Those propositions are made true by objective features of the world, independent of human opinion.
These moral features of the world are notreducible to any set of non-moral features.
This makes ethical non-naturalism a non-definist form of moral realism, which is in turn a form of cognitivism. Ethical non-naturalism stands in opposition to ethical naturalism, which claims that moral terms and properties are reducible to non-moral terms and properties, as well as to all forms of moral anti-realism, including ethical subjectivism (which denies that moral propositions refer to objective facts), error theory (which denies that any moral propositions are true), and non-cognitivism (which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all).
According to G. E. Moore, "Goodness is a simple, undefinable, non-natural property." To call goodness "non-natural" does not mean that it is supernatural or divine. It does mean, however, that goodness cannot be reduced to natural properties such as needs, wants or pleasures. Moore also stated that a reduction of ethical properties to a divine command would be the same as stating their naturalness. This would be an example of what he referred to as "the naturalistic fallacy."
Moore claimed that goodness is "indefinable", i.e., it cannot be defined in any other terms. This is the central claim of non-naturalism. Thus, the meaning of sentences containing the word "good" cannot be explained entirely in terms of sentences not containing the word "good." One cannot substitute words referring to pleasure, needs or anything else in place of "good."
Some properties, such as hardness, roundness and dampness, are clearly natural properties. We encounter them in the real world and can perceive them. On the other hand, other properties, such as being good and being right, are not so obvious. A great novel is considered to be a good thing; goodness may be said to be a property of that novel. Paying one's debts and telling the truth are generally held to be right things to do; rightness may be said to be a property of certain human actions.
However, these two types of property are quite different. Those natural properties, such as hardness and roundness, can be perceived and encountered in the real world. On the other hand, it is not immediately clear how to physically see, touch or measure the goodness of a novel or the rightness of an action.
A difficult question
Moore did not consider goodness and rightness to be natural properties, i.e., they cannot be defined in terms of any natural properties. How, then, can we know that anything is good and how can we distinguish good from bad?
Moral epistemology, the part of epistemology (and/or ethics) that studies how we know moral facts and how moral beliefs are justified, has proposed an answer. British epistemologists, following Moore, suggested that humans have a special faculty, a faculty of moral intuition, which tells us what is good and bad, right and wrong.
Ethical intuitionists assert that, if we see a good person or a right action, and our faculty of moral intuition is sufficiently developed and unimpaired, we simply intuit that the person is good or that the action is right. Moral intuition is supposed to be a mental process different from other, more familiar faculties like sense-perception, and that moral judgments are its outputs. When someone judges something to be good, or some action to be right, then the person is using the faculty of moral intuition. The faculty is attuned to those non-natural properties. Perhaps the best ordinary notion that approximates moral intuition would be the idea of a conscience.
Another argument for non-naturalism
Moore also introduced what is called the open-question argument, a position he later rejected.
Suppose a definition of "good" is "pleasure-causing." In other words, if something is good, it causes pleasure; if it causes pleasure, then it is, by definition, good. Moore asserted, however, that we could always ask, "But are pleasure-causing things good?" This would always be an open question. There is no foregone conclusion that, indeed, pleasure-causing things are good. In his initial argument, Moore concluded that any similar definition of goodness could be criticized in the same way.
ethical, naturalism, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, ad. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ethical non naturalism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Ethical non naturalism or moral non naturalism is the meta ethical view which claims that Ethical sentences express propositions Some such propositions are true Those propositions are made true by objective features of the world independent of human opinion These moral features of the world are not reducible to any set of non moral features This makes ethical non naturalism a non definist form of moral realism which is in turn a form of cognitivism Ethical non naturalism stands in opposition to ethical naturalism which claims that moral terms and properties are reducible to non moral terms and properties as well as to all forms of moral anti realism including ethical subjectivism which denies that moral propositions refer to objective facts error theory which denies that any moral propositions are true and non cognitivism which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all Contents 1 Definitions and examples 2 A difficult question 3 Another argument for non naturalism 4 See also 5 External linksDefinitions and examples EditAccording to G E Moore Goodness is a simple undefinable non natural property To call goodness non natural does not mean that it is supernatural or divine It does mean however that goodness cannot be reduced to natural properties such as needs wants or pleasures Moore also stated that a reduction of ethical properties to a divine command would be the same as stating their naturalness This would be an example of what he referred to as the naturalistic fallacy Moore claimed that goodness is indefinable i e it cannot be defined in any other terms This is the central claim of non naturalism Thus the meaning of sentences containing the word good cannot be explained entirely in terms of sentences not containing the word good One cannot substitute words referring to pleasure needs or anything else in place of good Some properties such as hardness roundness and dampness are clearly natural properties We encounter them in the real world and can perceive them On the other hand other properties such as being good and being right are not so obvious A great novel is considered to be a good thing goodness may be said to be a property of that novel Paying one s debts and telling the truth are generally held to be right things to do rightness may be said to be a property of certain human actions However these two types of property are quite different Those natural properties such as hardness and roundness can be perceived and encountered in the real world On the other hand it is not immediately clear how to physically see touch or measure the goodness of a novel or the rightness of an action A difficult question EditMoore did not consider goodness and rightness to be natural properties i e they cannot be defined in terms of any natural properties How then can we know that anything is good and how can we distinguish good from bad Moral epistemology the part of epistemology and or ethics that studies how we know moral facts and how moral beliefs are justified has proposed an answer British epistemologists following Moore suggested that humans have a special faculty a faculty of moral intuition which tells us what is good and bad right and wrong Ethical intuitionists assert that if we see a good person or a right action and our faculty of moral intuition is sufficiently developed and unimpaired we simply intuit that the person is good or that the action is right Moral intuition is supposed to be a mental process different from other more familiar faculties like sense perception and that moral judgments are its outputs When someone judges something to be good or some action to be right then the person is using the faculty of moral intuition The faculty is attuned to those non natural properties Perhaps the best ordinary notion that approximates moral intuition would be the idea of a conscience Another argument for non naturalism EditMoore also introduced what is called the open question argument a position he later rejected Suppose a definition of good is pleasure causing In other words if something is good it causes pleasure if it causes pleasure then it is by definition good Moore asserted however that we could always ask But are pleasure causing things good This would always be an open question There is no foregone conclusion that indeed pleasure causing things are good In his initial argument Moore concluded that any similar definition of goodness could be criticized in the same way See also EditPrincipia Ethica The Right and the GoodExternal links Edit Moral Non Naturalism entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ethical non naturalism amp oldid 1128689743, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
