitzroy was the mother of Fergus s three children Fergus of GallowayLord of GallowayFourteenth century illuminated initial of Leiden University Library Letterkunde 191 Roman van Ferguut The knight depicted in the initial may represent an Arthurian character who in turn may be named after Fergus himself 1 Died12 May 1161IssueAffraic Gilla Brigte Uhtred Fergus forged a marital alliance with olafr Gudrodarson King of the Isles through the marriage of the latter to Fergus s daughter Affraic As a consequence of this union the leading branch of the Crovan dynasty descended from Fergus When olafr was assassinated by a rival branch of the dynasty Galloway itself was attacked before Fergus s grandson Gudrodr olafsson was able to seize control of Isles Both Fergus and his grandson appear to have overseen military operations in Ireland before the latter was overthrown by Somairle mac Gilla Brigte Lord of Argyll The fact that there is no record of Fergus lending Gudrodr support against Somairle could be evidence of a slackening of Fergus s authority Contemporary sources certainly report that Galloway was wracked by inter dynastic strife during the decade Fergus s fall from power came in 1160 after Malcolm IV King of Scotland settled a dispute amongst his leading magnates and launched three military campaigns into Galloway The reasons for the Scottish invasion are unknown On one hand it is possible that Fergus had precipitated events by preying upon Scottish territories In the aftermath of the attack the king came to terms with Somairle which could be evidence that he had either been allied with Fergus against the Scots or that he had aided in Fergus s destruction In any case Fergus himself was driven from power and forced to retire to the abbey of Holyrood He died the next year The Lordship of Galloway appears to have been partitioned between his sons Gille Brigte and Uhtred and Scottish influence further penetrated into Galloway Contents 1 Origins 2 Early career 3 Allied to the English 4 David and Scottish consolidation 5 Ecclesiastical activities 6 Unravelling of the Isles 6 1 Alliance with olafr Gudrodarson 6 2 Rise of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte 7 Scottish subjection of Galloway 8 Death and aftermath 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 11 1 Primary sources 11 2 Secondary sources 12 External linksOrigins edit nbsp Fergus s name as it appears on folio 35v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII the Chronicle of Mann Fergus de Galwedia 2 Fergus s familial origins are unknown 3 He is not accorded a patronym in contemporary sources 4 and his later descendants are traced no further than him in their charters 5 note 1 The fact that he tends to be styled of Galloway in contemporary sources suggests that he was the head of the most important family in the region Such appears to have been the case with Fergus s contemporary Freskin a significant settler in Moray who was styled de Moravia 15 One source that may possibly cast light on Fergus s familial origins is Roman de Fergus 16 a mediaeval Arthurian romance mainly set in southern Scotland 17 which tells the tale of a knight who may represent Fergus himself 18 The name of the knight s father in this source is a form of the name borne by Fergus s neighbouring contemporary Somairle mac Gilla Brigte Lord of Argyll and could be evidence that Fergus s father bore the same name 19 note 2 On the other hand instead of being evidence of any historical relationship the names could have been employed by the romance merely because they were regarded as stereotypically Gallovidian 21 In any case there is reason to suspect that the romance is a literary pastiche or parody of the compositions of Chretien de Troyes 22 and besides the coincidence of names the tale has little to commend it as an authoritative source for the historical Fergus 23 Despite the uncertainty surrounding his origins it is possible that Fergus was of Norse Gaelic and native Gallovidian ancestry 24 Traditionally the Gallovidians appear to have looked towards the Isles instead of Scotland and the core of his family s lands seems to have centred in valley of the river Dee and the coastal area around Whithorn regions of substantial Scandinavian settlement 25 In any case the fact that Fergus died as an old man in 1161 suggests that he was born before 1100 26 Early career edit nbsp One of the mounds in Lochfergus a now drained lochan near Kirkcudbright where Fergus may have had a fortress 27 Fergus first appears on record in about 1136 1141 when he and his son Uhtred witnessed the grant of the lands of Partick to the church of St Kentigern at Glasgow 28 note 3 The exact extent of the twelfth century Lordship of Galloway is unclear 37 Surviving acta of Fergus and Uhtred reveal a concentration of endowments in central Galloway between the rivers Urr and Fleet Subsequent grants of lands by later descendants of Fergus in the Dee valley could represent the expansion of territory from this original core 38 There is evidence indicating that Fergus s domain extended into western Galloway as well His descendants were certainly associated with the castle of Cruggleton and dealt with lands in the vicinity 39 In 1140 during the return journey of Mael Maedoc Ua Morgair Archbishop of Armagh from Clairvaux to Ulster the latter made landfall at Cruggleton as evidenced by Vita Sancti Malachiae composed by Bernard of Clairvaux 40 Although this source associates the castle with the Scots it seems unlikely that Scottish royal authority extended to the Gallovidian coast and the statement could therefore be a result of confusion with Mael Maedoc s previous stay at the castle of Carlisle then controlled by David I King of Scotland In fact Mael Maedoc s visit to Cruggleton may have involved the local lord of the region 39 conceivably Fergus himself 41 The mid twelfth century lordship therefore seems to have been centred in the region of Wigtown Bay and the mouth of the river Dee 39 nbsp The ruinous castle of Cruggleton from a distance This fortress was an ancient Gallovidian power centre 42 and the castle itself may have been built by Fergus s grandson Roland fitz Uhtred 43 The fact that Gilla Brigte who may well have been Fergus s eldest child later appears to have drawn his power from west of the river Cree could be evidence that this man s mother was a member of a prominent family from this region Such an alliance could also explain Fergus s apparent westward expansion 44 Whatever the case the fact that the Diocese of Whithorn was revived in about 1128 possibly at the hands of Fergus himself could indicate that he purposely established an episcopal see that encompassed the entirety of his domain 45 The apparent extension of Fergus s authority into western Galloway may have been facilitated by the disintegration of the expansive nearby Kingdom of the Isles Upon the death of the reigning Gudrodr Crovan King of the Isles the Isles plunged into chaos enduring periods of vicious dynastic kin strife overwhelming Norwegian overlordship and Irish intrusion as well By the end of the first quarter of the twelfth century however Gudrodr Crovan s youngest son olafr seems to have been reinserted into the Isles by Henry I King of England This restoration of the Crovan dynasty appears to have formed part of the English Crown s extension of influence into the Irish Sea region 46 Another aspect of this expansion was the establishment of David a younger brother of the reigning Alexander I King of Scotland as Henry I s vassal 47 Allied to the English edit nbsp Seal of Alexander I King of Scotland apparent brother in law of Fergus There is a considerable amount of evidence indicating that Fergus married a daughter of Henry I many believe it was Elizabeth Fitzroy 48 For example there is documentary evidence suggesting that all three of Fergus s children Uhtred Gilla Brigte and Affraic were related to the English royal family 49 Specifically Uhtred was called a cousin of Henry I s grandson Henry II King of England by Roger de Hoveden 50 Although sources specifically concerning Gilla Brigte fail to make a similar claim potentially indicating that he had a different mother than Uhtred 51 Gilla Brigte s son Donnchad Earl of Carrick was certainly regarded as a kinsman of Henry II s son and successor John King of England 52 In regard to Affraic Robert de Torigni Abbot of Mont Saint Michel remarked that her son Gudrodr olafsson King of Dublin and the Isles was related to Henry II through the latter s mother Matilda 53 one of Henry I s daughters 54 nbsp Henry I King of England as depicted in British Library Royal 14 C VII Henry I appears to have had about twenty four illegitimate children 55 Although the name and identity of Fergus s wife is unknown 3 she would seem to have been one of Henry I s numerous illegitimate daughters through which the king forged marital alliances with neighbouring princes along the periphery of his Anglo Norman realm 56 The date of Uhtred s earliest attestation suggests that he was born in about 1123 1124 at the latest whilst the fact that Gudrodr was old enough to render homage to the Norwegian king in 1153 suggests that Affraic herself was born no later than about 1122 Such birth dates suggest that Fergus s marriage dates to a period when the English Crown consolidated authority in the north west and extended its influence into the Irish Sea From the perspective of the English an alliance between Henry I and Fergus would have secured an understanding with the man who controlled an important part of the north western flank of the Anglo Norman realm 57 In fact one of Henry I s bastard daughters Sybilla was wed to the reigning Alexander seemingly not long after the latter s accession 58 Fergus s own apparent marriage therefore appears to evidence not only his pre eminent status in Galloway itself but the degree of political sovereignty he possessed as its ruler 59 The unions of Alexander and Fergus evidence Henry I s intent of extending English authority north of the Solway Firth 60 David and Scottish consolidation edit nbsp David I King of Scotland as he is depicted in a mid twelfth century royal charter The early twelfth century saw the rise of Alexander s younger brother David 61 The latter s close connections with the English likely contributed to his eventual acquisition of a substantial part of southern Scotland from Alexander 62 In about 1113 David married Maud de Senlis a wealthy English widow and through her came into possession of extensive lordship that came to be known as the Honour of Huntingdon 63 As the mid part of the century approached the balance of power along the northern part of the Anglo Norman realm began to shift in favour of David 61 note 4 In 1120 Henry I s only legitimate son died along with Richard d Avranches Earl of Chester in the White Ship disaster The latter s lordship in the Welsh March was a critical region of Henry I s realm and the English king responded by transplanting Ranulf le Meschin from his lordship of Carlisle to Richard d Avranches former lordship along the Welsh frontier 65 Upon Alexander s death in 1124 David succeeded to the throne 66 The latter s subsequent endowment of Annandale to Robert de Brus appears to have not only signalled the Scottish Crown s intention of consolidating control of the region but served as a declaration of the kingdom s claims to Cumbria 67 Fergus s marriage to Henry I s daughter which appears to date to about this period may have been arranged with such developments in mind If so the union could have been orchestrated as a means to not only compensate for Ranulf s removal but to counter the dramatic rise of David and the resultant imbalance of power his ascent created 68 With Ranulf thus vacated from the north Henry I had filled the power vacuum with various so called new men 61 One such incomer may have been Robert de Brus a Norman who had previously received extensive lands from the English Crown 69 In fact it is possible that it was in the wake of Ranulf s removal that Robert de Brus originally received the lordship of Annandale If so the latter may have been inserted into the region by Henry I or perhaps through collaborative effort between Henry I and his then vassal David as a means of securing the Anglo Scottish border 70 note 5 The apparent rise of Fergus at about this time may have also played a part in the infeftment of Annandale 72 nbsp Marginal illustration in British Library Royal 14 C II Chronica of the standard after which the Battle of the Standard is named Henry I himself was married to David s older sister Edith a union which closely bound him to the Scottish royal house 73 For as long as Henry I lived relations between him and David remained harmonious When the former died in 1135 however the peace between the neighbouring realms was shattered when his nephew Stephen of Blois Count of Boulogne and Mortain successfully seized the throne 74 Before the end of the year the Scots surged forth and seized Carlisle and Cumberland before peace was restored Relations broke down the following year and the Scots again invaded in 1137 seizing Northumberland and pushed forth towards York 75 The contemporary accounts of the English chroniclers Richard Hexham 76 and Ailred Abbot of Rievaulx single out Gallovidian soldiers for their excessive atrocities in David s campaign 77 Disaster struck the Scots in 1138 at the Battle of the Standard when David s forces were utterly overcome by the English near Northallerton 78 Although Gallovidians clearly took part in David s campaigning there is no specific evidence connecting Fergus to the operations until after operations ceased 79 It is possible that Fergus s attestation of 1136 could have had bearing on Gallovidian participation in the king s campaigning 80 If Fergus s wife was indeed a bastard of Henry I Fergus himself had a stake in the unfolding English succession crisis as she would have been a half sister of Stephen s opponent Matilda 81 whom Henry I had nominated as his royal successor 82 Explicit confirmation of Fergus s involvement may exist in the terms of the subsequent peace treaty as Richard Hexham recorded that one of the hostages that was handed over to the English for surety was the son of an earl named Fergus 83 The fact that there was no Scottish earl of that name suggests that unless Richard Hexham was mistaken it was Fergus himself who was referred to In any case after this date there is no further evidence of Fergus s involvement in Anglo Scottish affairs 84 Ecclesiastical activities edit nbsp Divisions within the Lordship of Galloway coloured green and surrounding lordships in the twelfth century 85 note 6 The Diocese of Whithorn encompassed all Gallovidan regions except Desnes Ioan which fell under the Scottish Diocese of Glasgow and appears to have been only incorporated into the lordship during the tenure of Fergus s sons In about 1128 the Diocese of Whithorn was revived after three centuries had passed since the consecration of the last diocesan bishop 86 The revival itself is revealed by a papal mandate dated December 1128 87 and the record of the oath of the bishop elect Gilla Aldan to Thurstan Archbishop of York between about 1128 and 1140 88 It is uncertain who was the driving force behind the revival David s known ecclesiastical activities could suggest that he was responsible On the other hand the extent of David s authority in Galloway is questionable As for Fergus himself there is no conclusive proof that he controlled the lordship at this point in time 89 or that he himself established the see 90 The fact that Gilla Aldan was likely of native origin as opposed to David s apparent preference for Anglo Norman clergy and the fact that Gilla Aldan professed obedience to the Archbishop of York an ecclesiast whom David was attempting to exclude from influencing the Scottish Church would both appear to indicate Gilla Aldan was a non Scottish appointment 91 If Fergus was indeed responsible for Whithorn s revival it would have almost certainly aided his royal aspirations since securing ecclesiastical independence could have been part of the process of ensuring political independence 92 Gilla Aldan s successor was Christian a man who was consecrated in 1154 by Hugh d Amiens Archbishop of Rouen who in turn may have been acting as a proxy for Roger de Pont l Eveque Archbishop elect of York 93 Fergus and his family were remarkable ecclesiastical patrons working with Augustinians Benedictines Cistercians and Premonstratensians 94 Surviving charter evidence reveals that Fergus granted the lands of Dunrod St Mary s Isle upon which a priory was at some point erected and nearby Galtway to the Augustinian abbey of Holyrood 95 A fifteenth century list of properties belonging to the Knights Hospitaller reveals that Fergus had granted this order of the lands of Galtway within the mediaeval parishes of Balmaclellan and Dalry at some point in his career 33 This transaction appears to further evidence Fergus s alignment with the English Crown 61 nbsp Confirmation charter noting Fergus s grant of lands of Dunrod to the Scottish abbey of Holyrood 96 Fergus s name appears on the sixth line The necrology of the abbey of Newhouse states that Fergus was the founder of a Premonstratensian house at Whithorn 97 Both he and Christian are stated by the necrology of the abbey of Premontre to have founded a monastery at Whithorn 98 Christian s tenure as bishop 1154 1186 and Fergus s reign as lord 1160 suggest that the priory of Whithorn was founded at some point between about 1154 and 1160 99 According to the annals of Maurice of Prato this house was transformed into a Premonstratensian house by Christian in about 1177 100 These sources therefore appear to reveal that Fergus was responsible for the establishment of a possibly Augustinian house at Whithorn whilst Christian was responsible for its later refoundation as a Premonstratensian institution 101 Such a switch was not an unknown occurrence in England or on the Continent 102 nbsp The ruinous remains of the Cistercian abbey of Dundrennan perhaps founded or co founded by Fergus It is possible that monastery was founded partly as an act of penitence for Gallovidian atrocities committed in 1138 during the Scottish Crown s invasion of northern England Either Fergus or David or perhaps both Fergus and David may have been responsible for the foundation of the abbey of Dundrennan a Cistercian house situated well within the confines of Fergus s lordship 103 John Fordun and Walter Bower accord its foundation solely to David 104 although the near contemporary John Hexham failed to note the house amongst David s known foundations 105 The fact that Walter Daniel a Cistercian monk from the community at Rievaulx was highly critical of Galloway and its inhabitants may be evidence that Fergus was unlikely to have been the sole founder 106 David s own close connections with the Cistercians could suggest that the monastery owed its formation as a daughter house of Rievaulx to cooperation between David and Fergus 107 The abbey of Dundrennan appears to have been founded in about 1142 108 which in turn places its formation at a time when David had extended his power in the south west 107 Such a date also places the foundation at about the time Mael Maedoc was in the region which in turn may hint at his own involvement 109 In any case if Fergus and David were involved in the abbey s endowment the fact that it was colonised by Cistercians from Rievaulx suggests that it was somewhat of a penitential foundation in regard to the infamous Gallovidian contribution at the Battle of the Standard four years previously 110 Furthermore the fact that Thurstan himself had been responsible for the English resistance meant that Fergus had warred against his own spiritual overlord and had almost certainly endured ecclesiastical repercussions as a result 111 In the eyes of the Cistercians Fergus and David were both responsible for failing to curb atrocities committed during the campaign and Fergus himself was held accountable by Walter Daniel s Vita Ailredi for thousands of deaths 112 nbsp Soulseat Loch sometimes called the Green Lake 113 where the abbey of Soulseat once stood The abbey could be identical to Viride Stagnum green lake 114 where Mael Maedoc founded a monastery Another religious house possibly founded by Fergus was the abbey of Soulseat a Premonstratensian house seated near Stranraer 115 Walter Bower and the necrologies certainly state as such 116 However the fact that this house appears to be identical to the Viride Stagnum attested by the contemporary Vita Sancti Malachiae seems to be evidence that Soulseat originated as a Cistercian house founded by Mael Maedoc himself 117 If Mael Maedoc and Fergus met during the former s apparent stay in Cruggleton it is conceivable that Fergus granted him the lands upon which he founded a religious house at Soulseat 118 If Mael Maedoc indeed founded a Cistercian house on this site it clearly was converted to a Premonstratensian monastery not long afterwards 119 under the advocacy of Fergus 120 The church of Cruggleton near the site of the like named castle could have also been constructed by Fergus 121 nbsp The ruinous remains of the Augustinian abbey of Holyrood where Fergus retired in 1160 Although the late mediaeval Hystoria Fundacionis Prioratus Insule de Traile claims that Fergus founded the priory of St Mary s Isle 122 the fantastical foundation claims preserved by this source are not corroborated by contemporary sources 123 According to a confirmation charter dating to within the decade after Fergus s death Fergus granted the house to the abbey of Holyrood 124 A confirmation charter of William I King of Scotland reveals that the priory of St Mary s Isle may have been in existence by the time of Fergus s grandson Roland fitz Uhtred Lord of Galloway 125 although the first recorded prior appears in the thirteenth century 126 Fergus s supposed links with this house therefore are dubious 123 Although Walter Bower declared that Fergus was responsible for the foundation of the abbey of Tongland his great grandson Alan fitz Roland Lord of Galloway appears to have founded it in the thirteenth century 127 The erroneous attribution of Fergus to this house may be the result of an attempt to enhance the antiquity of its establishment by linking it with the progenitor of Alan s family 128 It is a wild country Galloway where the inhabitants are like beasts and altogether barbarous Rievaulx made a foundation in this savagery which now by the help of God who gives the increase to a new plantation bears much fruit excerpt from Vita Ailredi depicting the perceived contrast between the Gallovdian culture and the reformed religious foundations introduced by Fergus 129 The inspiration behind Fergus s ecclesiastical patronage is uncertain On one hand it is conceivable that he was imitating or competing with the extensive patronage of the Scottish monarchy 130 On the other hand familial connections with the rulers of England and the Isles could have played a part in his ecclesiastical interests Contact with influential ecclesiasts like Mael Maedoc and Ailred could have also inspired Fergus s benefactions 131 note 7 Furthermore the introduction of Augustinians and Premonstratensians into Galloway may have been part of a process of revitalising the newly reformed diocese 135 The construction of ecclesiastical buildings much like castles was often a means by which mediaeval rulers displayed their pre eminent status which in turn could explain Fergus s ecclesiastical activities 136 In effect his religious foundations may evince attempts to assert his authority in the region 137 While the foundation of an episcopal see seems to have been a means by which Fergus sought to reinforce his independence from the Scots his remarkable support of reformed religious orders may have been a way in which he attempted to legitimise his regal aspirations 138 Unravelling of the Isles editAlliance with olafr Gudrodarson edit nbsp A king gaming piece of the so called Lewis chessmen 139 Some of the pieces may have arrived in the Isles as a result of Gudrodr s dealings in Norway 140 Early in his career Fergus bound himself to the Isles in the form of a marital alliance between Affraic and olafr the reigning King of the Isles 141 Although the union itself is not dated in contemporary sources 142 the Scandinavian sojourn undertaken the couple s son in 1152 suggests that the marriage was arranged in the 1130s or 1140s The alliance forged between olafr and Fergus gave the former s family valuable familial connections with the English Crown one of the most powerful monarchies in western Europe 143 As for Fergus the union bound Galloway more tightly to a neighbouring kingdom from which an invasion had been launched during the overlordship of Magnus olafsson King of Norway 144 The alliance with olafr also ensured Fergus the protection of one of Britain s most formidable fleets and further gave him a valuable ally outwith the orbit of the Scottish Crown 145 One possible reason for Fergus s apparent lack of further participation in Anglo Scottish affairs may have been due to events in the Isles 146 Although the thirteenth to fourteenth century Chronicle of Mann portrays olafr s reign as one of tranquillity 147 a more accurate evaluation of his reign may be that he adeptly managed to navigate an uncertain political climate 148 In regard to Fergus the acquisition of the Dublin kingship in 1142 by the Islesman Ottar mac meic Ottair may well have represented a threat to the authority of olafr and the prospects of Fergus s grandson 149 By the mid part of the twelfth century however the ageing olafr s realm may well have begun to buckle under the strain 150 as perhaps evidenced by the depredations wrought on the Scottish mainland by olafr s leading ecclesiast Wimund Bishop of the Isles 151 Confirmation of olafr s concern over the royal succession may well be preserved by the chronicle 150 which states that Gudrodr journeyed to the court of Ingi Haraldsson King of Norway in 1152 where Gudrodr rendered homage to the Norwegian king and seemingly secured recognition of the royal inheritance of the Isles 152 nbsp A queen gaming piece of the so called Lewis chessmen 153 Almost nothing is known of queenship in the Isles 154 The following year marked a watershed in the history for the Kingdom of the Isles with the successive deaths of David and olafr 155 The latter was slain by three Dublin based sons of his exiled brother after which these men the Haraldsonnar partitioned Mann amongst themselves 156 Once in control the chronicle reveals that the Haraldsonnar fortified themselves against forces loyal to the kingdom s legitimate heir by launching a pre emptive strike against Fergus Although the invasion of Galloway was repulsed with heavy casualties once the Haraldsonnar returned to Mann the chronicle records that they slaughtered and expelled all resident Gallovidians that they could find This ruthless reaction evidently reveals an attempt to uproot local factions adhering to Affraic and her son 157 Whatever the case within months of his father s assassination Gudrodr executed his vengeance Enstrengthened with Norwegian military support Gudrodr overcame his three kin slaying cousins and successfully secured the kingship for himself 158 Rise of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte edit nbsp Detail from Maughold IV 159 a Manx runestone displaying a contemporary sailing vessel 160 The power of the kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley fleets 161 Midway through the twelfth century Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn King of Tir nEogain pressed forth his claim to the high kingship of Ireland an office then held by the elderly Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair King of Connacht 162 In 1154 the forces of Toirrdelbach and Muirchertach met in a major maritime conflict off the Inishowen coast 163 According to the seventeenth century Annals of the Four Masters Muirchertach s maritime forces were mercenaries drawn from Galloway Arran Kintyre Mann and the territories of Scotland 164 This record appears to be evidence that Gudrodr Fergus and perhaps Somairle provided ships to Muirchertach s cause 165 note 8 Although Toirrdelbach s forces obtained a narrow victory his northern maritime power seems to have been virtually nullified by the severity of the contest 167 and Muirchertach soon after marched on Dublin 168 gained overlordship over the Dubliners and effectively secured himself the high kingship of Ireland for himself 169 The defeat of forces drawn from the Isles and Muirchertach s subsequent spread of power into Dublin may have had severe repercussions concerning Gudrodr s career 170 In 1155 or 1156 Somairle and an apparent relative of Ottar precipitated a coup against Gudrodr presenting Somairle s son Dubgall as a replacement to Gudrodr s rule 171 Late in 1156 Somairle and Gudrodr clashed and divided the Kingdom of the Isles between themselves Two years later the former drove the latter from the kingship and into exile 172 nbsp A rook gaming piece of the so called Lewis chessmen 173 It is uncertain why Fergus failed to support his grandson against Somairle 174 The record of the capture of Domnall mac Mael Coluim at Whithorn in 1156 as recorded by the twelfth to thirteenth century Chronicle of Holyrood 175 and Gesta Annalia I may have bearing on Fergus 176 Domnall appears to have been a son of Mael Coluim mac Alasdair who was in turn a claimant to the Scottish throne and somehow related to Somairle 177 Following David s death in 1153 Somairle and Mael Coluim had risen in revolt against a newly inaugurated Malcolm without much success 178 Domnall s later capture in western Galloway therefore could be evidence that the Meic Mael Coluim claimants had attempted to forcefully carve out a power base in western Galloway However the fact that the chronicle makes no mention of such conflict in Galloway coupled with the fact that Whithorn was a spiritual centre rather than a secular power centre could suggest that Domnall was in the region under less violent circumstances If so it is conceivable that Fergus could have originally forged an understanding with the Meic Mael Coluim before pressure from his sons forced him to desert Domnall s cause The fact that the latter s capture preceded Somairle s coup could suggest that although Domnall may have been in the midst of securing Gallovidian support once Somairle s designs against Gudrodr became apparent the Gallovdians handed over Somairle s kinsman to the Scots 179 note 9 Scottish subjection of Galloway edit nbsp Malcolm IV King of Scotland as he is depicted in a mid twelfth century royal charter There is evidence to suggest that Fergus struggled to maintain control of his lordship during the decade Such a crisis could well have kept him from intervening in the Isles on Gudrodr s behalf As with the latter the failure of Muirchertach s mercenary fleet could have contributed to a loss of Fergus s own authority 174 Disarray in the lordship is evidenced by Vita Ailredi which reveals that the region was wracked by inter dynastic strife during this period 180 In 1160 Malcolm returned to Scotland having spent months campaigning in the service of the English on the Continent After successfully dealing with a considerable number of disaffected magnates at Perth 181 the Chronicle of Holyrood and the twelfth to thirteenth century Chronicle of Melrose reveal that he launched three military expeditions into Galloway 182 The circumstances surrounding these invasions is unclear 183 although what is clear is that Fergus submitted to the Scots before the end of the year 184 note 10 Specifically according to Gesta Annalia I once the Scots subdued the Gallovidians the conquerors forced Fergus to retire to the abbey of Holyrood and hand over his son Uhtred as a royal hostage 186 The Chronicle of Holyrood 187 and the fifteenth century Ordinale of Holyrood corroborate Fergus s monastic retirement 188 with the former source further recording Fergus s grant of the lands of Dunrod to the abbey 187 note 11 nbsp Seal of Richard de Morville Constable of Scotland 190 The Morvilles were one of numerous knightly families used by the Scottish Crown to encircle Fergus s lordship 191 note 12 On one hand it is possible that Fergus himself had precipitated Malcolm s reaction by raiding into the territory between the rivers Urr and Nith 193 The fact that the Chronicle of Holyrood describes Malcolm s Gallovidian opponents as federate enemies and makes no mention of his sons suggests that Fergus was supported by other accomplices 194 In fact it is possible that Malcolm had encountered an alliance between Fergus and Somairle 195 Evidence of such a coalition may exist in the dating clause of a royal charter that notes a formal agreement between Somairle and Malcolm that Christmas 196 Additionally the fact that several churches near Kirkcudbright are recorded to have once belonged to Iona an ancient ecclesiastical centre that Somairle attempted to revive during his reign in the Isles could suggest some sort of concord between the rulers 197 If Somairle and Fergus had indeed been allies the fall of the latter coupled with the further advancement of Scottish authority into the Solway region may have finally brought Somairle to terms with the Scots 198 An alternate possibility is that the charter clause could be evidence that Somairle supported Malcolm in his suppression and destruction of Fergus 21 There is also reason to suspect that Ferteth Earl of Strathearn possessed some sort of affiliation with Fergus 199 Not only does Ferteth appear to be the most prominent of the disaffected magnates who confronted Malcolm in 1160 200 but his father is recorded to have taken a leading part in the Battle of the Standard 201 and Ferteth himself was married to a woman whose name may be evidence that she was a native of Galloway 199 note 13 The kin strife noted by Vita Ailredi could be evidence that Fergus s sons assisted in his overthrow or at least did little to arrest it 203 Death and aftermath edit nbsp The remains of Motte of Urr the earthen remains of a twelfth century motte and bailey castle The motte may have been the site of a castle of Walter de Berkeley Chamberlain of Scotland an Anglo Norman settled in Galloway by Uhtred in the 1160s 204 Fergus did not live long after retiring and died on 12 May 1161 as evidenced by the Chronicle of Holyrood 205 Surviving sources reveal that he overshadowed his sons during his lifetime with Uhtred witnessing only three charters and Gilla Brigte none at all The latter s apparent exclusion from affairs of state could be relevant to the subsequent animosity between the siblings as well as the difficulties Fergus faced with the men late in his career 206 Upon Fergus s death the lordship appears to have been split between the brothers Although there is no specific evidence for Gilla Brigte s share later transactions involving Uhtred reveal that the latter held lands in the lower Dee valley seemingly centred in an area around Kirkcudbright The fact that this region appears to have formed the core of Fergus s holdings could be evidence that Uhtred was the senior successor Conceivably Uhtred s allotment consisted of the lordship s territory east of the river Cree whilst Gilla Brigte s share was everything east of this waterway 207 nbsp Charter of David to Robert de Brus concerning Annandale 208 The settlement of such men in southern Scotland may have been a means of countering the rise of Fergus In the wake of Malcolm s destruction of Fergus the Scottish Crown moved to further incorporate Galloway into the Scottish realm Uhtred appears to have been granted the territory between the rivers Nith and Urr 209 whilst Gilla Brigte may have been wed to a daughter or sister of Donnchad II Earl of Fife the kingdom s foremost Gaelic magnate 210 Scottish authority penetrated into the lordship through the installation of royal officials 211 and Scottish power was perhaps further projected into Galloway by a royal castle at Dumfries 212 Surviving royal acta dating to after the fall of Fergus indicate that from the perspective of the Scottish Crown the Lordship of Galloway had been integrated into the Kingdom of Scotland and was subject to the overlordship of Malcolm himself 213 Notes edit The only known examples of surnames borne by members of Fergus s family in the Irish Annals are the following attributed to Fergus s grandson Roland fitz Uhtred Lord of Galloway and his sons Ailin mac Uchtraigh 6 Rolant mac Uchtraich 7 Rollant mac Uchtraigh 8 Tomas mac Uchtraigh 9 Tomas mac Uchtraigh 10 Tomas mac Uchtraigh 11 Tomas mac Uchtraigh 12 Tomass mac Uchtraigh 13 and Tomass macc Uchtraidh 14 Conversely the name of the knight s father could indicate that this character represents the historical Somairle himself 20 Evidence that Somairle and Fergus were indeed related could be the fact that Gilla Brigte who may have been Fergus s eldest son bore the same name as Somairle s father Gilla Brigte 21 At about the same time Fergus also witnessed a grant of David to the church of St Kentigern in Glasgow concerning the king s gift of revenue from Strathgryfe Cunningham Kyle and Carrick 29 Another grant witnessed by Fergus at about this date concerned David s grant of a cut of the profits from Cumberland to the church Both of these acts were concluded at Cadzow 30 The three transactions are the only Scottish royal acts witnessed by Fergus 31 Although Fergus is generally styled Lord of Galloway in modern historiography there is no evidence that Fergus himself bore such a title Surviving sources typically fail to accord him any title whatsoever although there a few that may allude to royal status 32 For example a late mediaeval list of endowments to the Knights Hospitaller accords him the royal title rex Galwitensium a style unlikely to have been invented by the clerk 33 Vita Ailredi describes Fergus as a regulus a title which can either represent a diminutive form of rex king or simply refer to a ruler without any royal connotations 34 The twelfth to thirteenth century Chronicle of Holyrood calls Fergus princeps Galwaie a style that likewise does not necessarily refer to royalty 35 Nevertheless this source styles both oengus Earl of Moray and Donnchad I Earl of Fife as comites which seems to be indicate that Fergus was regarded to be of a higher status to these men 36 David s latter s extension of authority into the Southern Uplands in a specific region perhaps stretching from Strathgryffe to Carrick appears to be evidenced by a later grant of his succeeding grandson Malcolm IV King of Scotland which mentions unspecified Gall Gaidhel lands held by David during Alexander s reign 64 Another possibility is that Robert de Brus had been originally installed in Annandale by Ranulf himself 71 The Gallovidian regions are the Rhinns Farines the Glenkens Desnesmor and Desnes Ioan Considering Fergus s apparent connections with Cistercians Augustinians and Premonstratensians a possible relationship between him and Mael Maedoc is not inconceivable 132 Fergus may have also possessed connections with Ailred who spent part of his career as a member of David s court before becoming Abbot of Rievaulx 133 According to Vita Ailredi it was Ailred who later reconciled Fergus with his sons and further prevailed upon him to retire from the lordship to the abbey of Holyrood 134 An alternate possibility is that the annal does not refer to Galloway at all and that it actually refers to the Gall Gaidheil of Arran Kintyre Mann and the territory of Scotland 166 Domnall s involvement in western Galloway may also hint at a possible connection between Somairle and Galloway perhaps forming further evidence of kinship between Fergus and Somairle 21 There is a fantastical account of Fergus s revolt preserved by Hystoria Fundacionis Prioratus Insule de Traile 185 Later evidence reveals that Fergus s descendants chose to regard his submission and retirement as one of piety rather than political submission The Ordinale of Holyrood reveals that the souls of Fergus Uhtred Roland and Alan were commemorated at the abbey as late as the fifteenth century 189 The Morville s were settled in Cunningham north of Galloway 191 Richard himself was the father in law of Roland 192 According to Ailred there was much confusion and consternation on the Scottish side before the Battle of the Standard with the Gallovidians claiming the right to occupy the front line Ailred states that it was Ferteth s father Mael Isu I Earl of Strathearn who convinced David to acquiesce to his Gallovidian troops 202 Citations edit Besamusca 2002 p 211 Munch Goss 1874 pp 60 61 Cotton MS Julius A VII n d a b Oram RD 2004 Oram RD 1991 pp 117 119 Oram RD 1988 p 27 32 McDonald 2000 p 172 Oram RD 1991 p 119 Annala Uladh 2005 1234 1 Annala Uladh 2003 1234 1 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1199 11 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1199 11 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 The Annals of Ulster 2012 1200 6 The Annals of Ulster 2008 1200 6 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1211 7 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1211 7 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1213 6 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1213 6 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 Annala Uladh 2005 1214 2 Annala Uladh 2003 1214 2 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 Annala Uladh 2005 1212 4 Annala Uladh 2003 1212 4 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1213 9 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1213 9 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1221 7 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1221 7 Oram RD 1988 p 31 32 Oram RD 1988 p 32 McDonald 2000 p 173 Oram RD 2000 pp 53 54 Oram RD 1991 pp 119 120 Oram RD 1988 pp 35 41 Legge 1964 Wenthe 2012 pp 28 33 35 36 Hunt 2005 pp 55 56 Besamusca 2002 p 213 Thomas 1993 p 91 Rickard 2011 p 113 Hunt 2005 p 55 McDonald 2002 p 116 n 53 Thomas 1993 Oram RD 1988 pp 35 41 Legge 1948 1949 pp 167 171 Oram RD 1988 pp 35 41 Legge 1964 Martin 1872 pp 9 37 10 27 15 16 32 37 73 25 Rickard 2011 p 113 Hunt 2005 p 61 n 26 McDonald 2003 p 177 Thomas 1993 Legge 1964 Brugger 1929 1930 a b c d Woolf 2013 p 5 Faletra 2014 p 206 n 26 Archibald 2009 p 144 Hunt 2005 Besamusca 2002 p 213 Kuiper 1998 Thomas 1993 p 94 Oram RD 1991 p 120 Oram RD 1988 p 37 Freeman 1983 Kuiper 1998 Oram RD 2000 pp 53 54 Oram RD 1991 pp 119 120 Oram RD 1988 pp 35 41 Scott JG 1997 p 25 Oram RD 1991 pp 121 122 Scott JG 1997 p 25 Oram RD 1991 p 122 Scott JG 1997 p 25 Oram RD 2000 pp 56 221 Sharpe 2011 p 96 n 243 Hudson B 2006 p 223 223 n 54 McDonald 2000 p 171 Oram RD 1988 p 31 Legge 1964 Lawrie 1905 pp 85 86 109 Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis 1843 p 9 3 Document 1 4 29 n d Sharpe 2011 pp 93 94 95 96 93 94 n 236 Lawrie 1905 pp 95 96 125 Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis 1843 p 12 9 Document 1 4 30 n d Sharpe 2011 pp 96 94 n 237 Hudson B 2006 p 223 223 n 54 Lawrie 1905 p 96 126 Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis 1843 p 12 10 Document 1 4 31 n d Sharpe 2011 p 6 n 243 Oram RD 1988 p 48 a b Sharpe 2011 pp 95 96 96 n 242 Hudson B 2006 p 223 223 n 55 McDonald 2002 p 104 McDonald 2000 p 180 Oram RD 2000 p 62 Stringer KJ 2000 p 157 McDonald 1995 p 201 201 n 76 Brooke 1991 pp 55 57 Oram RD 1988 pp 48 52 333 Barrow GWS 1975 p 128 Dugdale Caley Ellis et al 1830 p 838 Oram RD 1988 p 49 Powicke 1978 p 45 Oram RD 1988 pp 50 52 Anderson Anderson 1938 pp 139 189 Anderson 1922 p 245 Taylor 2016 pp 36 37 n 49 Anderson Anderson 1938 pp 118 126 186 188 Anderson 1922 pp 174 n 3 224 Oram RD 1988 pp 44 45 Oram RD 1988 pp 42 43 a b c Oram RD 1988 pp 45 46 Hudson BT 2005 p 139 McDonald 1995 pp 202 203 Oram RD 1988 pp 45 46 Lawlor 1920 pp 76 76 n 4 78 78 n 1 McDonald 1995 pp 202 203 Scott 1988 p 36 Oram RD 2008 pp 171 181 Oram RD 2008 p 181 Oram RD 2000 pp 57 58 Oram RD 2000 p 58 Oram RD 1988 pp 269 270 Oram RD 2000 pp 58 59 Oram RD 2000 p 59 Barrow 2005 pp 430 431 n 28 Thompson 2003 p 150 Oram RD 2000 p 60 Oram RD 1988 pp 30 70 74 Hollister Keefe 1973 p 5 5 n 17 Brooke 1994 p 80 Barrow 2005 pp 430 431 n 28 Oram RD 2000 p 60 Oram RD 1988 pp 71 99 Keefe 1981 p 191 n 5 Anderson 1908 p 258 Stubbs 1869 p 105 Stubbs 1867 p 80 Riley 1853 p 423 Oram RD 1988 pp 71 72 99 Barrow 2005 pp 430 431 n 28 Oram RD 1988 p 99 Bain 1881 pp 81 82 480 Oram RD 2000 p 60 Oram RD 1993 p 116 Oram RD 1988 pp 72 99 Lawrie 1910 p 115 Anderson 1908 p 245 Howlett 1889 pp 228 229 Oram RD 2011 p xiii tab 2 Hollister 2004 Hollister 2004 Hollister 2003 p 41 41 n 68 Thompson 2003 Hollister 2004 Thompson 2003 Hollister Keefe 1973 p 5 Oram RD 2000 pp 59 61 Oram RD 1993 pp 115 116 Duncan 2008 McDonald 2000 pp 174 175 Oram RD 1993 p 116 Brooke 1991 pp 48 49 McDonald 2000 pp 174 175 Brooke 1991 pp 48 49 Oram RD 2011 p 85 Blakely 2005 p 20 a b c d Oram RD 2000 p 62 Barrow GWS 2006 Oram RD 1991 pp 122 123 Barrow GWS 2006 Kapelle 1979 p 204 Oram RD 2000 p 63 Liber S Marie de Calchou 1846 pp III VII Diplomatarium Norvegicum n d vol 19 38 Document 1 5 24 n d King 2004 Oram RD 2000 p 62 Oram RD 2000 p 63 Oram RD 2000 pp 63 64 Oram RD 1993 p 116 Oram RD 1988 pp 73 74 Blakely 2005 pp 8 27 Oram RD 2000 p 62 Kapelle 1979 p 198 Oram RD 2011 p 86 Oram RD 2000 pp 63 64 Scott JG 1997 pp 29 30 Kapelle 1979 p 206 Oram RD 2011 p 86 Barrow GWS 2006 Barrow GWS 1992 pp 62 63 Barrow GWS 2006 Barrow GWS 1992 pp 62 65 Barrow GWS 2006 Oram RD 1988 p 77 Anderson 1908 pp 181 182 183 185 186 187 190 Howlett 1886 pp 152 159 Aird 2007 pp 65 72 n 52 Oram RD 1988 p 77 Anderson 1908 p 180 180 n 4 Howlett 1886 pp 187 188 Strickland 2012 pp 100 101 Oram RD 1988 p 77 Oram RD 1993 p 114 n 5 Oram RD 1988 p 78 Oram RD 1993 p 114 n 5 Oram RD 1991 pp 123 124 Hollister 2004 Oram RD 1988 p 78 Anderson 1908 pp 214 215 Howlett 1886 p 178 Oram RD 1988 p 78 Scott JG 1997 pp 13a fig 1 23 fig 5 Oram RD 1991 p 118 fig 8 1 Barrow GWS 1980 p 51 Oram R 2009 p 132 Oram RD 1988 p 268 Oram R 2009 p 132 Hudson B 2006 p 222 Hill 1997 p 23 Oram RD 1988 pp 268 293 Lawrie 1905 pp 53 54 63 314 63 Raine 1894 pp 48 49 Oram R 2009 p 132 Oram RD 1988 pp 268 269 294 Raine 1894 p 60 Oram RD 1988 p 269 Stringer KJ 2000 p 157 n 119 Oram RD 1988 pp 270 271 Smith 2016 p 245 Oram RD 1988 pp 271 272 Oram R 2009 pp 132 tab 8 1 133 Oram RD 1988 p 275 Anderson Anderson 1938 pp 127 188 McDonald 1995 p 201 Sharpe 2011 p 92 n 230 Webb 2004 p 93 Oram RD 2000 p 110 n 38 Brooke 1991 p 57 Oram RD 1988 pp 311 316 Barrow Scott 1971 pp 146 149 39 Charters and Other Documents 1871 pp 9 13 2 Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis 1840 pp 20 21 25 22 25 27 38 40 49 Document 1 6 34 n d Document 2 12 6 n d Document 2 12 12 n d Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis 1840 pp 20 21 25 Document 2 12 6 n d McDonald 1995 p 197 Cowan Easson 1976 p 103 Radford 1948 1949 p 103 Report of the Manuscripts 1907 pp xxxvii 484 Hill 1997 p 23 Oram RD 1988 p 46 Cowan Easson 1976 p 103 Radford 1948 1949 pp 103 104 103 n 89 Hill 1997 p 23 McDonald 1995 p 197 Hill 1997 p 23 McDonald 1995 p 198 Migne 1885 pp 33 54 Barrow J 2015 pp 109 110 McDonald 1995 p 198 McDonald 1995 p 198 Jamroziak 2008 p 41 Stringer KJ 2000 pp 142 143 McDonald 1995 pp 194 195 Oram RD 1993 pp 115 116 Stell 1991 p 151 Scott 1988 p 35 Cruden 1986 p 76 Stringer K 1980 Cowan Easson 1976 p 74 McDonald 1995 p 194 Skene 1872 pp 230 231 Skene 1871 p 238 239 Goodall 1759 p 538 Hearnius 1722 p 1551 McDonald 1995 p 194 Arnold 1885 p 330 Scott 1988 p 36 Stringer K 1980 Powicke 1978 pp 45 46 a b Stringer K 1980 Hill 1997 p 23 Oram RD 1993 p 115 Stringer K 1980 Cowan Easson 1976 p 74 McDonald 1995 p 203 Stringer KJ 2000 pp 142 143 Oram RD 1993 p 115 Stringer KJ 2000 pp 142 143 Powicke 1978 p 46 Cowan Easson 1976 pp 78 79 Reid 1932 Reid 1932 McDonald 1995 pp 196 197 Oram RD 1988 p 46 Cowan Easson 1976 p 102 Radford 1948 1949 p 103 Report of the Manuscripts 1907 pp xxxvii 484 Goodall 1759 p 538 Hearnius 1722 p 1551 McDonald 1995 pp 196 197 Duffy 1993 p 72 Scott 1988 p 36 Radford 1948 1949 p 103 Lawlor 1920 p 120 Acta Sanctorum 1894 p 165 Scott 1988 pp 36 37 Scott 1988 pp 37 38 Duffy 1993 p 72 Stell 1991 p 150 McDonald 1995 p 199 Cowan Easson 1976 p 96 Gordon 1868 pp 204 206 The Bannatyne Miscellany 1836 pp 19 20 a b McDonald 1995 p 199 McDonald 1995 p 199 Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis 1840 pp 22 25 27 Document 1 6 34 n d McDonald 1995 p 199 Cowan Easson 1976 p 97 Barrow Scott 1971 pp 313 314 293 Document 1 6 265 n d McDonald 1995 p 199 Theiner 1864 pp vi 14 32 Document 2 139 41 n d McDonald 1995 pp 199 200 Cowan Easson 1976 p 103 Goodall 1759 p 538 Hearnius 1722 p 1552 McDonald 1995 p 200 Jamroziak 2008 pp 41 43 Aird 2007 pp 66 72 n 60 Stringer KJ 2000 pp 131 132 Powicke 1978 pp 44 45 Jamroziak 2008 pp 41 42 Aird 2007 p 66 McDonald 1995 pp 201 206 215 Jamroziak 2008 pp 41 42 McDonald 1995 pp 192 202 207 McDonald 1995 pp 203 205 206 Aird 2007 p 66 Stringer KJ 2000 p 143 n 67 McDonald 1995 pp 203 204 205 206 McDonald 1995 p 204 Powicke 1978 pp 45 46 McDonald 1995 p 215 Jamroziak 2008 McDonald 1995 p 215 Jamroziak 2008 Aird 2007 p 66 Stringer KJ 2000 pp 157 158 Caldwell Hall Wilkinson 2009 pp 156 fig 1b 163 fig 8e Caldwell Hall Wilkinson 2009 p 178 Oram RD 2000 p 69 Oram RD 1988 p 79 Oram RD 1993 p 116 Oram RD 1988 p 79 Oram RD 1993 p 116 Oram RD 1988 pp 10 78 80 Oram RD 1988 p 80 Oram RD 2000 p 67 Beuermann 2014 p 85 Oram RD 2011 p 113 Oram RD 2000 p 73 Anderson 1922 p 137 Munch Goss 1874 pp 60 61 Oram RD 2000 p 73 Downham 2013 pp 171 172 Oram RD 2000 p 67 a b Oram RD 2011 p 113 Oram RD 2000 p 73 Beuermann 2014 p 93 n 43 Oram RD 2011 p 113 Downham 2013 p 172 McDonald 2012 p 162 Oram RD 2011 p 113 Beuermann 2010 pp 106 107 Power 2005 p 22 Oram RD 2000 p 73 Anderson 1922 p 225 Munch Goss 1874 pp 62 63 Caldwell Hall Wilkinson 2009 p 157 fig 2a 163 fig 8d 187 fig 14 McDonald 2007b p 163 Oram RD 2011 pp 108 113 Beuermann 2014 p 85 Downham 2013 p 171 Oram RD 2011 p 113 Duffy 1993 pp 41 42 42 n 59 Oram RD 1988 pp 80 81 Oram RD 1988 p 81 Anderson 1922 pp 225 226 Munch Goss 1874 pp 64 65 Beuermann 2014 p 87 Downham 2013 p 171 McDonald 2012 p 162 McDonald 2007b pp 67 68 85 Oram RD 2011 p 113 Oram RD 2000 pp 69 70 Duffy 1993 p 42 Oram RD 1988 p 81 McDonald 2007a p 59 McDonald 2007b pp 128 129 pl 1 Rixson 1982 pp 114 115 pl 1 Cubbon 1952 p 70 fig 24 Kermode 1915 1916 p 57 fig 9 McDonald 2012 p 151 McDonald 2007a pp 58 59 McDonald 2007b pp 54 55 128 129 pl 1 Wilson 1973 p 15 McDonald 2016 p 337 McDonald 2012 p 151 McDonald 2007b pp 120 128 129 pl 1 Duffy 2007 p 2 O Byrne 2005a O Byrne 2005c Duffy 2004 Oram RD 2011 pp 113 120 McDonald 2008 p 134 Duffy 2007 p 2 McDonald 2007a p 71 O Byrne 2005a O Byrne 2005b O Byrne 2005c Duffy 2004 Oram RD 2000 p 73 Duffy 1992 pp 124 125 Annals of the Four Masters 2013a 1154 11 Annals of the Four Masters 2013b 1154 11 Oram RD 2011 pp 113 120 Clancy 2008 p 32 McDonald 2008 p 134 Butter 2007 p 141 141 n 121 Duffy 2007 p 2 McDonald 2007a p 71 McDonald 2007b p 118 Oram RD 2000 p 73 Simms 2000 p 12 Duffy 1992 pp 124 125 Oram RD 2011 pp 113 120 McDonald 2008 p 134 Duffy 2007 p 2 McDonald 2007a p 71 McDonald 2007b p 118 Clancy 2008 p 34 Griffin 2002 p 42 O Byrne 2005a Duffy 2004 Griffin 2002 p 42 Duffy 2004 Oram RD 2011 p 120 Downham 2013 p 172 Woolf 2013 pp 3 4 Oram RD 2011 pp 113 114 120 Forte Oram Pedersen 2005 pp 243 244 Woolf 2004 p 104 Oram RD 2000 pp 74 76 Sellar 2000 p 191 McDonald 1997 pp 54 58 Duffy 1993 pp 40 41 McDonald 2012 pp 153 161 McDonald 2007b pp 92 113 121 n 86 Oram RD 2011 pp 120 121 McDonald 2007a pp 57 64 Forte Oram Pedersen 2005 p 244 Woolf 2004 p 104 Oram RD 2000 pp 74 76 Sellar 2000 p 191 McDonald 1997 p 56 Caldwell Hall Wilkinson 2009 pp 161 fig 6c 184 fig 11 189 fig 16 a b Oram RD 2011 p 121 Oram RD 2000 p 77 Oram RD 1988 p 84 Anderson Anderson 1938 pp 128 188 Anderson 1922 p 232 Oram RD 1988 p 84 Skene 1872 pp 249 250 Skene 1871 p 254 255 Neville 2016 p 9 Woolf 2013 pp 2 5 Oram RD 2000 p 74 Oram RD 2000 p 77 Oram RD 2011 p 121 Stringer K 1980 Powicke 1978 pp 45 46 Scott WW 2008 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 p 12 Oram RD 1988 p 90 Neville 1983 pp 50 53 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 p 12 Oram RD 2000 p 80 Brooke 1991 pp 52 54 Anderson Anderson 1938 pp 136 137 136 137 n 1 189 Anderson 1922 pp 244 245 Stevenson 1856 pp 128 129 Stevenson 1835 p 77 Oram RD 2000 p 80 Scott WW 2008 Oram RD 2000 p 80 Oram RD 1988 pp 91 84 n 78 Gordon 1868 pp 204 206 The Bannatyne Miscellany 1836 pp 19 20 MacInnes 2019 pp 136 137 Neville 2016 p 11 Oram RD 1988 p 93 Skene 1872 p 251 Skene 1871 p 256 a b Neville 2016 p 11 Oram RD 2000 p 80 McDonald McLean 1992 p 18 Oram RD 1988 p 93 Anderson Anderson 1938 pp 137 189 Anderson 1922 p 245 Stringer KJ 2000 pp 144 145 Eeles 1914 pp 67 68 Stringer KJ 2000 p 145 n 73 Eeles 1914 pp lxi 2 Laing 1850 pp xxix 101 593 pl 5 ill 6 a b MacQueen 2003 p 290 Stringer K 2004 McDonald 2002 p 116 n 55 Brooke 1991 pp 54 56 Oram RD 2000 p 80 Anderson Anderson 1938 pp 136 137 136 n 1 189 Anderson 1922 p 245 Woolf 2013 pp 4 5 Oram RD 2011 p 122 Oram RD 2000 pp 80 81 Woolf 2013 pp 4 5 Oram RD 2000 pp 80 81 McDonald 1997 p 52 Innes 1864 pp 2 51 52 Oram RD 2011 p 122 Oram RD 2000 p 78 Oram RD 1988 pp 298 299 Barrow Scott 1971 pp 213 214 141 Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis 1840 p 41 51 Document 1 6 124 n d Oram RD 2000 pp 80 81 a b Neville 1983 pp 53 54 Hodge 2007 p 315 Oram RD 1988 p 90 Neville 1983 pp 53 54 Neville 1983 pp 53 54 90 n 29 Neville 1983 pp 47 90 n 29 Howlett 1886 pp 189 190 Oram RD 1991 p 126 Oram RD 2011 pp 314 fig 9 1 315 Scott 1993 p 133 Oram RD 1988 p 238 Barrow GWS 1980 p 174 McDonald 2002 p 104 Oram RD 1988 p 93 Barrow GWS 1975 p 128 Anderson Anderson 1938 pp 139 189 Anderson 1922 p 247 Oram RD 1988 p 97 Oram RD 1988 p 101 Gladstone 1919 Oram RD 2011 p 127 Oram RD 1988 pp 101 104 Oram RD 2011 p 127 Oram RD 2000 pp 89 Oram RD 2000 pp 89 Oram RD 1988 p 104 Oram RD 1988 pp 101 102 Scott 1982 Oram RD 2000 p 89 Oram RD 1988 p 104 References editPrimary sources edit Acta Sanctorum Novembris Vol 2 Brussels Socio Bollandianos 1894 Anderson AO ed 1908 Scottish Annals From English Chroniclers A D 500 to 1286 London David Nutt OL 7115802M Anderson AO ed 1922 Early Sources of Scottish History A D 500 to 1286 Vol 2 London Oliver and Boyd Anderson MO Anderson AO eds 1938 A Scottish Chronicle Known as the Chronicle of Holyrood Publications of the Scottish History Society Edinburgh T and A Constable Annala Uladh Annals of Ulster Otherwise Annala Senait Annals of Senat Corpus of Electronic Texts 28 January 2003 ed University College Cork 2003 Retrieved 30 August 2015 Annala Uladh Annals of Ulster Otherwise Annala Senait Annals of Senat Corpus of Electronic Texts 13 April 2005 ed University College Cork 2005 Retrieved 30 August 2015 Annals of Loch Ce Corpus of Electronic Texts 13 April 2005 ed University College Cork 2005 Retrieved 30 August 2015 Annals of Loch Ce Corpus of Electronic Texts 5 September 2008 ed University College Cork 2008 Retrieved 30 August 2015 Annals of the Four Masters Corpus of Electronic Texts 3 December 2013 ed University College Cork 2013a Retrieved 15 July 2015 Annals of the Four Masters Corpus of Electronic Texts 16 December 2013 ed University College Cork 2013b Retrieved 15 July 2015 Arnold T ed 1885 Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia Rerum Britannicarum Medii AEvi Scriptores Vol 2 London Longmans amp Co Bain J ed 1881 Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland Vol 1 Edinburgh H M General Register House hdl 2027 mdp 39015014807203 Barrow GWS Scott WW eds 1971 The Acts of William I King of Scots 1165 1214 Regesta Regum Scottorum 1153 1424 Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 85224 142 9 Charters and Other Documents Relating to the City of Edinburgh A D 1143 1540 Edinburgh The Scottish Burgh Records Society 1871 OL 23704566M Cotton MS Julius A VII British Library n d Archived from the original on 20 July 2021 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Diplomatarium Norvegicum Dokumentasjonsprosjektet n d Retrieved 14 July 2015 Document 1 4 29 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 1 4 30 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 1 4 31 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 1 5 24 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 1 6 34 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 1 6 124 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 1 6 265 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 2 12 6 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 2 12 12 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 2 139 41 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Dugdale W Caley J Ellis H Bulkeley B eds 1830 Monasticon Anglicanum Vol 6 pt 2 New ed London Joseph Harding Eeles FC ed 1914 The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club Vol 7 Edinburgh The Old Edinburgh Club Gladstone R 1919 The Early Annandale Charters and Their Strange Resting Place PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 6 137 146 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Goodall W ed 1759 Joannis de Fordun Scotichronicon cum Supplementis ac Continuatione Walteri Boweri Vol 2 Edinburgh Roberti Flaminii hdl 2027 mdp 39015005759371 Gordon JFS 1868 Monasticon Vol 1 Glasgow John Tweed OL 7239194M Hearnius T ed 1722 Johannis de Fordun Scotichronici Vol 5 Oxford Howlett R ed 1886 Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen Henry II and Richard I Rerum Britannicarum Medii AEvi Scriptores Vol 3 London Longman amp Co Howlett R ed 1889 Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen Henry II and Richard I Rerum Britannicarum Medii AEvi Scriptores Vol 4 London Her Majesty s Stationery Office Innes C ed 1864 Ane Account of the Familie of Innes Compiled by Duncan Forbes of Culloden 1608 Aberdeen The Spalding Club OL 24829824M Laing H 1850 Descriptive Catalogue of Impressions From Ancient Scottish Seals Royal Baronial Ecclesiastical and Municipal Embracing a Period From A D 1094 to the Commonwealth Edinburgh Bannatyne Club OL 24829707M Lawrie AC ed 1905 Early Scottish Charters prior to A D 1153 Glasgow James MacLehose and Sons OL 7024304M Lawrie AC ed 1910 Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William Kings of Scotland A D 1153 1214 James MacLehose and Sons OL 7217114M Lawlor HR ed 1920 St Bernard of Clairvaux s Life of St Malachy of Armagh Translations of Christian Literature Series V Lives of Celtic Saints London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge OL 7108542M Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis Munimenta Ecclesie Sancte Crucis de Edwinesburg Edinburgh The Bannatyne Club 1840 OL 24829738M Liber S Marie de Calchou Registrum Cartarum Abbacie Tironensis de Kelso 1113 1567 Vol 1 Edinburgh Bannatyne Club 1846 Martin E ed 1872 Fergus Roman von Guillaume le Clerc Halles Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses OL 17935822M Migne J P ed 1855 Patrologiae Cursus Completus Latina Vol 198 Paris a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Munch PA Goss A eds 1874 Chronica Regvm Manniae et Insvlarvm The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys Vol 1 Douglas IM Manx Society Powicke M ed 1978 1950 The Life of Ailred of Rievaulx Oxford Medieval Texts Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 822256 4 Raine J ed 1894 The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops Vol 3 London Her Majesty s Stationery Office Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis Vol 1 Edinburgh 1843 OL 14037534M Report of the Manuscripts of the Earl of Ancaster Historical Manuscripts Commission Dublin His Majesty s Stationery Office 1907 OL 7047737M Riley HT ed 1853 The Annals of Roger de Hoveden Comprising the History of England and of Other Countries of Europe From A D 732 to A D 1201 Vol 1 London H G Bohn OL 7095424M Skene WF ed 1871 Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum Edinburgh Edmonston and Douglas OL 24871486M Skene WF ed 1872 John of Fordun s Chronicle of the Scottish Nation Edinburgh Edmonston and Douglas OL 24871442M Stevenson J ed 1835 Chronica de Mailros Edinburgh The Bannatyne Club OL 13999983M Stevenson J ed 1856 The Church Historians of England Vol 4 pt 1 London Seeleys Stubbs W ed 1867 Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis Rerum Britannicarum Medii AEvi Scriptores Vol 1 Longmans Green Reader and Dyer hdl 2027 osu 32435026697177 Stubbs W ed 1869 Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene Rerum Britannicarum Medii AEvi Scriptores Vol 2 Longmans Green and Co The Annals of Ulster Corpus of Electronic Texts 29 August 2008 ed University College Cork 2008 Retrieved 30 August 2015 The Annals of Ulster Corpus of Electronic Texts 15 August 2012 ed University College Cork 2012 Retrieved 30 August 2015 The Bannatyne Miscellany Vol 2 Edinburgh The Bannatyne Club 1836 OL 24829681M Theiner A ed 1864 Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia Rome Vatican hdl 2027 mdp 39015022391661 Secondary sources edit Aird WM 2007 Sweet Civility and Barbarous Rudeness A View From the Frontier Abbot Ailred of Rievaulx and the Scots PDF In Ellis SG Klusakova L eds Imagining Frontiers Contesting Identities Pisa Edizioni Plus Pisa University Press pp 59 75 ISBN 978 88 8492 466 7 Archibald E 2009 Questioning Arthurian Ideals In Archibald E Putter A eds The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend Cambridge Companions to Literature Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 139 153 ISBN 978 0 521 86059 8 Barrow GWS 1975 The Pattern of Lordship and Feudal Settlement in Cumbria Journal of Medieval History 1 2 117 138 doi 10 1016 0304 4181 75 90019 6 eISSN 1873 1279 ISSN 0304 4181 Barrow GWS 1980 The Anglo Norman Era in Scottish History Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 0 19 822473 7 Barrow GWS 1992 Scotland and its Neighbours in the Middle Ages London The Hambledon Press ISBN 1 85285 052 3 Barrow GWS 2005 1965 Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 7486 2022 2 Barrow GWS 2006 David I c 1085 1153 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography January 2006 ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 7208 Retrieved 5 July 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Barrow J 2015 The Clergy in the Medieval World Secular Clerics Their Families and Careers in North Western Europe c 800 c 1200 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 08638 8 Besamusca B 2002 2000 The Medieval Dutch Arthurian Material PDF In Jackson WH Ranawake SA eds The Arthur of the Germans The Arthurian Legend in Medieval German and Dutch Literature Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages Cardiff University of Wales Press pp 187 228 ISBN 0 7083 1776 6 Beuermann I 2010 Norgesveldet South of Cape Wrath Political Views Facts and Questions In Imsen S ed The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c 1100 c 1400 Trondheim Studies in History Trondheim Tapir Academic Press pp 99 123 ISBN 978 82 519 2563 1 Beuermann I 2014 No Soil for Saints Why was There No Native Royal Martyr in Man and the Isles In Sigurdsson JV Bolton T eds Celtic Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages 800 1200 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 81 95 ISBN 978 90 04 25512 8 ISSN 1569 1462 Blakely RM 2005 The Brus Family in England and Scotland 1100 1295 Woodbridge The Boydell Press ISBN 1 84383 152 X Brooke D 1991 Fergus of Galloway Miscellaneous Notes for a Revised Portrait PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 66 47 58 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Brooke D 1994 Wild Men and Holy Places St Ninian Whithorn and the Medieval Realm of Galloway Edinburgh Canongate Press ISBN 0 86241 479 2 Brugger E 1929 1930 The Hebrides in the French Arthurian Romances Arthuriana 2 7 19 doi 10 2307 43859652 eISSN 2515 1029 ISSN 1359 4133 JSTOR 43859652 Butter R 2007 Cill Names and Saints in Argyll A Way Towards Understanding the Early Church in Dal Riata PhD thesis Vol 1 University of Glasgow Caldwell DH Hall MA Wilkinson CM 2009 The Lewis Hoard of Gaming Pieces A Re examination of Their Context Meanings Discovery and Manufacture Medieval Archaeology 53 1 155 203 doi 10 1179 007660909X12457506806243 eISSN 1745 817X ISSN 0076 6097 S2CID 154568763 Clancy TO 2008 The Gall Ghaidheil and Galloway PDF The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 2 19 51 ISSN 2054 9385 Cowan IB Easson DE 1976 1957 Medieval Religious Houses Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man 2nd ed London Longman ISBN 0 582 12069 1 OL 5212943M Cruden S 1986 Scottish Medieval Churches Edinburgh John Donald Publishers ISBN 0 85976 104 5 Cubbon W 1952 Island Heritage Dealing With Some Phases of Manx History Manchester George Falkner amp Sons OL 24831804M Downham C 2013 Living on the Edge Scandinavian Dublin in the Twelfth Century No Horns on Their Helmets Essays on the Insular Viking age Celtic Anglo Saxon and Scandinavian Studies Aberdeen Centre for Anglo Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies University of Aberdeen pp 157 178 ISBN 978 0 9557720 1 6 ISSN 2051 6509 Duffy S 1992 Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man 1052 1171 Eriu 43 93 133 eISSN 2009 0056 ISSN 0332 0758 JSTOR 30007421 Duffy S 1993 Ireland and the Irish Sea Region 1014 1318 PhD thesis Trinity College Dublin hdl 2262 77137 Duffy S 2004 Mac Lochlainn Muirchertach d 1166 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 20745 Retrieved 5 July 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Duffy S 2007 The Prehistory of the Galloglass In Duffy S ed The World of the Galloglass Kings Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland 1200 1600 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 1 23 ISBN 978 1 85182 946 0 Duncan AAM 2008 Alexander I d 1124 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography October 2008 ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 321 Retrieved 24 October 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Ewart G Pringle D Caldwell D Campbell E Driscoll S Forsyth K Gallagher D Holden T Hunter F Sanderson D Thoms J 2004 Dundonald Castle Excavations 1986 93 Scottish Archaeological Journal 26 1 2 i x 1 166 eISSN 1766 2028 ISSN 1471 5767 JSTOR 27917525 Faletra MA 2014 Wales and the Medieval Colonial Imagination The Matters of Britain in the Twelfth Century The New Middle Ages New York Palgrave Macmillan doi 10 1057 9781137391032 ISBN 978 1 137 39103 2 Freeman MA 1983 Fergus Parody and the Arthurian Tradition French Forum 8 3 197 215 eISSN 1534 1836 ISSN 0098 9355 JSTOR 40551390 Forte A Oram RD Pedersen F 2005 Viking Empires Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 82992 2 Griffin PC 2002 The Mac Lochlainn High Kingship in Late Pre Norman Ireland PDF PhD thesis Trinity College Dublin Hill P ed 1997 Whithorn and St Ninian The Excavation of a Monastic Town 1984 91 Phoenix Mill Far Thrupp Stroud GLS Sutton Publishing ISBN 0 7509 0912 9 Hodge A 2007 A New Charter of William the Lion Relating to Strathearn Scottish Historical Review 86 2 314 318 doi 10 3366 shr 2007 86 2 314 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25529984 S2CID 159647128 Hollister CW 2003 2001 Henry I Yale English Monarchs New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 09829 4 Hollister CW 2004 Henry I 1068 9 1135 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 12948 Retrieved 5 July 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Hollister CW Keefe TK 1973 The Making of the Angevin Empire Journal of British Studies 12 2 1 25 doi 10 1086 385639 eISSN 1545 6986 ISSN 0021 9371 JSTOR 175272 S2CID 146449981 Hudson B 2006 Irish Sea Studies 900 1200 Dublin Four Courts Press ISBN 9781851829835 Hudson BT 2005 Viking Pirates and Christian Princes Dynasty Religion and Empire in the North Atlantic Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 516237 0 Hunt T 2005 The Roman de Fergus Parody or Pastiche In Purdie R Royan N eds The Scots and Medieval Arthurian Legend Arthurian Studies Cambridge D S Brewer pp 55 70 ISBN 1 84384 036 7 ISSN 0261 9814 Jamroziak E 2008 Cistercians and Border Conflicts Some Comparisons Between the Experiences of Scotland and Pomerania In Burton J Stober K eds Monasteries and Society in the British Isles in the Later Middle Ages Woodbridge The Boydell Press pp 40 50 ISBN 978 1 84383 386 4 Kapelle WE 1979 The Norman Conquest of the North The Region and its Transformation 1000 1135 Chapel Hill NC University of North Carolina Press ISBN 0 8078 1371 0 Keefe TK 1981 King Henry II and the Earls The Pipe Roll Evidence Albion 13 3 191 222 doi 10 2307 4048847 ISSN 0095 1390 JSTOR 4048847 Kermode PMC 1915 1916 Further Discoveries of Cross Slabs in the Isle of Man PDF Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 50 50 62 doi 10 9750 PSAS 050 50 62 eISSN 2056 743X ISSN 0081 1564 S2CID 223924724 King E 2004 Ranulf I Third Earl of Chester d 1129 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 23127 Retrieved 1 June 2013 Subscription or UK public library membership required Kuiper W 1998 Fergus In Gerritsen WP van Melle AG eds A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes Woodbridge The Boydell Press pp 100 103 ISBN 0 85115 381 X OL 356056M Legge MD 1948 1949 Some Notes on the Roman de Fergus PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 27 163 172 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 17 February 2019 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Legge MD 1964 The Father of Fergus of Galloway Scottish Historical Review 43 1 86 87 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25528555 MacInnes IA 2019 A Somewhat too Cruel Vengeance was Taken for the Blood of the Slain Royal Punishment of Rebels Traitors and Political Enemies in Medieval Scotland c 1100 c 1250 In Tracy L ed Treason Medieval and Early Modern Adultery Betrayal and Shame Explorations in Medieval Culture Leiden Brill pp 119 146 ISBN 978 90 04 40069 6 ISSN 2352 0299 LCCN 2019017096 MacQueen HL 2003 Scotland Politics Government and Law In Rigby SH ed A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages Blackwell Companions to British History Malden MA Blackwell Publishing pp 283 308 ISBN 0 631 21785 1 McDonald A 1995 Scoto Norse Kings and the Reformed Religious Orders Patterns of Monastic Patronage in Twelfth Century Galloway and Argyll Albion 27 2 187 219 doi 10 2307 4051525 ISSN 0095 1390 JSTOR 4051525 McDonald RA 1997 The Kingdom of the Isles Scotland s Western Seaboard c 1100 c 1336 Scottish Historical Monographs East Linton Tuckwell Press ISBN 978 1 898410 85 0 McDonald RA 2000 Rebels Without a Cause The Relations of Fergus of Galloway and Somerled of Argyll With the Scottish Kings 1153 1164 In Cowan E McDonald R eds Alba Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages East Linton Tuckwell Press pp 166 186 ISBN 1 86232 151 5 McDonald RA 2002 Soldiers Most Unfortunate In McDonald R ed History Literature and Music in Scotland 700 1560 Toronto University of Toronto Press pp 93 119 ISBN 0 8020 3601 5 McDonald RA 2003 Outlaws of Medieval Scotland Challenges to the Canmore Kings 1058 1266 East Linton Tuckwell Press ISBN 9781862322363 McDonald RA 2007a Dealing Death From Man Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea 1079 1265 In Duffy S ed The World of the Galloglass Kings Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland 1200 1600 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 45 76 ISBN 978 1 85182 946 0 McDonald RA 2007b Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting 1187 1229 King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty Dublin Four Courts Press ISBN 978 1 84682 047 2 McDonald RA 2008 Man Ireland and England The English Conquest of Ireland and Dublin Manx Relations In Duffy S ed Medieval Dublin Vol 8 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 131 149 ISBN 978 1 84682 042 7 McDonald RA 2012 The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context 1079 1265 In Hudson B ed Studies in the Medieval Atlantic The New Middle Ages New York Palgrave Macmillan pp 143 184 doi 10 1057 9781137062390 0012 ISBN 978 1 137 06239 0 McDonald RA 2016 Sea Kings Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change AD c1100 1265 In Barrett JH Gibbon SJ eds Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Milton Park Abingdon Routledge pp 333 349 doi 10 4324 9781315630755 ISBN 978 1 315 63075 5 ISSN 0583 9106 McDonald RA McLean SA 1992 Somerled of Argyll A New Look at Old Problems Scottish Historical Review 71 1 2 3 22 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25530531 Neville CJ 1983 The Earls of Strathearn From the Twelfth to the Mid Fourteenth Century With an Edition of Their Written Acts PhD thesis Vol 1 University of Aberdeen Neville CJ 2016 The Beginnings of Royal Pardon in Scotland Journal of Medieval History 42 5 1 29 doi 10 1080 03044181 2016 1212250 eISSN 1873 1279 ISSN 0304 4181 S2CID 157655719 O Byrne E 2005a Mac Lochlainn Muirchertach c 1110 1166 In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 295 298 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 O Byrne E 2005b Ua Conchobair Ruaidri c 1116 1198 In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 466 471 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 O Byrne E 2005c Ua Conchobair Tairrdelbach 1088 1156 In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 471 474 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 Oram R 2009 The Medieval Bishops of Whithorn Their Cathedral and Their Tombs In Lowe C ed Clothing for the Soul Divine Burials at the Tomb of St Ninian Excavations at Whithorn Priory 1957 67 Archaeology Report Edinburgh Historic Scotland pp 131 165 hdl 1893 7085 Oram RD 1988 The Lordship of Galloway c 1000 to c 1250 PhD thesis University of St Andrews hdl 10023 2638 Oram RD 1991 Fergus Galloway and the Scots PDF In Oram RD Stell GP eds Galloway Land and Lordship Edinburgh The Scottish Society for Northern Studies pp 117 130 ISBN 0 9505994 6 8 Oram RD 1993 A Family Business Colonisation and Settlement in Twelfth and Thirteenth Century Galloway Scottish Historical Review 72 2 111 145 doi 10 3366 shr 1993 72 2 111 eISSN 1750 0222 hdl 1893 6623 ISSN 0036 9241 Oram RD 2000 The Lordship of Galloway Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 0 85976 541 5 Oram RD 2004 Fergus Lord of Galloway d 1161 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 49360 Retrieved 5 July 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Oram RD 2008 Royal and Lordly Residence in Scotland c 1050 to c 1250 An Historiographical Review and Critical Revision The Antiquaries Journal 88 165 189 doi 10 1017 S0003581500001372 eISSN 1758 5309 hdl 1893 2122 ISSN 0003 5815 S2CID 18450115 Oram RD 2011 Domination and Lordship Scotland 1070 1230 The New Edinburgh History of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 1496 7 Power R 2005 Meeting in Norway Norse Gaelic Relations in the Kingdom of Man and the Isles 1090 1270 PDF Saga Book 29 5 66 ISSN 0305 9219 Radford CAR 1948 1949 Excavations at Whithorn 1949 PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 27 85 126 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 17 February 2019 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Reid RC 1932 Soulseat PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 17 172 181 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 10 May 2013 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Rickard P 2011 1956 Britain in Medieval French Literature 1100 1500 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 67070 9 Rixson D 1982 The West Highland Galley Edinburgh Birlinn ISBN 1 874744 86 6 Scott JG 1982 An Early Sheriff of Dumfries PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 57 90 91 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Scott JG 1988 The Origins of Dundrennan and Soulseat Abbeys PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 63 35 44 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Scott JG 1993 Galloway in the 1100 s PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 68 131 133 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Scott JG 1997 The Partition of a Kingdom Strathclyde 1092 1153 PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 72 11 40 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 10 May 2013 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Scott WW 2008 Malcolm IV 1141 1165 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography January 2008 ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 17860 Retrieved 24 October 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Sellar WDH 2000 Hebridean Sea Kings The Successors of Somerled 1164 1316 In Cowan EJ McDonald RA eds Alba Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages East Linton Tuckwell Press pp 187 218 ISBN 1 86232 151 5 Sharpe R 2011 Peoples and Languages in Eleventh and Twelfth Century Britain and Ireland Reading the Charter Evidence PDF In Broun D ed The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo Norman Britain Glasgow Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies University of Glasgow pp 1 119 ISBN 978 0 85261 919 3 Simms K 2000 1987 From Kings to Warlords Woodbridge The Boydell Press ISBN 978 0 85115 784 9 Smith B 2016 2002 The Frontiers of Church Reform in the British Isles 1170 1230 In Abulafia D Berend N eds Medieval Frontiers Concepts and Practices Milton Park Abingdon Routledge pp 239 253 doi 10 4324 9781315249285 ISBN 978 0 7546 0522 5 Stell G 1991 Medieval Buildings and Secular Lordship PDF In Oram RD Stell GP eds Galloway Land and Lordship Edinburgh The Scottish Society for Northern Studies pp 145 159 ISBN 0 9505994 6 8 Archived from the original PDF on 25 November 2018 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Strickland MJ 2012 The Kings of Scots at War c 1093 1286 In Spiers EM Crang JA Strickland MJ eds A Military History of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 94 132 ISBN 978 0 7486 3204 6 Stringer K 1980 Galloway and the Abbeys of Rievaulx and Dundrennan PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 55 174 177 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 10 May 2013 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Stringer K 2004 Morville Richard de d 1189 90 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 19380 Retrieved 27 September 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Stringer KJ 2000 Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland Galloway c 1140 c 1240 In Cowan EJ McDonald RA eds Alba Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages East Linton Tuckwell Press pp 127 165 ISBN 1 86232 151 5 Taylor A 2016 The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland 1124 1290 Oxford Studies in Medieval European History Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 874920 2 Thomas N 1993 The Old French Roman de Fergus Scottish Mise en Scene and Political Implication Parergon 11 1 91 101 doi 10 1353 pgn 1993 0045 S2CID 144806146 Thompson K 2003 Affairs of State The Illegitimate Children of Henry I Journal of Medieval History 29 2 129 151 doi 10 1016 S0304 4181 03 00015 0 eISSN 1873 1279 ISSN 0304 4181 S2CID 144398531 Webb N 2004 Settlement and Integration in Scotland 1124 1214 Local Society and the Development of Aristocratic Communities With Special Reference to the Anglo French Settlement of the South East PhD thesis University of Glasgow Wenthe M 2012 Mapping Scottish Identity in the Roman de Fergus PDF LATCH A Journal for the Study of the Literary Artifact in Theory Culture or History 5 28 53 eISSN 1940 5731 ISSN 1947 9441 Archived from the original PDF on 15 August 2016 Retrieved 31 July 2016 Wilson DM 1973 Manx Memorial Stones of the Viking Period PDF Saga Book 18 1 18 Woolf A 2004 The Age of Sea Kings 900 1300 In Omand D ed The Argyll Book Edinburgh Birlinn pp 94 109 ISBN 1 84158 253 0 Woolf A 2013 The Song of the Death of Somerled and the Destruction of Glasgow in 1153 Journal of the Sydney Society for Scottish History 14 1 11 External links edit Fergus Lord of Galloway d 1161 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 Regnal titles Unknown Lord of Galloway 1160 Succeeded byGilla Brigte Succeeded byUhtred Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fergus of Galloway amp oldid 1217764142, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.