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Exserohilum

May 03, 2024

Exserohilum is a genus of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae. The Exserohilum species are known for causing blight and human immune system diseases. The sexual reproductive (or ascigerous) states of Exserohilum species are known as Setosphaeria. The type species is Exserohilum turcicum. This genus is among three dematiaceous that are categorized for containing pathogens leading to diseases like phaeohyphomycosis.

Exserohilum
Exserohilum turcicum on corn leaf
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Pleosporaceae
Genus: Exserohilum
K.J.Leonard & Suggs (1974)
Type species
Exserohilum turcicum
(Pass.) K.J.Leonard & Suggs (1974)

Morphology edit

Exserohilum is an asexual organism that reproduces through spores. These one-celled reproductive units are concave and can be seen in the suspensor.[1]

Taxonomy edit

Exserohilum was circumscribed by K. Leonard and Edna Suggs in 1974 to contain species formerly placed in Bipolaris with distinctly protruding hila.[2] Exsero which means stretch out and hilum which refers to the part of the organism. The truncate hila or hilum, protrudes from its distinct conidia which are ellipsoidal and distoseptate (forming a layer).[3]

Colonies of Exserohilum range from the color grey to blackish-brown. The texture varies from suede-like to floccose in texture. The species also have an olivaceous to black reverse. The conidia from which the hilum extends, are either straight, curved, slightly bent or ellipsoidal to fusiform. and are formed on the top through a pore (poroconidia) on an elongated sympodial angled conidiophore. The strong, protruding truncate hilum and the septum above is normally thick and dark. The end cells are paler and the walls finely roughened. The conidial germination of Exserohilum is bipolar.[1]

Habitat and distribution edit

Exserohilum has a cosmopolitan distribution, with its species found naturally in warm, tropical, and subtropical locations. They live on plant material like grasses, rotten wood and in the soil.[4]

Species edit

As of October 2015, Index Fungorum lists 26 valid species of Exserohilum:[5]

Clinical significance edit

Infection cases caused by exposure to Exserohilum are rare, but it's the most well studied detail of the fungi. The three species of Exserohilum that are identified as human pathogens are: Exserohilum rostratum, Exserohilum longirostratum and Exserohilum mcginnisii. Prevailing infections include sinusitis, skin infection and in some rare cases, cerebral abscesses, keratitis, osteomyelitis, prothetic valve endocarditis, and disseminated infection. Reports of human infection by Exserohilum mainly come from warm, tropical and subtropical locations such as southern United States, India, and Israel.[3]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Fungal Diseases". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  2. ^ Leonard KJ, Suggs EG (1974). "Setosphaeria prolata, the ascigerous state of Exserohilum prolatum". Mycologia. 66 (2): 281–297. doi:10.2307/3758363. JSTOR 3758363.
  3. ^ a b Liu, Dongyou, ed. (2011). Molecular detection of human fungal pathogens. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. pp. 83–91. ISBN 978-1-4398-1240-2.
  4. ^ Therese KL, Madhavan HN (2011). "Exserohilum". In Liu D. (ed.). Molecular Detection of Human Fungal Pathogens. CRC Press. pp. 83–91. ISBN 978-1-4398-1240-2.
  5. ^ Kirk PM. "Species Fungorum (version 28th September 2015). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life". Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  6. ^ Castañeda Ruiz RF, Guarro J, Cano J (1995). "A new species of Exserohilum from Cuba". Mycological Research. 99 (7): 825–826. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80734-X.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Sivanesan A. (1984). "New species of Exserohilum". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 83 (2): 319–329. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(84)80154-0.
  8. ^ Sivanesan A, Abdullah SK, Abbas BA (1993). "Exserohilum curvisporum sp. nov., a new hyphomycetes from Iraq". Mycological Research. 97 (12): 1486–1488. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80222-0.
  9. ^ Alcorn JL. (1983). "Generic concepts in Drechslera, Bipolaris and Exserohilum". Mycotaxon. 17: 1–88.
  10. ^ Sun GY, Zhang R, Zhou W, Zhu MQ (2005). "Exserohilum heteromorphum sp. nov., a new helminthosporioid fungus from Echinochloa in China". Mycotaxon. 92: 173–176.
  11. ^ Steiman R, Guiraud P, Seigle-Murandi F, Sage L (2000). "Exserohilum israeli, a new species isolated from soil from Timna Park (Israel), and its physiological properties". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 78 (2): 153–161. doi:10.1023/A:1026561631387. PMID 11204767. S2CID 1347744.
  12. ^ Choudhary, M.; Sardana, H. R.; Bhat, M. N.; Gurjar, M. S. (1 October 2018). "First Report of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Exserohilum rostratum on Bottle Gourd in India". Plant Disease. 102 (10): 2042. doi:10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0315-PDN. PMID 30088959.
  13. ^ Sun GY, Zhang R, Zhu MQ, Zhang TY (1997). "A new species of Exserohilum from China". Mycological Research. 101 (7): 776–778. doi:10.1017/S0953756297003547.
  14. ^ Padhye AA, Ajello L, Wieden MA, Steinbronn KK (1986). "Phaeohyphomycosis of the nasal sinuses caused by a new species of Exserohilum". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 24 (2): 245–249. doi:10.1128/jcm.24.2.245-249.1986. PMC 268883. PMID 3745422.  
  15. ^ a b Sivanesan A. (1987). "Graminicolous species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, Exserohilum and their teleomorphs". Mycological Papers. 158: 1–261.
  16. ^ Alcorn JL. (1988). "A new species of Exserohilum". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 90: 146–148. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80199-2.
  17. ^ Sivanesan A. (1992). "New Bipolaris, Curvularia and Exserohilum species". Mycological Research. 96 (6): 485–489. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81095-2.

External links edit

Exserohilum in Index Fungorum

May 03, 2024
exserohilum, genus, fungi, family, pleosporaceae, species, known, causing, blight, human, immune, system, diseases, sexual, reproductive, ascigerous, states, species, known, setosphaeria, type, species, turcicum, this, genus, among, three, dematiaceous, that, . Exserohilum is a genus of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae The Exserohilum species are known for causing blight and human immune system diseases The sexual reproductive or ascigerous states of Exserohilum species are known as Setosphaeria The type species is Exserohilum turcicum This genus is among three dematiaceous that are categorized for containing pathogens leading to diseases like phaeohyphomycosis Exserohilum Exserohilum turcicum on corn leaf Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Class Dothideomycetes Order Pleosporales Family Pleosporaceae Genus ExserohilumK J Leonard amp Suggs 1974 Type species Exserohilum turcicum Pass K J Leonard amp Suggs 1974 Contents 1 Morphology 2 Taxonomy 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Species 5 Clinical significance 6 References 7 External linksMorphology editExserohilum is an asexual organism that reproduces through spores These one celled reproductive units are concave and can be seen in the suspensor 1 Taxonomy editExserohilum was circumscribed by K Leonard and Edna Suggs in 1974 to contain species formerly placed in Bipolaris with distinctly protruding hila 2 Exsero which means stretch out and hilum which refers to the part of the organism The truncate hila or hilum protrudes from its distinct conidia which are ellipsoidal and distoseptate forming a layer 3 Colonies of Exserohilum range from the color grey to blackish brown The texture varies from suede like to floccose in texture The species also have an olivaceous to black reverse The conidia from which the hilum extends are either straight curved slightly bent or ellipsoidal to fusiform and are formed on the top through a pore poroconidia on an elongated sympodial angled conidiophore The strong protruding truncate hilum and the septum above is normally thick and dark The end cells are paler and the walls finely roughened The conidial germination of Exserohilum is bipolar 1 Habitat and distribution editExserohilum has a cosmopolitan distribution with its species found naturally in warm tropical and subtropical locations They live on plant material like grasses rotten wood and in the soil 4 Species editAs of October 2015 update Index Fungorum lists 26 valid species of Exserohilum 5 Exserohilum antillanum R F Castaneda Guarro amp Cano 1995 Cuba 6 Exserohilum curvatum Sivan amp Muthaiyan 1984 Venezuela 7 Exserohilum curvisporum Sivan Abdullah amp B A Abbas 1993 Iraq 8 Exserohilum echinochloae Sivan 1984 Bangladesh 7 Exserohilum frumentacei Mitra K J Leonard amp Suggs 1974 Andhra Pradesh Bihar Botswana Ethiopia Sabah Exserohilum fusiforme Alcorn 1991 Queensland Exserohilum gedarefense El Shafie Alcorn 1983 Egypt Sudan 9 Exserohilum heteromorphum G Y Sun 2005 10 Exserohilum heteropogonicola Sivan 1984 Colombia Uttaranchal 7 Exserohilum inaequale Sivan 1984 Nigeria 7 Exserohilum israeli Steiman Guiraud Seigle Mur amp Sage 2000 Israel 11 Exserohilum longirostratum Subram Sivan 1984 Andhra Pradesh Florida France Haryana 12 Madhya Pradesh Nigeria Northern Territory Puerto Rico Rajasthan Sudan Uttar Pradesh Zambia 7 Exserohilum longisporum G Y Sun 1997 China 13 Exserohilum mcginnisii A A Padhye amp Ajello 1986 14 Exserohilum minor Alcorn 1986 Exserohilum neoregeliae Sakoda amp Tsukib 2011 Exserohilum oryzae Sivan 1987 Macedonia 15 Exserohilum oryzicola Sivan 1984 7 Exserohilum oryzinum Sivan 1984 Egypt 7 Exserohilum parlierense W Q Chen amp Michailides 2002 Exserohilum paspali J J Muchovej amp Nesio 1987 Minas Gerais Exserohilum phragmitis W P Wu 1990 Exserohilum protrudens Alcorn 1988 16 Exserohilum psidii Sivan 1992 Andhra Pradesh 17 Exserohilum sodomii Guiraud Steiman Seigle Mur amp Sage 1997 Israel Exserohilum sorghicola Sivan 1987 Ethiopia 15 Clinical significance editInfection cases caused by exposure to Exserohilum are rare but it s the most well studied detail of the fungi The three species of Exserohilum that are identified as human pathogens are Exserohilum rostratum Exserohilum longirostratum and Exserohilum mcginnisii Prevailing infections include sinusitis skin infection and in some rare cases cerebral abscesses keratitis osteomyelitis prothetic valve endocarditis and disseminated infection Reports of human infection by Exserohilum mainly come from warm tropical and subtropical locations such as southern United States India and Israel 3 References edit a b Fungal Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Retrieved 21 October 2015 Leonard KJ Suggs EG 1974 Setosphaeria prolata the ascigerous state of Exserohilum prolatum Mycologia 66 2 281 297 doi 10 2307 3758363 JSTOR 3758363 a b Liu Dongyou ed 2011 Molecular detection of human fungal pathogens Boca Raton Fla CRC Press pp 83 91 ISBN 978 1 4398 1240 2 Therese KL Madhavan HN 2011 Exserohilum In Liu D ed Molecular Detection of Human Fungal Pathogens CRC Press pp 83 91 ISBN 978 1 4398 1240 2 Kirk PM Species Fungorum version 28th September 2015 In Species 2000 amp ITIS Catalogue of Life Retrieved 14 October 2015 Castaneda Ruiz RF Guarro J Cano J 1995 A new species of Exserohilum from Cuba Mycological Research 99 7 825 826 doi 10 1016 S0953 7562 09 80734 X a b c d e f g Sivanesan A 1984 New species of Exserohilum Transactions of the British Mycological Society 83 2 319 329 doi 10 1016 s0007 1536 84 80154 0 Sivanesan A Abdullah SK Abbas BA 1993 Exserohilum curvisporum sp nov a new hyphomycetes from Iraq Mycological Research 97 12 1486 1488 doi 10 1016 S0953 7562 09 80222 0 Alcorn JL 1983 Generic concepts in Drechslera Bipolaris and Exserohilum Mycotaxon 17 1 88 Sun GY Zhang R Zhou W Zhu MQ 2005 Exserohilum heteromorphum sp nov a new helminthosporioid fungus from Echinochloa in China Mycotaxon 92 173 176 Steiman R Guiraud P Seigle Murandi F Sage L 2000 Exserohilum israeli a new species isolated from soil from Timna Park Israel and its physiological properties Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 78 2 153 161 doi 10 1023 A 1026561631387 PMID 11204767 S2CID 1347744 Choudhary M Sardana H R Bhat M N Gurjar M S 1 October 2018 First Report of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Exserohilum rostratum on Bottle Gourd in India Plant Disease 102 10 2042 doi 10 1094 PDIS 02 18 0315 PDN PMID 30088959 Sun GY Zhang R Zhu MQ Zhang TY 1997 A new species of Exserohilum from China Mycological Research 101 7 776 778 doi 10 1017 S0953756297003547 Padhye AA Ajello L Wieden MA Steinbronn KK 1986 Phaeohyphomycosis of the nasal sinuses caused by a new species of Exserohilum Journal of Clinical Microbiology 24 2 245 249 doi 10 1128 jcm 24 2 245 249 1986 PMC 268883 PMID 3745422 nbsp a b Sivanesan A 1987 Graminicolous species of Bipolaris Curvularia Drechslera Exserohilum and their teleomorphs Mycological Papers 158 1 261 Alcorn JL 1988 A new species of Exserohilum Transactions of the British Mycological Society 90 146 148 doi 10 1016 s0007 1536 88 80199 2 Sivanesan A 1992 New Bipolaris Curvularia and Exserohilum species Mycological Research 96 6 485 489 doi 10 1016 S0953 7562 09 81095 2 External links editExserohilum in Index Fungorum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Exserohilum amp oldid 1179529056, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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