In 1755 or 1756 Martínez joined the marine Colegio de San Telmo in Seville, a school for pilotos (a non-commissioned naval rank equivalent to Master). By 1773 he was a piloto segundo (second class piloto) at the Naval Department of San Blas in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present day Mexico).[1]
Pacific Northwestedit
The Spanish had explored and claimed the Pacific Northwest region in 1774 under Juan Pérez, and in 1775 under Bruno de Heceta and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra. In the 1774 Pérez expedition Martínez was second in command of the frigate Santiago. The expedition had the first recorded European contact with the indigenous Haida people of the Queen Charlotte Islands in July 1774. The Russian America colonization in Alaska was a threat to Spanish territory claimed there and in the upper Pacific Northwest.
In 1789 the Viceroy of New Spain, Manuel Antonio Flórez, instructed Martínez to occupy Nootka Sound, on Vancouver Island in present-day British Columbia, build a settlement and fort, and to make it clear that Spain was setting up a formal establishment.[2] The Russians were threatening to take the sound, and in May 1788 the British fur trader John Meares had used Nootka Sound as a base of operations and claimed purchase of land there from the indigenous Nuu-chah-nulth people. Martínez, then ranked piloto primero and alférez de navío (Ensign or Sub-Lieutenant), led an expedition that arrived at Nootka Sound in early 1789. The force consisted of the warship La Princesa, commanded by Martínez, and the supply ship San Carlos (el Filipino), under Gonzalo López de Haro. He gave Nootka Sound the name Puerto de San Lorenzo de Nuca. The expedition built a settlement there named Santa Cruz de Nuca, including houses, a hospital, and the presidio Fort San Miguel.[3]
The Martínez expedition arrived at Nootka Sound on May 5, 1789. During the summer of 1789 a number of fur trading vessels, British and American, arrived at Nootka. The US ships, the Columbia Rediviva and Lady Washington under John Kendrick and Robert Gray were allowed to operate unmolested. Kendrick and Martínez were friendly toward each other and Kendrick provided some assistance to Martínez during the seizure of the Argonaut.[4]
A conflict over violating Spanish sovereignty rights of trade and navigation on the coast arose between the captain of John Meares' British Argonaut, James Colnett and his claim of the Meares company land, and Martínez. By the end of the summer Martínez had arrested Colnett, seized several British ships, and arrested their crews. Martínez and the Spanish departed Nootka Sound in late summer 1789. They returned to San Blas, New Spain, with captured ships, including the British sloop Princess Royal and prisoners. In 1790 a new Spanish expedition under Francisco de Eliza reoccupied Nootka Sound, followed by Alessandro Malaspina in 1791
These events at Nootka Sound led to the Nootka Crisis between the Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Great Britain about colonization and territorial access of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. The crisis nearly led to a war. Spain was looking to France for support but when they refused Spain had to back down and opened negotiations. A series of Nootka Conventions began which led to Spain's capitulation of the area. Subsequently, Martínez lost favor due to his actions in the incident, and a new Viceroy was appointed, Juan Vicente de Güemes, Count of Revillagigedo. Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra diplomatically implemented the Nootka Conventions in 1792 with British explorer George Vancouver.
^Tovell, Freeman M. (2008). At the Far Reaches of Empire: The Life of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra. University of British Columbia Press. p. 354. ISBN978-0-7748-1367-9.
^McDowell, Jim (1998). José Narváez: The Forgotten Explorer. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 31–41. ISBN0-87062-265-X.
^Tovell, Freeman M. (2008). At the Far Reaches of Empire: The Life Of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 14, 202. ISBN978-0-7748-1367-9.
^Ridley, Scott (2010). Morning of Fire: John Kendrick's Daring American Odyssey in the Pacific. Harper Collins. pp. 123–127. ISBN978-0-06-202019-2.
External linksedit
, from the online Canadian Military History Gateway
Archer, Christon I. (1979). "Martínez Fernández y Martínez de la Sierra, Esteban José". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
April 13, 2024
esteban, josé, martínez, fernández, martínez, sierra, simply, josé, esteban, martínez, 1742, 1798, spanish, naval, officer, navigator, explorer, native, seville, figure, spanish, exploration, pacific, northwest, nootka, crisis, marina, real, circa, 1785, conte. Esteban Jose Martinez Fernandez y Martinez de la Sierra or simply Jose Esteban Martinez 1742 1798 was a Spanish naval officer navigator and explorer native of Seville He was a key figure in the Spanish exploration of the Pacific Northwest and the Nootka Crisis Esteban Jose Martinez Fernandez y Martinez de la Sierra Marina real circa 1785 Contents 1 Training 2 Pacific Northwest 2 1 Nootka Sound 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksTraining editIn 1755 or 1756 Martinez joined the marine Colegio de San Telmo in Seville a school for pilotos a non commissioned naval rank equivalent to Master By 1773 he was a piloto segundo second class piloto at the Naval Department of San Blas in the Viceroyalty of New Spain present day Mexico 1 Pacific Northwest editThe Spanish had explored and claimed the Pacific Northwest region in 1774 under Juan Perez and in 1775 under Bruno de Heceta and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra In the 1774 Perez expedition Martinez was second in command of the frigate Santiago The expedition had the first recorded European contact with the indigenous Haida people of the Queen Charlotte Islands in July 1774 The Russian America colonization in Alaska was a threat to Spanish territory claimed there and in the upper Pacific Northwest Nootka Sound edit Further information Nootka Sound In 1789 the Viceroy of New Spain Manuel Antonio Florez instructed Martinez to occupy Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island in present day British Columbia build a settlement and fort and to make it clear that Spain was setting up a formal establishment 2 The Russians were threatening to take the sound and in May 1788 the British fur trader John Meares had used Nootka Sound as a base of operations and claimed purchase of land there from the indigenous Nuu chah nulth people Martinez then ranked piloto primero and alferez de navio Ensign or Sub Lieutenant led an expedition that arrived at Nootka Sound in early 1789 The force consisted of the warship La Princesa commanded by Martinez and the supply ship San Carlos el Filipino under Gonzalo Lopez de Haro He gave Nootka Sound the name Puerto de San Lorenzo de Nuca The expedition built a settlement there named Santa Cruz de Nuca including houses a hospital and the presidio Fort San Miguel 3 The Martinez expedition arrived at Nootka Sound on May 5 1789 During the summer of 1789 a number of fur trading vessels British and American arrived at Nootka The US ships the Columbia Rediviva and Lady Washington under John Kendrick and Robert Gray were allowed to operate unmolested Kendrick and Martinez were friendly toward each other and Kendrick provided some assistance to Martinez during the seizure of the Argonaut 4 A conflict over violating Spanish sovereignty rights of trade and navigation on the coast arose between the captain of John Meares British Argonaut James Colnett and his claim of the Meares company land and Martinez By the end of the summer Martinez had arrested Colnett seized several British ships and arrested their crews Martinez and the Spanish departed Nootka Sound in late summer 1789 They returned to San Blas New Spain with captured ships including the British sloop Princess Royal and prisoners In 1790 a new Spanish expedition under Francisco de Eliza reoccupied Nootka Sound followed by Alessandro Malaspina in 1791These events at Nootka Sound led to the Nootka Crisis between the Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Great Britain about colonization and territorial access of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America The crisis nearly led to a war Spain was looking to France for support but when they refused Spain had to back down and opened negotiations A series of Nootka Conventions began which led to Spain s capitulation of the area Subsequently Martinez lost favor due to his actions in the incident and a new Viceroy was appointed Juan Vicente de Guemes Count of Revillagigedo Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra diplomatically implemented the Nootka Conventions in 1792 with British explorer George Vancouver See also editFree Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Maquinna Pere d Alberni i Teixidor Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest History of British ColumbiaReferences edit Tovell Freeman M 2008 At the Far Reaches of Empire The Life of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra University of British Columbia Press p 354 ISBN 978 0 7748 1367 9 McDowell Jim 1998 Jose Narvaez The Forgotten Explorer Spokane Washington The Arthur H Clark Company pp 31 41 ISBN 0 87062 265 X Tovell Freeman M 2008 At the Far Reaches of Empire The Life Of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra University of British Columbia Press pp 14 202 ISBN 978 0 7748 1367 9 Ridley Scott 2010 Morning of Fire John Kendrick s Daring American Odyssey in the Pacific Harper Collins pp 123 127 ISBN 978 0 06 202019 2 External links editCanadian Military History Esteban Jose Martinez s small biography from the online Canadian Military History Gateway Archer Christon I 1979 Martinez Fernandez y Martinez de la Sierra Esteban Jose In Halpenny Francess G ed Dictionary of Canadian Biography Vol IV 1771 1800 online ed University of Toronto Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Esteban Jose Martinez Fernandez y Martinez de la Sierra amp oldid 1180098193, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
