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Abu Salabikh

December 20, 2023

The archaeological site of Abu Salabikh (Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh), around 20 km (12 mi) northwest of the site of ancient Nippur and about 150 kilometers southeast of the modern city of Baghdad in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq marks the site of a small Sumerian city that existed from the Neolithic through the late 3rd millennium, with cultural connections to the cities of Kish, Mari and Ebla.[1][2][3] Its ancient name is unknown though Eresh and Kesh have been suggested as well as Gišgi.[4][5] Kesh was suggested by Thorkild Jacobsen before excavations began.[6] The Euphrates was the city's highway and lifeline; when it shifted its old bed (which was identified to the west of the Main Mound by coring techniques), in the late third millennium BC, the city dwindled away. Only eroded traces remain on the site's surface of habitation after the Early Dynastic Period.[7] There is another small archaeological site named Abu-Salabikh in the Hammar Lake region of Southern Iraq, which has been suggested as the possible capital of the Sealand dynasty.[8]

Abu Salabikh
Shown within Iraq
LocationAl-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq
RegionMesopotamia
Coordinates32°16′00″N 45°05′00″E / 32.26667°N 45.08333°E / 32.26667; 45.08333
TypeSettlement
History
FoundedEarly Uruk period
Site notes
Excavation dates1963-65, 1975–90
ArchaeologistsDonald P. Hansen, Nicholas Postgate

History edit

Although signs of occupation at the site date back to the Neolithic period, primary occupation occurred during the Uruk period in the Late Chalcolithic and then in the Jemdat Nasr and Early Dynastic periods in the Early Bronze Age. An examination of the smaller outlying sites nearby showed there was also occupation in the Kassite, Sassanian, Seleucid, and Parthian periods in the area.[9]

Archaeology edit

 
Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic period

The site consists of three mounds with an overall extent of roughly 900 meters by 850 meters. To the east is the 12 hectare wall enclosed Main (Early Dynastic) mound. To the west, on the other side of the bed of an ancient canal or watercourse, is the 10 hectare Uruk and Jemdet Nasr mound to the north and the 8 hectare South mound with its Early Dynastic palace to the south. The full Early dynastic extent, with outer margins now under alluvial deposits, is estimated at about 50 hectares.[10]

Abu Salabikh was excavated by an American expedition from the Oriental Institute of Chicago led by Donald P. Hansen in 1963 and 1965 for a total of 8 weeks. They found the site, lying in a salt bog, had numerous robber holes. Unlike the nearby site of Nippur which continued to be occupied for millennia, at Abu Salabikh the Early Dynastic remains were near the surface. The expedition found around 500 tablets and fragments, containing some of the earliest ancient literature.[7][11][12] A number of animal remains were also found including domestic dog, lion, equid, pig, cattle, gazelle, caprines (sheep and goat), and antelope.[13] Remains of various birds were also found.[14]

Between 1975 and 1990 Abu Salabikh was excavated by a British School of Archaeology in Iraq team under the direction of Nicholas Postgate.[15][16][17] Excavations were suspended in 1990 with the Invasion of Kuwait and have not been resumed. The city, built on a rectilinear plan in the early Uruk period, revealed a small but important repertory of cuneiform texts on some 500 tablets, of which the originals were stored in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad.[5] Texts, comparable in date and content with texts from Shuruppak (modern Fara, Iraq) included school texts, literary texts, word lists, and some administrative archives, as well as the Instructions of Shuruppak, a well-known Sumerian "wisdom' text of which the Abu Salabikh tablet is the oldest copy.[18] While the writing remained Sumerian, Semitic scribal names became more common as the Early Dynastic period weared on.[19][20] The archaic form of Sumerian in the texts is not fully understood however a number of literary compositions were found that had beforehand been thought to have not existed until half a millennium later in the Old Babylonian period.[6][21] Originally it was thought that the tablet. contemporary with the ones found at Fara were dated to the period of Early Dynastic III ruler of First dynasty of Lagash Ur-Nanshe (c. 2500 BC). Subsequent study pushed the dating to a century before Ur-Nanshe though it has also been suggested that the dating was after Ur-Nanshe though before Eannatum of Lagash, his grandson. This is still an open issue.[22]

On the Uruk mound, which was abandoned after the Jemdet Nasr period, 1650 high fired clay sickles were found.[23] Two grain samples from the Middle Uruk layer of the Uruk Mound were accelerator radiocarbon dated with calibrated dates of 3520 ± 130 BC.[24] Calibration was based on that of Pearson.[25]

Seventy four Neolithic clay accounting tokens were found at the site.[26] Over one hundred pottery shards that had been filed into 3 centimeter discs and pierced were found, suggested as for use in abacus type counting devices.[27]

Eresh edit

The city of Eresh (eréški) is known from the Early Dynastic, through the Akkadian perod into the Ur III period and then apparently disappears from history though a year name of Sin-Muballit (c. 1813-1792 BC) is "Year Sin-muballity built the city wall of Eresz". Its location is unknown though earlier Uruk was proposed and more recently Abu-Salabikh and Jarin.[28][29] One tablet found at Abu Salabikh (IAS 505) did mention workers belonging to a "King of Eresh".[5] It's city-god was Nisaba, whose cult site was later moved to Nippur.[30] Eresh appears on an Early Dynastic geographical list.[31] It is known that during the reign of the second Ur III Empire ruler Shulgi there was a governor of Eresh named Ea-Bani and one named Ur-Ninmug, and under Amar-Sin one named Ur-Baba.[32][33] In the Ur III period there was a shrine to the goddess Annunitum at Eresh.[34]

Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon of Akkad, the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire wrote 42 temple hymns, including one to E-Zagin, the temple of Nisaba in Eresh which survives in fragmentary form.

"House of Stars. House of Lapis Lazuli, sparkling bright, you open the way to all the lands ... are set in the shrine. Eresh. Each month, the ancient lords raise their head for you. On the hill, soap ... The great goddess Nisaba has brought the great powers from heaven, adding to your powers ... Righteous woman of unmatched mind. Soothing ... and opening her mouth,consulting a tablet of lapis lazuli, giving guidance to all the lands. Righteous woman, cleansing soap, born to the upright stylus. She measures the heavens and outlines the earth:All praise Nisaba."[35]

In the Sumerian literary composition Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana, a sorcerer, Urgirinuna, goes to Eresh and makes all the cows and goats stop giving milk.[36][37]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Moorey, P. R. S. (1981). "Abu Salabikh, Kish, Mari and Ebla: Mid-Third Millennium Archaeological Interconnections". American Journal of Archaeology. 85 (4): 447–448. doi:10.2307/504868. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 504868. S2CID 191401637.
  2. ^ Pettinato, G., "L’Atlante Geografico Del Vicino Oriente Antico Attestato Ad Ebla e Ad Abū Şalābīkh (I)", Orientalia, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 50–73, 1978
  3. ^ Pomponio, Francesco, "Notes on the Lexical Texts from Abū Salābīkh and Ebla", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 285–90, 1983
  4. ^ Cohen, Mark E., “The Name Nintinugga with a Note on the Possible Identification of Tell Abu Salābīkh", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 82–92, 1976
  5. ^ a b c M. Krebernik and J. N. Postgate, "The tablets from Abu Salabikh and their provenance", Iraq, vol. 71, pp. 1- 32, 2009
  6. ^ a b Biggs, Robert D., "An Archaic Sumerian Version of the Kesh Temple Hymn from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh", vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 193-207, 1971
  7. ^ a b Biggs, Robert D. (1974). Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh (PDF). Donald P. Hansen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-62202-9. OCLC 1170564.
  8. ^ Roux, G., "Recently Discovered Ancient Sites in the Hammar Lake District-Southern Iraq", Sumer, XVI, no. 1-2, pp. 20-31, 1960
  9. ^ Wilkinson, T. J., "Early Channels and Landscape Development around Abu Salabikh, a Preliminary Report", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 75–83, 1990
  10. ^ Colantoni, Carlo, "Are We Any Closer to Establishing How Many Sumerians per Hectare? Recent Approaches to Understanding the Spatial Dynamics of Populations in Ancient Mesopotamian Cities", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 95-118, 2017
  11. ^ Alster, Bendt, "Early Dynastic Proverbs and Other Contributions to the Study of Literary Texts From Abū Ṣalābīkh", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 38/39, pp. 1–51, 1991
  12. ^ [1] Alberti, A., "A Reconstruction of the Abu Salabikh God-list", Studi Epigraphici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente 2, pp. 3–23, 1985
  13. ^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet, and Richard Burleigh, "The Animal Remains from Abu Salabikh: Preliminary Report", Iraq, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 89–100, 1978
  14. ^ Eastham, Anne, "The bird bones from Abu Salabikh", Iraq, vol. 71, pp. 99–114, 2009
  15. ^ Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1976", Iraq, vol. 39, pp. 269–299, 1977
  16. ^ Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1977", Iraq, vol. 40, pp. 89-100, 1978
  17. ^ Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1978-79", Iraq, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 87–104, 1980
  18. ^ Krebernik, Manfred, "Die Texte aus Fara und Tell Abu Salabikh", In Mesopotamien: Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit, ed. P. Attinger and M. Wäfler, Annäher-ungen 1. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 237-427, 1998
  19. ^ Biggs, R. D., "The Semitic Personal Names from Abu Salabikh and the Personal Names from Ebla", in Eblaite Personal Names and Semitic Name-giving, ed. A. Archi, ARES 1. Rome: Missione Archeologica Italiana in Siria, pp.89–98, 1988
  20. ^ Biggs, Robert D., "Semitic Names in the Fara Period", Orientalia, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 55–66, 1967
  21. ^ [2]Nicholas Postgate, "Abu Salabikh", in J. Curtis, ed., Fifty Years of Mesopotamian Discovery, London, pp. 48–61, 1982
  22. ^ Hallo, William W., "The Date of the Fara Period A Case Study in the Historiography of Early Mesopotamia", Orientalia, vol. 42, pp. 228–38, 1973
  23. ^ [3]Benco, Nancy L., "Manufacture and Use of Clay Sickles from the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, Iraq", Paléorient, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 119–34, 1992
  24. ^ Susan Pollock, Caroline Steele and Melody Pope, "Investigations on the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, 1990", Iraq, vol. 53, pp. 59–68, 1991
  25. ^ Pearson, G. W. et al., "High precision 14C measurement of Irish oaks to show the natural 14C variation from a.d. 1840 to 5210 b.c.", Radiocarbon 28, pp. 911-34, 1986
  26. ^ Overmann, Karenleigh A., "The Neolithic Clay Tokens", The Material Origin of Numbers: Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 157-178, 2019
  27. ^ Woods, Christopher, "The Abacus in Mesopotamia: Considerations from a Comparative Perspective", The First Ninety Years: A Sumerian Celebration in Honor of Miguel Civil, edited by Lluís Feliu, Fumi Karahashi and Gonzalo Rubio, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 416-478, 2017
  28. ^ [4] Matthews, R. and Matthews, W., "A palace for the king of Eres? Evidence from the Early Dynastic City of Abu Salabikh, south Iraq" In: Heffron, Y., Stone, A. and Worthington, M. (eds.) At the dawn of history. Ancient Near Eastern studies in honour of J. N. Postgate. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, pp. 359–367, 2017 ISBN 9781575064710
  29. ^ Postgate, J. N., and Moorey, P. R. S., "Excavations at Abu Salabikh, 1975", Iraq, vol. 38, pp. 133–69, 1976
  30. ^ Michalowski, P., "Nisaba. A. Philologisch", in vol. 9 of Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Edited by D. O. Edzard. 10 vols. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, pp. 575–79, 2001
  31. ^ D.R. Frayne, "The Early Dynastic List of Geographical Names", AOS 74, New Haven, 1992
  32. ^ Frayne, Douglas, "Table III: List of Ur III Period Governors", Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. xli-xliv, 1997
  33. ^ Sharlach, T. M., "An Ox of One’s Own: Provisioners and Influence", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 211-238, 2017
  34. ^ Sharlach, T. M., "Belet-šuhnir and Belet-terraban and Religious Activities of the Queen and the Concubine(s)", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 261-286, 2017
  35. ^ Helle, Sophus, "The Temple Hymns", Enheduana: The Complete Poems of the World's First Author, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 53-94, 2023
  36. ^ Attinger, P., "Remarques a Propos de la 'Malédiction d'Accad'", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 99–121, 1984
  37. ^ Michalowski, Piotr, "Maybe Epic: the origins and reception of Sumerian heroic poetry". Epic and History, pp. 7-25, 2010

Further reading edit

  • Robert D. Biggs, "The Abu Salabikh Tablets. A Preliminary Survey", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 73–88, 1966
  • Biggs, Robert D., "Ebla and Abu Salabikh: The Linguistic and Literary Aspects", in La lingua di Ebla: Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli, 21–23 aprile 1980), Edited by Luigi Cagni, Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, pp. 121–33, 1981
  • Biggs, R. D. and Postgate, J. N., "Inscriptions from Abu Salabikh, 1975", Iraq 40, pp. 101-117, 1978
  • Crawford, Harriet E. W., "Some fire installations from Abu Salabikh, Iraq (Dedicated to the Memory of Margaret Munn-Rankin)", Paléorient, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 105–14, 1981
  • Crawford, H. E. W., "More Fire Installations from Abu Salabikh", Iraq, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 32–34, 1983
  • Angela von den Driesch, "Fischknochen Aus Abu Salabikh/Iraq", Iraq, vol. 48, pp. 31–38, 1986
  • Edzard, D. O., "Fara und Abu Salabih. Die 'Wirtschaftstexte'", ZA 66, pp. 156-195, 1976
  • [5]Jones, Jennifer E., "Standardized Volumes? Mass-Produced Bowls of the Jemdet Nasr Period from Abu Salabikh, Iraq", Paléorient, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 153–60, 1996
  • Manfred Krebernik and Jan J. W. Lisman, "The Sumerian Zame Hymns from Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ With an Appendix on the Early Dynastic Colophons", dubsar 12, 2020 ISBN 978-3-96327-034-5
  • Moon, Jane, "Some New Early Dynastic Pottery from Abu Salabikh", Iraq, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 47–75, 1981
  • Payne, Joan Crowfoot, "An Early Dynastic III Flint Industry from Abu Salabikh", Iraq, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 105–19, 1980
  • [6]Pollock, S., "Political Economy as viewed from the Garbage Dump : Jemdet Nasr Occupation at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh", Paléorient, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 57–75, 1990
  • Pollock, Susan, "Making Fire in Uruk-Period Abu Salabikh", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 413–422, 2017
  • Pomponio, F., "I nomi personali dei testi amministrativi die Abu Sal?bih", Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente Antico 8, pp. 141-147, 1991
  • Pope, Melody, "Remembrances from the Field – Excavating at Abu Salabikh with Susan Pollock. A Photo Essay", Pearls, Politics and Pistachios. Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock's 65th Birthday, hrsg. v. Aydin Abar, pp. 203-218, 2021
  • Nicholas Postgate and J.A. Moon, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1981", Iraq, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 103–136, 1982
  • Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1983", Iraq, vol. 46, pp. 95–114, 1984
  • Postgate, J. N. - Killick, J. A., "British Archaeological Expedition to Abu Salabikh, Final Field Report on the 8th Season", Sumer, vol. 39, pp. 95–99, 1983
  • R.J. Matthews and Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1985-86", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 91–120, 1987
  • Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1988-89", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 95–106, 1990
  • S. Pollock, M. Pope and C. Coursey, "Household Production at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, Iraq", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 683–698, 1996
  • Nicholas Postgate, "Early Dynastic burial customs at Abu Salabikh", in Sumer 36, pp. 65–82, 1980
  • Postgate J.N. and Moon J.A., "Excavations at Abu Salabikh, a Sumerian city", National Geographic Research Reports: 1976 projects, vol. 17, pp. 721–743, 1984
  • [7] Unger-Hamilton, Romana, et al., "Drill bits from Abu Salabikh, Iraq", MOM Éditions 15.1, pp. 269–285, 1987
  • Wencel, M., "ABU SALABIKH – ABSOLUTE RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY.", Iraq, vol. 83, pp. 245–258, 2021 doi:10.1017/irq.2021.7
  • Abu Salabikh Excavations:
    • Volume I - J.N. Postgate, "The West Mound Surface Clearance",Oxbow Books, 1983 ISBN 0903472066 PDF [8]
    • Volume II - H.P. Martin, J. Moon & J.N. Postgate, "Graves 1 to 99", Oxbow Books, 1985 ISBN 9780903472098 PDF [9]
    • Volume III - Jane Moon, "Catalogue of Early Dynastic Pottery", Oxbow Books, 1987 ISBN 9780903472111 PDF [10]
    • Volume IV - A.N. Green, "The 6G Ash-Tip and its Contents: Cultic and Administrative Discard from the Temple?", Oxbow Books, 1993 ISBN 9780903472135 PDF [11]

External links edit

  • [12]Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1964-1965 - The Soundings At Tell Abu Salabikh
  • [13]Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1965-1966 - Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh
  • [14]Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1967-1968 - Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh
  • [15]Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1971-1972 - Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh
  • [16]Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1972-1973 - Tell Abu Salabikh
  • Digital tables from Abu Salabikh at CDLI
  • Site photographs from Oriental Institute 2014-01-02 at the Wayback Machine

December 20, 2023
salabikh, archaeological, site, tell, abū, Ṣalābīkh, around, northwest, site, ancient, nippur, about, kilometers, southeast, modern, city, baghdad, qādisiyyah, governorate, iraq, marks, site, small, sumerian, city, that, existed, from, neolithic, through, late. The archaeological site of Abu Salabikh Tell Abu Ṣalabikh around 20 km 12 mi northwest of the site of ancient Nippur and about 150 kilometers southeast of the modern city of Baghdad in Al Qadisiyyah Governorate Iraq marks the site of a small Sumerian city that existed from the Neolithic through the late 3rd millennium with cultural connections to the cities of Kish Mari and Ebla 1 2 3 Its ancient name is unknown though Eresh and Kesh have been suggested as well as Gisgi 4 5 Kesh was suggested by Thorkild Jacobsen before excavations began 6 The Euphrates was the city s highway and lifeline when it shifted its old bed which was identified to the west of the Main Mound by coring techniques in the late third millennium BC the city dwindled away Only eroded traces remain on the site s surface of habitation after the Early Dynastic Period 7 There is another small archaeological site named Abu Salabikh in the Hammar Lake region of Southern Iraq which has been suggested as the possible capital of the Sealand dynasty 8 Abu Salabikh 1 Shown within IraqLocationAl Qadisiyyah Governorate IraqRegionMesopotamiaCoordinates32 16 00 N 45 05 00 E 32 26667 N 45 08333 E 32 26667 45 08333TypeSettlementHistoryFoundedEarly Uruk periodSite notesExcavation dates1963 65 1975 90ArchaeologistsDonald P Hansen Nicholas Postgate Contents 1 History 2 Archaeology 3 Eresh 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editAlthough signs of occupation at the site date back to the Neolithic period primary occupation occurred during the Uruk period in the Late Chalcolithic and then in the Jemdat Nasr and Early Dynastic periods in the Early Bronze Age An examination of the smaller outlying sites nearby showed there was also occupation in the Kassite Sassanian Seleucid and Parthian periods in the area 9 Archaeology edit nbsp Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic periodThe site consists of three mounds with an overall extent of roughly 900 meters by 850 meters To the east is the 12 hectare wall enclosed Main Early Dynastic mound To the west on the other side of the bed of an ancient canal or watercourse is the 10 hectare Uruk and Jemdet Nasr mound to the north and the 8 hectare South mound with its Early Dynastic palace to the south The full Early dynastic extent with outer margins now under alluvial deposits is estimated at about 50 hectares 10 Abu Salabikh was excavated by an American expedition from the Oriental Institute of Chicago led by Donald P Hansen in 1963 and 1965 for a total of 8 weeks They found the site lying in a salt bog had numerous robber holes Unlike the nearby site of Nippur which continued to be occupied for millennia at Abu Salabikh the Early Dynastic remains were near the surface The expedition found around 500 tablets and fragments containing some of the earliest ancient literature 7 11 12 A number of animal remains were also found including domestic dog lion equid pig cattle gazelle caprines sheep and goat and antelope 13 Remains of various birds were also found 14 Between 1975 and 1990 Abu Salabikh was excavated by a British School of Archaeology in Iraq team under the direction of Nicholas Postgate 15 16 17 Excavations were suspended in 1990 with the Invasion of Kuwait and have not been resumed The city built on a rectilinear plan in the early Uruk period revealed a small but important repertory of cuneiform texts on some 500 tablets of which the originals were stored in the Iraq Museum Baghdad 5 Texts comparable in date and content with texts from Shuruppak modern Fara Iraq included school texts literary texts word lists and some administrative archives as well as the Instructions of Shuruppak a well known Sumerian wisdom text of which the Abu Salabikh tablet is the oldest copy 18 While the writing remained Sumerian Semitic scribal names became more common as the Early Dynastic period weared on 19 20 The archaic form of Sumerian in the texts is not fully understood however a number of literary compositions were found that had beforehand been thought to have not existed until half a millennium later in the Old Babylonian period 6 21 Originally it was thought that the tablet contemporary with the ones found at Fara were dated to the period of Early Dynastic III ruler of First dynasty of Lagash Ur Nanshe c 2500 BC Subsequent study pushed the dating to a century before Ur Nanshe though it has also been suggested that the dating was after Ur Nanshe though before Eannatum of Lagash his grandson This is still an open issue 22 On the Uruk mound which was abandoned after the Jemdet Nasr period 1650 high fired clay sickles were found 23 Two grain samples from the Middle Uruk layer of the Uruk Mound were accelerator radiocarbon dated with calibrated dates of 3520 130 BC 24 Calibration was based on that of Pearson 25 Seventy four Neolithic clay accounting tokens were found at the site 26 Over one hundred pottery shards that had been filed into 3 centimeter discs and pierced were found suggested as for use in abacus type counting devices 27 Eresh editThe city of Eresh ereski is known from the Early Dynastic through the Akkadian perod into the Ur III period and then apparently disappears from history though a year name of Sin Muballit c 1813 1792 BC is Year Sin muballity built the city wall of Eresz Its location is unknown though earlier Uruk was proposed and more recently Abu Salabikh and Jarin 28 29 One tablet found at Abu Salabikh IAS 505 did mention workers belonging to a King of Eresh 5 It s city god was Nisaba whose cult site was later moved to Nippur 30 Eresh appears on an Early Dynastic geographical list 31 It is known that during the reign of the second Ur III Empire ruler Shulgi there was a governor of Eresh named Ea Bani and one named Ur Ninmug and under Amar Sin one named Ur Baba 32 33 In the Ur III period there was a shrine to the goddess Annunitum at Eresh 34 Enheduanna daughter of Sargon of Akkad the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire wrote 42 temple hymns including one to E Zagin the temple of Nisaba in Eresh which survives in fragmentary form House of Stars House of Lapis Lazuli sparkling bright you open the way to all the lands are set in the shrine Eresh Each month the ancient lords raise their head for you On the hill soap The great goddess Nisaba has brought the great powers from heaven adding to your powers Righteous woman of unmatched mind Soothing and opening her mouth consulting a tablet of lapis lazuli giving guidance to all the lands Righteous woman cleansing soap born to the upright stylus She measures the heavens and outlines the earth All praise Nisaba 35 In the Sumerian literary composition Enmerkar and En suhgir ana a sorcerer Urgirinuna goes to Eresh and makes all the cows and goats stop giving milk 36 37 See also editCities of the Ancient Near EastReferences edit Moorey P R S 1981 Abu Salabikh Kish Mari and Ebla Mid Third Millennium Archaeological Interconnections American Journal of Archaeology 85 4 447 448 doi 10 2307 504868 ISSN 0002 9114 JSTOR 504868 S2CID 191401637 Pettinato G L Atlante Geografico Del Vicino Oriente Antico Attestato Ad Ebla e Ad Abu Salabikh I Orientalia vol 47 no 1 pp 50 73 1978 Pomponio Francesco Notes on the Lexical Texts from Abu Salabikh and Ebla Journal of Near Eastern Studies vol 42 no 4 pp 285 90 1983 Cohen Mark E The Name Nintinugga with a Note on the Possible Identification of Tell Abu Salabikh Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 28 no 2 pp 82 92 1976 a b c M Krebernik and J N Postgate The tablets from Abu Salabikh and their provenance Iraq vol 71 pp 1 32 2009 a b Biggs Robert D An Archaic Sumerian Version of the Kesh Temple Hymn from Tell Abu Ṣalabikh vol 61 no 2 pp 193 207 1971 a b Biggs Robert D 1974 Inscriptions from Tell Abu Ṣalabikh PDF Donald P Hansen Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 62202 9 OCLC 1170564 Roux G Recently Discovered Ancient Sites in the Hammar Lake District Southern Iraq Sumer XVI no 1 2 pp 20 31 1960 Wilkinson T J Early Channels and Landscape Development around Abu Salabikh a Preliminary Report Iraq vol 52 pp 75 83 1990 Colantoni Carlo Are We Any Closer to Establishing How Many Sumerians per Hectare Recent Approaches to Understanding the Spatial Dynamics of Populations in Ancient Mesopotamian Cities At the Dawn of History Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J N Postgate edited by Yagmur Heffron Adam Stone and Martin Worthington University Park USA Penn State University Press pp 95 118 2017 Alster Bendt Early Dynastic Proverbs and Other Contributions to the Study of Literary Texts From Abu Ṣalabikh Archiv Fur Orientforschung vol 38 39 pp 1 51 1991 1 Alberti A A Reconstruction of the Abu Salabikh God list Studi Epigraphici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente 2 pp 3 23 1985 Clutton Brock Juliet and Richard Burleigh The Animal Remains from Abu Salabikh Preliminary Report Iraq vol 40 no 2 pp 89 100 1978 Eastham Anne The bird bones from Abu Salabikh Iraq vol 71 pp 99 114 2009 Nicholas Postgate Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1976 Iraq vol 39 pp 269 299 1977 Nicholas Postgate Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1977 Iraq vol 40 pp 89 100 1978 Nicholas Postgate Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1978 79 Iraq vol 42 no 2 pp 87 104 1980 Krebernik Manfred Die Texte aus Fara und Tell Abu Salabikh In Mesopotamien Spaturuk Zeit und Fruhdynastische Zeit ed P Attinger and M Wafler Annaher ungen 1 Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160 Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht pp 237 427 1998 Biggs R D The Semitic Personal Names from Abu Salabikh and the Personal Names from Ebla in Eblaite Personal Names and Semitic Name giving ed A Archi ARES 1 Rome Missione Archeologica Italiana in Siria pp 89 98 1988 Biggs Robert D Semitic Names in the Fara Period Orientalia vol 36 no 1 pp 55 66 1967 2 Nicholas Postgate Abu Salabikh in J Curtis ed Fifty Years of Mesopotamian Discovery London pp 48 61 1982 Hallo William W The Date of the Fara Period A Case Study in the Historiography of Early Mesopotamia Orientalia vol 42 pp 228 38 1973 3 Benco Nancy L Manufacture and Use of Clay Sickles from the Uruk Mound Abu Salabikh Iraq Paleorient vol 18 no 1 pp 119 34 1992 Susan Pollock Caroline Steele and Melody Pope Investigations on the Uruk Mound Abu Salabikh 1990 Iraq vol 53 pp 59 68 1991 Pearson G W et al High precision 14C measurement of Irish oaks to show the natural 14C variation from a d 1840 to 5210 b c Radiocarbon 28 pp 911 34 1986 Overmann Karenleigh A The Neolithic Clay Tokens The Material Origin of Numbers Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Piscataway NJ USA Gorgias Press pp 157 178 2019 Woods Christopher The Abacus in Mesopotamia Considerations from a Comparative Perspective The First Ninety Years A Sumerian Celebration in Honor of Miguel Civil edited by Lluis Feliu Fumi Karahashi and Gonzalo Rubio Berlin Boston De Gruyter pp 416 478 2017 4 Matthews R and Matthews W A palace for the king of Eres Evidence from the Early Dynastic City of Abu Salabikh south Iraq In Heffron Y Stone A and Worthington M eds At the dawn of history Ancient Near Eastern studies in honour of J N Postgate Eisenbrauns Winona Lake pp 359 367 2017 ISBN 9781575064710 Postgate J N and Moorey P R S Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1975 Iraq vol 38 pp 133 69 1976 Michalowski P Nisaba A Philologisch in vol 9 of Reallexikon der Assyriologie Edited by D O Edzard 10 vols Berlin W de Gruyter pp 575 79 2001 D R Frayne The Early Dynastic List of Geographical Names AOS 74 New Haven 1992 Frayne Douglas Table III List of Ur III Period Governors Ur III Period 2112 2004 BC Toronto University of Toronto Press pp xli xliv 1997 Sharlach T M An Ox of One s Own Provisioners and Influence An Ox of One s Own Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur Berlin Boston De Gruyter pp 211 238 2017 Sharlach T M Belet suhnir and Belet terraban and Religious Activities of the Queen and the Concubine s An Ox of One s Own Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur Berlin Boston De Gruyter pp 261 286 2017 Helle Sophus The Temple Hymns Enheduana The Complete Poems of the World s First Author New Haven Yale University Press pp 53 94 2023 Attinger P Remarques a Propos de la Malediction d Accad Revue d Assyriologie et d archeologie Orientale vol 78 no 2 pp 99 121 1984 Michalowski Piotr Maybe Epic the origins and reception of Sumerian heroic poetry Epic and History pp 7 25 2010Further reading editRobert D Biggs The Abu Salabikh Tablets A Preliminary Survey Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 20 no 2 pp 73 88 1966 Biggs Robert D Ebla and Abu Salabikh The Linguistic and Literary Aspects in La lingua di Ebla Atti del convegno internazionale Napoli 21 23 aprile 1980 Edited by Luigi Cagni Naples Istituto Universitario Orientale pp 121 33 1981 Biggs R D and Postgate J N Inscriptions from Abu Salabikh 1975 Iraq 40 pp 101 117 1978 Crawford Harriet E W Some fire installations from Abu Salabikh Iraq Dedicated to the Memory of Margaret Munn Rankin Paleorient vol 7 no 2 pp 105 14 1981 Crawford H E W More Fire Installations from Abu Salabikh Iraq vol 45 no 1 pp 32 34 1983 Angela von den Driesch Fischknochen Aus Abu Salabikh Iraq Iraq vol 48 pp 31 38 1986 Edzard D O Fara und Abu Salabih Die Wirtschaftstexte ZA 66 pp 156 195 1976 5 Jones Jennifer E Standardized Volumes Mass Produced Bowls of the Jemdet Nasr Period from Abu Salabikh Iraq Paleorient vol 22 no 1 pp 153 60 1996 Manfred Krebernik and Jan J W Lisman The Sumerian Zame Hymns from Tell Abu Ṣalabiḫ With an Appendix on the Early Dynastic Colophons dubsar 12 2020 ISBN 978 3 96327 034 5 Moon Jane Some New Early Dynastic Pottery from Abu Salabikh Iraq vol 43 no 1 pp 47 75 1981 Payne Joan Crowfoot An Early Dynastic III Flint Industry from Abu Salabikh Iraq vol 42 no 2 pp 105 19 1980 6 Pollock S Political Economy as viewed from the Garbage Dump Jemdet Nasr Occupation at the Uruk Mound Abu Salabikh Paleorient vol 16 no 1 pp 57 75 1990 Pollock Susan Making Fire in Uruk Period Abu Salabikh At the Dawn of History Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J N Postgate edited by Yagmur Heffron Adam Stone and Martin Worthington University Park USA Penn State University Press pp 413 422 2017 Pomponio F I nomi personali dei testi amministrativi die Abu Sal bih Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente Antico 8 pp 141 147 1991 Pope Melody Remembrances from the Field Excavating at Abu Salabikh with Susan Pollock A Photo Essay Pearls Politics and Pistachios Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock s 65th Birthday hrsg v Aydin Abar pp 203 218 2021 Nicholas Postgate and J A Moon Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1981 Iraq vol 44 no 2 pp 103 136 1982 Nicholas Postgate Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1983 Iraq vol 46 pp 95 114 1984 Postgate J N Killick J A British Archaeological Expedition to Abu Salabikh Final Field Report on the 8th Season Sumer vol 39 pp 95 99 1983 R J Matthews and Nicholas Postgate Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1985 86 Iraq vol 49 pp 91 120 1987 Nicholas Postgate Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1988 89 Iraq vol 52 pp 95 106 1990 S Pollock M Pope and C Coursey Household Production at the Uruk Mound Abu Salabikh Iraq American Journal of Archaeology vol 100 no 4 pp 683 698 1996 Nicholas Postgate Early Dynastic burial customs at Abu Salabikh in Sumer 36 pp 65 82 1980 Postgate J N and Moon J A Excavations at Abu Salabikh a Sumerian city National Geographic Research Reports 1976 projects vol 17 pp 721 743 1984 7 Unger Hamilton Romana et al Drill bits from Abu Salabikh Iraq MOM Editions 15 1 pp 269 285 1987 Wencel M ABU SALABIKH ABSOLUTE RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY Iraq vol 83 pp 245 258 2021 doi 10 1017 irq 2021 7 Abu Salabikh Excavations Volume I J N Postgate The West Mound Surface Clearance Oxbow Books 1983 ISBN 0903472066 PDF 8 Volume II H P Martin J Moon amp J N Postgate Graves 1 to 99 Oxbow Books 1985 ISBN 9780903472098 PDF 9 Volume III Jane Moon Catalogue of Early Dynastic Pottery Oxbow Books 1987 ISBN 9780903472111 PDF 10 Volume IV A N Green The 6G Ash Tip and its Contents Cultic and Administrative Discard from the Temple Oxbow Books 1993 ISBN 9780903472135 PDF 11 External links edit 12 Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1964 1965 The Soundings At Tell Abu Salabikh 13 Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1965 1966 Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh 14 Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1967 1968 Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh 15 Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1971 1972 Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh 16 Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1972 1973 Tell Abu Salabikh Digital tables from Abu Salabikh at CDLI Site photographs from Oriental Institute Archived 2014 01 02 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Abu Salabikh amp oldid 1188137954 Eresh, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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