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Extinct Kannada literature

July 25, 2023

Extinct Kannada literature is a body of literature of the Kannada language dating from the period preceding the first extant work, Kavirajamarga (ca. 850 CE).

Although no works of this period are available now, references to them are found in the Kavirajamarga and a handful of other extant works. While a few scholars may have expressed reservations regarding the extent of this literature, noted modern scholars such as A.K. Ramanujan,[1] K.A. Nilakanta Sastri,[2] R. S. Mugali,[3] and A. K. Warder,[4] to name a few, have hypothesized that a body of literature must have existed in an earlier period.

Some early writings and forms

The earliest available examples of a Kannada inscriptions are the Halmidi inscription, allegedly[5][6] a Kadamba royal edict commonly dated to fifth or sixth century CE,[7][8] the Tamatekallu inscription which has been identified by some scholars to be from the 5th century,[9] the Siragunda inscription of 500 CE,[10] and the dated Badami cave inscription of King Mangalesha (578 CE).[11][12] The Kappe Arabhatta record of the 7th century and the Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena, also from the 7th century, form the earliest surviving record of Kannada poetry.[11][13][14]

The earliest surviving literature in rich manuscript form, the Kavirajamarga ("Royal Path for Poets") is dated to 850 CE; references are made in it to earlier prose writers such as Durvinita, Vimalachandra, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu and to poets including Kavisvara, Srivijaya, Pandita Chandra, Ravi Kirti (634) and Lokapala.[4][15][16][17]

Extinct writings and forms

Kavirajamarga discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada, the gadyakatha, a mixture of prose and poetry, the chattana and the bedande, poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument.[18][19][20] Regarding earlier poetry in Kannada, the author of Kavirajamarga states "Hala Gannada (lit old Kannada) is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in works of the present time, like an association with an old woman" .[21]

Other writers, whose works are not in existence now but titles of which are mentioned in independent references[22] are Syamakundacharya (c. 650), who authored the Prabhrita, and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, c. 650 or earlier), who wrote the Chudamani ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic.[2][23][24][25] The Karnatheshwara Katha, a eulogy of the Chalukya King Pulakesi II, is ascribed to the 7th or 8th century.[26] The Gajashtaka, a lost ashtaka (eight line verse) composition, was authored by King Shivamara II in c. 800. The composition served as the basis for two popular folk songs, ovanige and onakevadu, which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit (ovam).[27][28]

Srivijaya, a court poet of Amoghavarsha I, wrote the Chandraprabha Purana in the early 9th century. His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550) and praised by Durgasimha (c. 1025).[29] During the same period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya and Varadamana Charitra. His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today.[30] Gunagankiyam, the earliest known prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil work dated to the 10th century or earlier (Yapparungalakkarigai by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, who was known as an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose lived in the 9th century.[31][32] Around c. 900, Gunavarma I wrote Shudraka and Harivamsha (also known as Neminatha Purana). In Shudraka he compared his patron, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II, to a noted king called Shudraka.[28][33] Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna (c. 950) as the author of Pujyapada Charita, had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra".[34][35]

Notes

  1. ^ Ramanujan A.K. (1973), p. 11
  2. ^ a b Sastri (1955), p. 355
  3. ^ Mugali R.S. (2006), pp. 173-175
  4. ^ a b Warder (1988), p. 240
  5. ^ Gai 1996, p. 26 Quote: "Since the Halmidi inscription does not belong to the reign of Kakusthavarman, it is not included in this volume."
  6. ^ Quote: "The undated Halmidi (Hassan District, Karnataka) inscription, allegedly written during the reign of Kadamba Kakusthavarman, ..." (K. V. Ramesh) Ramesh 1984b, p. 55
  7. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1717, 1474
  8. ^ Kamath (1980), p. 10
  9. ^ Pai in Bhat, (1993), p. 102
  10. ^ Rice E.P. (1921), p. 13
  11. ^ a b Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717
  12. ^ Kamath (2001), p. 10, 57
  13. ^ Kamath (1980), p. 67
  14. ^ . Official website of CIIL,Government of India. Classicalkannada.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  15. ^ Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278-2283
  16. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 2
  17. ^ Rice E.P., (1921), pp. 25, 28
  18. ^ Garg (1987), vol 4
  19. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 13, 17
  20. ^ Nagaraj in Sheldon (2003), p. 333
  21. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 12
  22. ^ Such as Indranandi's Srutavatara, Devachandra's Rajavalikathe (Narasimhacharya, 1934, pp. 4–5); Bhattakalanka's Sabdanusasana of 1604 (Sastri 1955, p. 355), writings of Jayakirthi (Kamath 1980, p. 67)
  23. ^ Rice B.L. (1897), pp. 496–497
  24. ^ Rice E.P. (1921), p. 27
  25. ^ Mugali (1975), p. 13
  26. ^ Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (1980), p. 67
  27. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248
  28. ^ a b Kamath (1980), p. 50
  29. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 17–18
  30. ^ Warder (1988), pp. 240–241
  31. ^ Narasimhacharya 1934, p. 29
  32. ^ Rice E.P. (1921), p. 28
  33. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 18
  34. ^ Lewis Rice (1985), p xv
  35. ^ Altekar (1934), p412

References

  • Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934) [1934]. The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D. Poona: Oriental Book Agency. OCLC 3793499.
  • Bhat, Thirumaleshwara (1993) [1993]. Govinda Pai. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-7201-540-2.
  • Gai, G. S. (1992). "Studies in Indian History, Epigraphy, and Culture". Karnataka, India: Shrihari Prakashana. Pp. 346.
  • Gai, G. S. (1996). Inscriptions of the Early Kadambas (PDF). Indian Council of Historical Research. doi:10.5281/zenodo.573689. ISBN 81-85268-47-9.
  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
  • Karmarkar, A.P. (1947) [1947]. Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval. Dharwad: Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha. OCLC 8221605.
  • Mugaḷi, Raṃ Śrī (2006) [1946]. The Heritage of Karnataka: in relation to India. Read Books [Bangalore: Satyasodhama]. ISBN 978-1-4067-0232-3.
  • Nagaraj, D.R. (2003) [2003]. "Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture". In Sheldon I. Pollock (ed.). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 1066. pp. 323–. ISBN 0-520-22821-9.
  • Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1934]. History of Kannada Literature. Mysore: Government Press. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
  • Ramesh, K. V. (1984b), Indian Epigraphy, Sundeep
  • Pollock, Sheldon (2003). Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22821-9.
  • Pollock, Sheldon (2006). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India (Philip E. Lilienthal Books). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24500-8.
  • Ramanujan, A.K. (1973). Speaking of Siva. England: Penguin.
  • Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.
  • Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. A History of Kanarese Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0063-0.
  • Lewis, Rice (1985). Nagavarmma's Karnataka Bhasha Bhushana. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0062-2.
  • Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 378. ISBN 0-19-509984-2.
  • Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
  • Sircar, D. C. (1996) [1965]. Indian Epigraphy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 81-208-1166-6. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  • Various (1987) [1987]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 1. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1803-8.
  • Various (1988) [1988]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1194-7.
  • Various (1992) [1992]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1221-8.
  • Warder, A.K. (1988) [1988]. Indian Kavya Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0450-3.

July 25, 2023
extinct, kannada, literature, body, literature, kannada, language, dating, from, period, preceding, first, extant, work, kavirajamarga, although, works, this, period, available, references, them, found, kavirajamarga, handful, other, extant, works, while, scho. Extinct Kannada literature is a body of literature of the Kannada language dating from the period preceding the first extant work Kavirajamarga ca 850 CE Although no works of this period are available now references to them are found in the Kavirajamarga and a handful of other extant works While a few scholars may have expressed reservations regarding the extent of this literature noted modern scholars such as A K Ramanujan 1 K A Nilakanta Sastri 2 R S Mugali 3 and A K Warder 4 to name a few have hypothesized that a body of literature must have existed in an earlier period Contents 1 Some early writings and forms 2 Extinct writings and forms 3 Notes 4 ReferencesSome early writings and forms EditThe earliest available examples of a Kannada inscriptions are the Halmidi inscription allegedly 5 6 a Kadamba royal edict commonly dated to fifth or sixth century CE 7 8 the Tamatekallu inscription which has been identified by some scholars to be from the 5th century 9 the Siragunda inscription of 500 CE 10 and the dated Badami cave inscription of King Mangalesha 578 CE 11 12 The Kappe Arabhatta record of the 7th century and the Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena also from the 7th century form the earliest surviving record of Kannada poetry 11 13 14 The earliest surviving literature in rich manuscript form the Kavirajamarga Royal Path for Poets is dated to 850 CE references are made in it to earlier prose writers such as Durvinita Vimalachandra Udaya Nagarjuna Jayabhandu and to poets including Kavisvara Srivijaya Pandita Chandra Ravi Kirti 634 and Lokapala 4 15 16 17 Extinct writings and forms EditKavirajamarga discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada the gadyakatha a mixture of prose and poetry the chattana and the bedande poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument 18 19 20 Regarding earlier poetry in Kannada the author of Kavirajamarga states Hala Gannada lit old Kannada is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in works of the present time like an association with an old woman 21 Other writers whose works are not in existence now but titles of which are mentioned in independent references 22 are Syamakundacharya c 650 who authored the Prabhrita and Srivaradhadeva also called Tumubuluracharya c 650 or earlier who wrote the Chudamani Crest Jewel a 96 000 verse commentary on logic 2 23 24 25 The Karnatheshwara Katha a eulogy of the Chalukya King Pulakesi II is ascribed to the 7th or 8th century 26 The Gajashtaka a lost ashtaka eight line verse composition was authored by King Shivamara II in c 800 The composition served as the basis for two popular folk songs ovanige and onakevadu which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit ovam 27 28 Srivijaya a court poet of Amoghavarsha I wrote the Chandraprabha Purana in the early 9th century His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah also spelt Doddayya c 1550 and praised by Durgasimha c 1025 29 During the same period the Digambara Jain poet Asaga or Asoka authored among other writings Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya and Varadamana Charitra His works have been praised by later poets although none of his works are available today 30 Gunagankiyam the earliest known prosody in Kannada was referenced in a Tamil work dated to the 10th century or earlier Yapparungalakkarigai by Amritasagara Gunanandi who was known as an expert in logic Kannada grammar and prose lived in the 9th century 31 32 Around c 900 Gunavarma I wrote Shudraka and Harivamsha also known as Neminatha Purana In Shudraka he compared his patron Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II to a noted king called Shudraka 28 33 Jinachandra who is referred to by Sri Ponna c 950 as the author of Pujyapada Charita had earned the honorific modern Samantha Bhadra 34 35 Notes Edit Ramanujan A K 1973 p 11 a b Sastri 1955 p 355 Mugali R S 2006 pp 173 175 a b Warder 1988 p 240 Gai 1996 p 26 Quote Since the Halmidi inscription does not belong to the reign of Kakusthavarman it is not included in this volume Quote The undated Halmidi Hassan District Karnataka inscription allegedly written during the reign of Kadamba Kakusthavarman K V Ramesh Ramesh 1984b p 55 Sahitya Akademi 1988 pp 1717 1474 Kamath 1980 p 10 Pai in Bhat 1993 p 102 Rice E P 1921 p 13 a b Sahitya Akademi 1988 p 1717 Kamath 2001 p 10 57 Kamath 1980 p 67 Inscriptions Official website of CIIL Government of India Classicalkannada org Archived from the original on 24 June 2013 Retrieved 29 February 2012 Rao in Datta 1994 pp 2278 2283 Narasimhacharya 1934 p 2 Rice E P 1921 pp 25 28 Garg 1987 vol 4 Narasimhacharya 1934 pp 13 17 Nagaraj in Sheldon 2003 p 333 Narasimhacharya 1934 p 12 Such as Indranandi s Srutavatara Devachandra s Rajavalikathe Narasimhacharya 1934 pp 4 5 Bhattakalanka s Sabdanusasana of 1604 Sastri 1955 p 355 writings of Jayakirthi Kamath 1980 p 67 Rice B L 1897 pp 496 497 Rice E P 1921 p 27 Mugali 1975 p 13 Chidananda Murthy in Kamath 1980 p 67 Sahitya Akademi 1987 p 248 a b Kamath 1980 p 50 Narasimhacharya 1934 pp 17 18 Warder 1988 pp 240 241 Narasimhacharya 1934 p 29 Rice E P 1921 p 28 Narasimhacharya 1934 p 18 Lewis Rice 1985 p xv Altekar 1934 p412References EditAltekar Anant Sadashiv 1934 1934 The Rashtrakutas And Their Times being a political administrative religious social economic and literary history of the Deccan during C 750 A D to C 1000 A D Poona Oriental Book Agency OCLC 3793499 Bhat Thirumaleshwara 1993 1993 Govinda Pai Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81 7201 540 2 Gai G S 1992 Studies in Indian History Epigraphy and Culture Karnataka India Shrihari Prakashana Pp 346 Gai G S 1996 Inscriptions of the Early Kadambas PDF Indian Council of Historical Research doi 10 5281 zenodo 573689 ISBN 81 85268 47 9 Kamath Suryanath U 2001 1980 A concise history of Karnataka from pre historic times to the present Bangalore Jupiter books LCCN 80905179 OCLC 7796041 Karmarkar A P 1947 1947 Cultural history of Karnataka ancient and medieval Dharwad Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha OCLC 8221605 Mugaḷi Raṃ Sri 2006 1946 The Heritage of Karnataka in relation to India Read Books Bangalore Satyasodhama ISBN 978 1 4067 0232 3 Nagaraj D R 2003 2003 Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture In Sheldon I Pollock ed Literary Cultures in History Reconstructions from South Asia Berkeley and London University of California Press Pp 1066 pp 323 ISBN 0 520 22821 9 Narasimhacharya R 1988 1934 History of Kannada Literature Mysore Government Press Reprinted by Asian Educational Services New Delhi ISBN 81 206 0303 6 Ramesh K V 1984b Indian Epigraphy Sundeep Pollock Sheldon 2003 Literary cultures in history reconstructions from South Asia Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 22821 9 Pollock Sheldon 2006 The Language of the Gods in the World of Men Sanskrit Culture and Power in Premodern India Philip E Lilienthal Books Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 24500 8 Ramanujan A K 1973 Speaking of Siva England Penguin Rice B L 2001 1897 Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government vol 1 New Delhi Madras Asian Educational Services ISBN 81 206 0977 8 Rice E P 1982 1921 A History of Kanarese Literature New Delhi Asian Educational Services ISBN 81 206 0063 0 Lewis Rice 1985 Nagavarmma s Karnataka Bhasha Bhushana Asian Educational Services ISBN 81 206 0062 2 Salomon Richard 1998 Indian Epigraphy A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit Prakrit and Other Indo Aryan Languages Oxford and New York Oxford University Press Pp 378 ISBN 0 19 509984 2 Sastri K A Nilakanta 2002 1955 A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar New Delhi Indian Branch Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 560686 8 Sircar D C 1996 1965 Indian Epigraphy Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publications ISBN 81 208 1166 6 Retrieved 29 August 2012 Various 1987 1987 Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol 1 Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81 260 1803 8 Various 1988 1988 Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol 2 Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81 260 1194 7 Various 1992 1992 Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol 5 Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81 260 1221 8 Warder A K 1988 1988 Indian Kavya Literature Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 0450 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Extinct Kannada literature amp oldid 1144223921, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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