An Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask (British English)[1] or a titration flask, is a type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. It is most often used in a laboratory. It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), who created it in 1860.[2]
Erlenmeyer flask
Erlenmeyer flasks have wide bases and narrow necks.[3] They may be graduated, and often spots of ground glass or enamel are used where they can be labeled with a pencil. It differs from the beaker in its tapered body and narrow neck.[4] Depending on the application, they may be constructed from glass or plastic,[5] in a wide range of volumes.[6]
The mouth of the Erlenmeyer flask may have a beaded lip that can be stoppered or covered. Alternatively, the neck may be fitted with ground glass or other connector for use with more specialized stoppers or attachment to other apparatus. A Büchner flask is a common design modification for filtration under vacuum.
Method of swirling an Erlenmeyer flask during titration
The slanted sides and narrow neck of this flask allow the contents of the flask to be mixed by swirling, without risk of spillage, making them suitable for titrations by placing it under the buret and adding solvent and the indicator in the Erlenmeyer flask.[7] Such features similarly make the flask suitable for boiling liquids. Hot vapour condenses on the upper section of the Erlenmeyer flask, reducing solvent loss. Erlenmeyer flasks' narrow necks can also support filter funnels.
The final two attributes of Erlenmeyer flasks make them especially appropriate for recrystallization. The sample to be purified is heated to a boil, and sufficient solvent is added for complete dissolution. The receiving flask is filled with a small amount of solvent, and heated to a boil. The hot solution is filtered through a fluted filter paper into the receiving flask. Hot vapors from the boiling solvent keep the filter funnel warm, avoiding the premature crystallization.
Like beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks are not normally suitable for accurate volumetric measurements. Their stamped volumes are approximate within about 5% accuracy.[8]
In biologyedit
Microcystis floating colonies in an Erlenmeyer flask.
Erlenmeyer flasks are also used in microbiology for the preparation of microbial cultures. Erlenmeyer flasks used in cell culture are sterilized and may feature vented closures to enhance gas exchange during incubation and shaking. The use of minimal liquid volumes, typically no more than one fifth of the total flask volume, and baffles molded into the flask's internal surface both serve to maximize gas transfer and promote chaotic mixing when the flasks are orbitally shaken. The oxygen transfer rate in Erlenmeyer flasks depends on the agitation speed, the liquid volume, and the shake-flask design.[9] The shaking frequency has the most significant impact on oxygen transfer.[10]
Oxygenation and mixing of liquid cultures further depend on rotation of the liquid "in-phase", meaning the synchronous movement of the liquid with the shaker table. Under certain conditions the shaking process leads to a breakdown of liquid motion – called "out-of-phase phenomenon". This phenomenon has been intensively characterized for shake flask bioreactors. Out-of-phase conditions are associated with a strong decrease in mixing performance, oxygen transfer, and power input. Main factor for out-of-phase operation is the viscosity of the culture medium, but also the vessel diameter, low filling levels and/or a high number of baffles.[11][12][13]
Legal restrictionedit
To impede illicit drug manufacturers, the state of Texas previously restricted the sale of Erlenmeyer flasks to those who have the requisite permits.[14] On September 1, 2019, SB 616 amended the law so that permits are no longer required, but accurate inventory of this and certain other pieces of lab equipment must still be maintained, loss or theft must still be reported, and the owner must still allow audits of their records and equipment to be made.[15]
Autoclaved sterile Erlenmeyer flasks covered with aluminium foil
Referencesedit
^Andrea Sella (July 2008). "Classic Kit: Erlenmeyer flask". Royal Society of Chemistry..
^Emil Erlenmeyer, "Zur chemischen und pharmazeutischen Technik," Zeitschrift für Chemie und Pharmacie, vol. 3 (January 1860), 21-22. He wrote that he first displayed the new flask at a pharmaceutical conference in Heidelberg in 1857, and that he had arranged for its commercial production and sale by local glassware manufacturers.
^"Definition of Erlenmeyer flask | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
^"Method of titration". www.sciencebuddies.org/. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
^. www.dartmouth.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
^Soccol CR, Pandey A, Larroche C (2013). Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Florida. ISBN978-1439887653.
^Schiefelbein S, Fröhlich A, John GT, Beutler F, Wittmann C, Becker J (2013): "Oxygen supply in disposable shake-flasks: prediction of oxygen transfer rate, oxygen saturation and maximum cell concentration during aerobic growth". Biotechnology Letters. 35 (8): 1223-30, doi:10.1007/s10529-013-1203-9, PMID 23592306.
^Kloeckner W, Diederichs S and Buechs J (2014): "Orbitally Shaken Single-Use Bioreactors". Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 138: 45-60, PMID 23604207
^Buechs J, Maier U, Mildbradt C et al. (2000b): "Power consumption in shaking flasks on rotary shaking machines: II. Nondimensional description of specific power consumption and flow regimes in unbaffled flasks at elevated liquid viscosity". Biotechnol Bioeng. 68(6): 594-601, PMID 10799984
^Buechs J, Lotter S, Mildbradt C (2001b): " Out-of-phase operating conditions, a hitherto unknown phenomenon in shaking bioreactors". Biochem Eng J. 7(2): 135-141, PMID 11173302
^"TxDPS - Laws and Regulations". www.dps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
^"TxDPS - News and Updates". www.dps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
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For the episode of The X Files see The Erlenmeyer Flask An Erlenmeyer flask also known as a conical flask British English 1 or a titration flask is a type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom a conical body and a cylindrical neck It is most often used in a laboratory It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer 1825 1909 who created it in 1860 2 Erlenmeyer flask Erlenmeyer flasks have wide bases and narrow necks 3 They may be graduated and often spots of ground glass or enamel are used where they can be labeled with a pencil It differs from the beaker in its tapered body and narrow neck 4 Depending on the application they may be constructed from glass or plastic 5 in a wide range of volumes 6 The mouth of the Erlenmeyer flask may have a beaded lip that can be stoppered or covered Alternatively the neck may be fitted with ground glass or other connector for use with more specialized stoppers or attachment to other apparatus A Buchner flask is a common design modification for filtration under vacuum Contents 1 Uses 1 1 In chemistry 1 2 In biology 2 Legal restriction 3 See also 4 Additional images 5 ReferencesUses editIn chemistry edit source source source source source source source source Method of swirling an Erlenmeyer flask during titration The slanted sides and narrow neck of this flask allow the contents of the flask to be mixed by swirling without risk of spillage making them suitable for titrations by placing it under the buret and adding solvent and the indicator in the Erlenmeyer flask 7 Such features similarly make the flask suitable for boiling liquids Hot vapour condenses on the upper section of the Erlenmeyer flask reducing solvent loss Erlenmeyer flasks narrow necks can also support filter funnels The final two attributes of Erlenmeyer flasks make them especially appropriate for recrystallization The sample to be purified is heated to a boil and sufficient solvent is added for complete dissolution The receiving flask is filled with a small amount of solvent and heated to a boil The hot solution is filtered through a fluted filter paper into the receiving flask Hot vapors from the boiling solvent keep the filter funnel warm avoiding the premature crystallization Like beakers Erlenmeyer flasks are not normally suitable for accurate volumetric measurements Their stamped volumes are approximate within about 5 accuracy 8 In biology edit nbsp Microcystis floating colonies in an Erlenmeyer flask Erlenmeyer flasks are also used in microbiology for the preparation of microbial cultures Erlenmeyer flasks used in cell culture are sterilized and may feature vented closures to enhance gas exchange during incubation and shaking The use of minimal liquid volumes typically no more than one fifth of the total flask volume and baffles molded into the flask s internal surface both serve to maximize gas transfer and promote chaotic mixing when the flasks are orbitally shaken The oxygen transfer rate in Erlenmeyer flasks depends on the agitation speed the liquid volume and the shake flask design 9 The shaking frequency has the most significant impact on oxygen transfer 10 Oxygenation and mixing of liquid cultures further depend on rotation of the liquid in phase meaning the synchronous movement of the liquid with the shaker table Under certain conditions the shaking process leads to a breakdown of liquid motion called out of phase phenomenon This phenomenon has been intensively characterized for shake flask bioreactors Out of phase conditions are associated with a strong decrease in mixing performance oxygen transfer and power input Main factor for out of phase operation is the viscosity of the culture medium but also the vessel diameter low filling levels and or a high number of baffles 11 12 13 Legal restriction editTo impede illicit drug manufacturers the state of Texas previously restricted the sale of Erlenmeyer flasks to those who have the requisite permits 14 On September 1 2019 SB 616 amended the law so that permits are no longer required but accurate inventory of this and certain other pieces of lab equipment must still be maintained loss or theft must still be reported and the owner must still allow audits of their records and equipment to be made 15 See also editFleaker Florence flask Fernbach flask ChemexAdditional images edit nbsp Original drawing of the Erlenmeyer flask nbsp Different styles Erlenmeyer flasks nbsp Different sizes of Erlenmeyer flask nbsp Autoclaved sterile Erlenmeyer flasks covered with aluminium foilReferences edit Andrea Sella July 2008 Classic Kit Erlenmeyer flask Royal Society of Chemistry Emil Erlenmeyer Zur chemischen und pharmazeutischen Technik Zeitschrift fur Chemie und Pharmacie vol 3 January 1860 21 22 He wrote that he first displayed the new flask at a pharmaceutical conference in Heidelberg in 1857 and that he had arranged for its commercial production and sale by local glassware manufacturers Definition of Erlenmeyer flask Dictionary com www dictionary com Retrieved 2023 03 16 Laboratory Glassware 17 November 2011 Laboratory Flasks Information 15 July 2016 Volumetric Glassware 15 July 2016 Method of titration www sciencebuddies org Retrieved 2016 07 08 Erlenmeyer Flasks and Beakers www dartmouth edu Archived from the original on 2016 06 16 Retrieved 2016 06 17 Soccol CR Pandey A Larroche C 2013 Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry CRC Press Taylor amp Francis Group Florida ISBN 978 1439887653 Schiefelbein S Frohlich A John GT Beutler F Wittmann C Becker J 2013 Oxygen supply in disposable shake flasks prediction of oxygen transfer rate oxygen saturation and maximum cell concentration during aerobic growth Biotechnology Letters 35 8 1223 30 doi 10 1007 s10529 013 1203 9 PMID 23592306 Kloeckner W Diederichs S and Buechs J 2014 Orbitally Shaken Single Use Bioreactors Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 138 45 60 PMID 23604207 Buechs J Maier U Mildbradt C et al 2000b Power consumption in shaking flasks on rotary shaking machines II Nondimensional description of specific power consumption and flow regimes in unbaffled flasks at elevated liquid viscosity Biotechnol Bioeng 68 6 594 601 PMID 10799984 Buechs J Lotter S Mildbradt C 2001b Out of phase operating conditions a hitherto unknown phenomenon in shaking bioreactors Biochem Eng J 7 2 135 141 PMID 11173302 TxDPS Laws and Regulations www dps texas gov Retrieved 2020 01 01 TxDPS News and Updates www dps texas gov Retrieved 2020 01 01 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erlenmeyer flask Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Erlenmeyer flask amp oldid 1213367165, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
