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Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great

February 15, 2024

The equestrian statue of Frederick the Great on Unter den Linden avenue in Berlin's Mitte district commemorates King Frederick II of Prussia. Created from 1839 to 1851 by Christian Daniel Rauch, it is a masterpiece of the Berlin school of sculpture, marking the transition from neoclassicism to realism. The bronze statue shows "The Old Fritz" dressed in military uniform, ermine coat and tricorne hat on horseback above the leading generals, statesmen, artists and scientist of his time. Walled in during World War II, it was disassembled by East Germany in 1950, reassembled in Sanssouci Park in 1963, and returned to its original location in 1980.

Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great
German: Reiterstandbild Friedrichs des Großen
ArtistChristian Daniel Rauch
Year1851
MediumBronze
Dimensions13.50 m (44.3 ft)
LocationUnter den Linden, Berlin, Germany

History edit

Prussian King Frederick William III commissioned the monument from sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch in 1839. It was cast beginning in 1845 by Karl Ludwig Friebel, whom Rauch brought from Lauchhammer for the purpose; changes to the figures on the base extended work to six years,[1] and the monument was unveiled on 31 May 1851.[2] It is one of Rauch's best known works, and influenced other monuments erected in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[3]

The equestrian statue influenced many other monuments and is a registered monument of the City of Berlin. Beneath the equestrian statue itself, the unusually large plinth includes reliefs of the four cardinal virtues and important scenes from Frederick's life, and depictions, many in full relief, of 74 notable men from his reign; bronze plaques beneath the bands of sculpture list military men, philosophers, mathematicians, poets, statesmen, engineers, and others important in Prussia's emergence as a great power in the mid-18th century.

During World War II, the monument was encased in concrete for protection. In May 1950, the East German Magistrat decided to remove it to the park at the palace of Sanssouci in Potsdam. Metal thieves damaged it after the protective casing was removed, and it was dismantled and taken away between 13 and 19 July.[4] After being stored in pieces and at one point almost melted down,[5] by 1962 the monument had been re-erected in the hippodrome at Charlottenhof Palace.

In the 1980s, the East German government changed its politics of memory and especially its position on the Prussian heritage. In 1980 Erich Honecker called Frederick "the Great" in an interview with Robert Maxwell; in the same year, the historian Ingrid Mittenzwei [de] published a relatively positive biography of the king.[6] The statue was restored and returned to Unter den Linden,[7] approximately 6 metres (20 ft) east of its old position.[5] West Germany saw a similar return of a more positive view on Prussia with the Berlin exhibition Preußen – Versuch einer Bilanz (Prussia, an attempt at a complete picture).[8] The preparations to celebrate the 750th anniversary of the founding of Berlin in 1987 led to further reconsideration of the Prussian heritage; that year Gisela May performed a song celebrating the statue's return.[9]

After German reunification, the Senate of Berlin had the monument scientifically restored,[10] and it was replaced in its original position, with the wrought-iron fence and 19th-century lamp posts recreated. After having paint thrown at it during a protest against the Bundeswehr, it was restored once more in 2006 and given a coating of wax to protect against graffiti.[11]

  •  
    Unveiling of the memorial, 1851
  •  
    Looking towards the Brandenburg Gate, 1930s
  •  
    Looking towards the Berlin Palace, 1920s
  •  
    Removal of the casing, 1950
  •  
    In the hippodrome at Charlottenhof Palace in Potsdam, c. 1963
  •  
    Return to the original location, 1980

Description and location edit

 
Equestrian statue of Frederick II

The monument is 13.5 metres (44 ft) tall, with the equestrian statue itself standing 5.66 metres (18.6 ft) high. It depicts Frederick in military uniform and an ermine-trimmed cloak, wearing his decorations, and with his characteristic bicorne hat; he holds the reins in his left hand and in his right has a walking stick. The statue is mounted on an unusually tall plinth, 7.84 metres (25.7 ft) high, bearing two bands of additional sculpture above a band of inscriptions: the upper section shows scenes from the king's life, with the four cardinal virtues at the corners, while the middle depicts 74 great men of Frederick the Great's time in life size, many in full relief.[3]

The statue stands at the east end of Unter den Linden, facing east at the west end of the former Forum Fridericianum (now Bebelplatz) towards the site of the royal palace.[12] It is enclosed by a low wrought-iron fence, which was recreated when the monument was restored and replaced in its original position.[3]

Upper band edit

The upper sculpted band, immediately below the statue of the king, shows in bas-relief scenes from his life and is garnished at the corners with emblems of the four cardinal virtues in full relief.[13]

Middle band edit

The middle band depicts 74 men of Frederick the Great's time in life-size; some, such as the figure of his brother August, are free-standing; others are depicted in high relief. A few, including James Keith, are in bas-relief. As with the upper band, four figures in full relief stand at the corners, this time on horseback: Frederick's brother, Prince Henry of Prussia; Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz; and Hans Joachim von Zieten.[3]

Between the mounted figures stand 25 of the key men of Frederick's career. Some of them are full-sized free-standing figures and several are carved in partial relief.[13] The figures represented are predominantly military, but also include civilians of note, including diplomats, the Prime Minister of Prussia, jurists, poets, artists, and philosophers.[3]

   indicates that the figure is in bas-relief.

Lieutenant General Johann Dietrich von Hülsen, 1693–1767. Infantry. A man of legendary profanity,
Governor of Berlin, and commander of armies at Lobositz and Torgau. Fought in five Prussian wars. [18]		 Lieutenant General Karl Wilhelm von Dieskau, 1701–1777. Artillery. General Inspector of Artillery. Designed new field guns, and organised the training of the horse artillery.[19]
Lieutenant General Heinrich Sigismund von der Heyde, 1703–1765. Grenadier Battalion #4.
Maintained the heroic defence at the three Sieges of Kolberg.[20]		 Lieutenant General Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, 1732–1797.[21]
Major General Hans Sigismund von Lestwitz, 1718–1788. His timely attack at the Battle of Torgau secured the victory and saved the army.[22] Lieutenant General Wilhelm Sebastian von Belling, 1719–1779.[23]
General of Cavalry Joachim Bernhard von Prittwitz-Graffron, 1726–1793. Cavalry. Led the Regiment Gendarmes. Saved the king's life at the Battle of Kunersdorf.[24] General of Infantry Prince Augustus William of Prussia, 1722–1758, father of Frederick William II.[25]
 † Field Marshal James Keith, 1693–1757. Infantry. Close friend and confidante of the king. Killed at the Battle of Hochkirch.[26] General of Cavalry Dubislav Friedrich von Platen, 1714–1787. Cavalry. Watched his two sons die at the Battle of Zorndorf. Successfully invaded Bamberg, taking many captives and gold.[27]
Field Marshal Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 1700–1751. The "Young Dessauer".[28]  † Major General Frederick Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1732–1758. Brother of the Queen, killed at the Battle of Hochkirch.[29]
Field Marshal Friedrich Leopold, Graf von Gessler, 1688–1762. Cavalry. During attack of the Bayreuth Dragoons at the Battle of Hohenfriedburg, his regiment captured 62 enemy flags.[30]  (DOW) Lieutenant General Hans Karl von Winterfeldt, 1707–1757, Frederick's trusted advisor, founder of Prussian military intelligence unit, diplomat.[31]
Lieutenant General Carl Heinrich von Wedel, 1712–1782. Infantry. His regiment was so successful at the Battle of Leuthen that 14 members received the Pour le Mérite.[32] Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 1729–1781, Philosopher.[33]
Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia, 1780–1813, brother of the king.[34] Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, 1714–1800, Diplomat, Prime Minister of Prussia.[35]
Field Marshal Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, 1676–1747, the "Old Dessauer". Talented drill master who modernised Prussian infantry.[36] Ernst Wilhelm von Schlabrendorf, 1719–1769, Prussian state minister in Silesia and Pomerania.[37]
 † Field Marshal Kurt Christoph, Graf von Schwerin, 1684–1757. Infantry. A member of the military court that tried Frederick for desertion in 1730. Killed at the Battle of Prague.[38] Johann Heinrich von Carmer, 1720–1801. Chancellor and First Minister of Justice for Frederick and his nephew. Prussian jurist and judicial reformer.[39]
Major General Frederick William von Kleist, 1724–1767. Cavalry. Commander of the Green Hussars. Commanded an independent corps that participated in the "Glorious Raid of 1762".[40] Carl Heinrich Graun, 1704–1759. Prussian tenor and composer.[41]
Lieutenant General Karl Christoph von der Goltz, 1707–1761. Infantry. Charged with defence of Glogau.[42] Immanuel Kant, 1724–1804. Philosopher.[43][44]
 †Hartwig Karl von Wartenberg 1711–1757. Hussar. Major General. Killed in action at Alt-Bunzlau.[45]


  • Relief Figures
  •  
    Mounted (left): Duke Ferdinand. Partial Relief: Augustus and Belling. Foreground: Kleist, Dieskau, Winterfeldt. Mounted (right): Seydlitz.
  •  
    (left to right) Joachim Bernhard von Prittwitz, Hans Sigismund von Lestwitz, Prince Augustus William of Prussia, Heinrich Sigismund von der Heyde, Johann Dietrich von Hülsen
  •  
    Mounted (to the left): Seydlitz, Count Finckenstein, Schlabrendorf, Graun, Count von Carmer, Lessing, Kant, Mounted (to the right): Zeiten
  •  
    Dessau and Schwerin appear in partial relief. Foreground: Gessler, Wedel, the "Young Dessauer", Wartenberg, Freiherr von der Golz.

Lower band edit

The lowest band lists names of additional key figures from Frederick's reign, pressed in bronze.[3]

South face edit

The south face displays bronze plaques with the names of 25 generals.[3]

General of Artillery Christian Nicolaus von Linger, 1669–1755. Artillery. Son of a master
armorer. Founded Prussian Artillery.[46]		 Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt, 1685–1768. Grenadier Guards. Reliable favourite of Frederick; he mentored Frederick's up-and-coming officers.[47]
Major General Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia, 1730–1813. Infantry. Brother of Frederick. Grandson of George I of Great Britain.[34] Lieutenant General Friedrich Rudolf von Rothenburg, 1710–1751. Dragoons. Friend of the king, member of the Round Table of Frederick's closest friends.[48]
Lieutenant General Nikolaus Andreas von Katzler, 1696–1760. Gens d'armes. Entrepid soldier.[49] Field Marshal Wilhelm Dietrich von Buddenbrock, 1672–1757. Cavalry. Companion of Frederick's father.[50]
 † Lieutenant General Friedrich Sebastian Wunibald Truchsess zu Waldburg, 1677–1745. Known as "Trux". Infantry. Diplomat. Trusted confidant of the king. Died at the Battle of Hohenfriedburg.[51] Field Marshal Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau, 1712–1760, Infantry. Sixth son of the "Old Dessauer". Promoted on the field after the Battle of Leuthen.[52]
 (DOW) Lieutenant General Heinrich Karl Ludwig de Herault, 1689–1757. Infantry. Died of injuries received at the Battle of Prague. Descended from Huguenot refugees.[53] Lieutenant General Christoph II von Dohna, 1702–1762. Infantry. Commanded various infantry regiments: Nr. 4; Nr. 23; Nr.16.[54]
Field Marshal Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein, 1682–1759. Infantry. Frederick's tutor; also supervisor of the Charité hospital in Berlin.[55] Lieutenant General Ernst Christoph von Nassau, 1686–1755. Cuirassier. Saved the king and his army when they were trapped at Königgrätz in 1745.[56]
Lieutenant General Charles Frederick Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, 1705–1752. Infantry. Frederick's cousin, Grand Master of the Order of St. John in Brandenburg.[57] Lieutenant General and General of Infantry Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué, 1698–1774. Füsiliers. Friend of Frederick's, one of the few permitted to visit him during his incarceration at Küstrin. Grand Master of the "Order of Bayard", a group of Frederick's friends. Descended from Huguenot refugees.[58]
Major General Christoph Ludwig von Stille, 1686–1752. Infantry. Educated man who spoke several languages and introduced Frederick to poets and philosophers.[59] Field Marshal Joachim Christoph von Jeetze, 1672–1753. Infantry. Instrumental in the victory at Kesseldorf in 1745. Suffered a fatal stroke while visiting Frederick in Potsdam.[60]
General of Infantry Peter Ludwig du Moulin, 1681–1756. Infantry. Quartermaster of Field Armies. Descended from Huguenot refugees.[61] Lieutenant General Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Bevern, 1715–1781. Infantry. Conducted the defensive campaign of 1757–1758 with great skill.[62]
Lieutenant General Georg Ludwig von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf, 1719–1763. Infantry. Dismissed in 1761, he served briefly in the Russian Army and retired to Holstein to start a faience factory.[63]  † Lieutenant General Kaspar Ernst von Schultze, 1691–1757. Life Guards. Initially in artillery; joined Frederick's own Life Guard regiment in 1732. Killed at the Battle of Breslau.[64]
Field Marshal Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau, 1702–1769. Infantry. Third son of the "Old Dessauer".[65]  † Lieutenant General Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt, 1714–1744. Foot Guards. Cousin of the king. Died at the Siege of Prague after being struck by a cannonball.[66]
Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm Quirin von Forcade de Biaix, 1698–1765. Infantry. Succeeded his father as leader of the 23rd Infantry Regiment. Twice wounded and left for dead on the battlefield. Descended from Huguenot refugees [67] Lieutenant General Kaspar Ludwig von Bredow, 1685–1773. Foot Guards. Frederick's military mentor. Accompanied Frederick on his early campaigns in the Rhineland; served as intermediary between Frederick and his estranged father.[68]
Lieutenant General Franz Karl Ludwig von Wied zu Neuwied, 1710–1765. Infantry. Led the 41st Infantry Regiment. Reliable field commander. Retired with broken health.[69]

North face edit

The north face contains the names of 32 key military figures in Frederick's life. Thirty-two are generals; three are men who contributed significantly to various battles but because of early deaths did not reach the highest military rank.[3]

Lieutenant General August Friedrich von Itzenplitz, 1693–1759. Infantry. In 1759 led a raid against Bamberg and eluded the Imperial army.[70] Lieutenant General Georg Wilhelm von Driesen, 1700–1758. Curaissers. Instrumental in the Battles of Prague and Leuthen.[71]
Lieutenant General Wolf Frederick von Retzow, 1699–1758. Grenadiers. Started a weaver's colony near Potsdam at Frederick's orders. Refused a suicide mission preliminary to the Battle of Hochkirch and was removed from command.[72] Lieutenant General Otto Magnus von Schwerin, 1701–1777. Dragoons. Led the Bayreuth Dragoons at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg. His opinions often placed him in conflict with the king, so he was never raised to comital status[73]
 (DOW) Lieutenant General Arnold Christoph von Waldow, 1672–1734. Cavalry. Commanded left wing at the Battle of Chotusitz[74] Major General Gustav Bogislav von Münchow, 1686–1766. Frederick's valet de chambre when he was still Crown Prince. Envoy to Vienna in 1740.[75]
Major General Johann Carl Friedrich zu Carolath-Beuthen, 1716–1791. Cuirassier. Started in Austrian service, transferred to Prussian service in 1741. Served as a diplomat in Poland.[76] Lieutenant General Kasimir Wedig von Bonin, 1691–1752. Cavalry. Instrumental in the victory at Hohenfriedburg.[77]
Lieutenant General Joachim Christian von Tresckow, 1698–1762. Infantry. Defended the city of Neisse after the Prussian loss at Hochkirch, waiting for relief from the main army.[78]  (DOW) Lieutenant General Peter von Pennavaire, 1690–1759. Cavalry. Led Cuirassier Regiment No. 11. Nicknamed "the Anvil" because he was beaten so often. Descended from Huguenot refugees.[79]
Lieutenant General Christoph Friedrich von Lattorf, 1696–1762. Infantry. Resisted the Austrian siege at Kosel until relieved by General von der Golz.[80] Lieutenant General Heinrich von Manteuffel, 1696–1778. Infantry. At the Battle of Prague in 1757, picked up his fallen regimental colours and led a successful assault on the Austrian lines.[81]
Lieutenant General Anton von Krockow, 1714–1778. Infantry, Dragoons. Adjutant to Frederick. [82] Major General Dubislav Friedrich von Platen, 1714–1787. Cavalry. Saw two of his sons die at the Battle of Zorndorf; participated in the 1759 raid on Bamberg with von Kleist.[83]
Major General Carl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Braunschweig, 1735–1806. Military theoretician.[15] Major General Wilhelm Graf v. d. Lippe-Bückeburg 1724–1788. Military theoretician.[84]
Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Gaudi, 1725–1788. Frederick's aide-de-camp. Identified French movement at the Battle of Rossbach that allowed Frederick to outflank them. Inspector of the Regiments in Westphalia. Descended from Scottish refugees. [85] Lieutenant General Carl Heinrich von Wedel, 1712–1782. Infantry. Successful regimental action during the Battle of Leuthen resulted in award of 14 Pour le Mérites. Badly wounded at Kunersdorf and retired.[86]
 † Lieutenant General Moritz Franz Kasimir von Wobersnow, 1708–1759. Killed at the Battle of Kay.[87]  † Major General Georg Ludwig von Puttkamer, 1715–1759. Hussars. Killed at the Battle of Kunersdorf.[88]
Colonel William Dietrich von Wakenitz, 1728–1805. Cuirassier. Led the Cuirassier Regiment No. 5. Considered by some of his contemporaries to be among the best commanders in the army, but his enemies blocked promotions. Transferred to Hessian service.[89]  † Major Siegmund Moritz William von Langen, 1704–1758. Hero of the Battle of Hochkirch; his company held the Hochkirch cemetery long enough for the Prussian army to organise its retreat.[90]
Colonel Karl Friedrich von Moller, 1690–1762. Artillery. Brilliant artillery commander instrumental at the Battle of Rossbach.[91] Lieutenant General Robert Scipio von Lentulus, 1714–1786. Originally in Austrian service, recruited by the "Old Dessauer" to join the Prussian military. Served on several diplomatic missions for Frederick. Governor of Neuchâtel, part of Hohenzollern territory.[92]
Lieutenant General Friedrich Christoph von Saldern, 1719–1785. Infantry. Codified military training and tactics.[93] Lieutenant General and General of Infantry Joachim Friedrich von Stutterheim, 1715–1783. Infantry. Fought in all of Frederick's wars.[94]
Lieutenant General Paul von Werner, 1707–1785. Hussars. Recruited from Habsburg service by Hans Karl von Winterfeldt. [95] Lieutenant General Johann Jakob von Wunsch, 1717–1788. Infantry. Soldier of Fortune. Joined Frederick for the Seven Years' War. Developed Prussian light infantry tactics.[96]
Lieutenant General Christoph Karl von Bülow, 1716–1788. Cavalry. Reliable commander of cavalry regiments throughout the Seven Years' War. In the War of Bavarian Succession, commanded the entire right wing.[97] Lieutenant General Heinrich Gottlob von Braun, 1717–1798. Grenadiers. Participated in Frederick's funeral procession.[98]
Lieutenant General Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow, 1693–1753. Infantry. Led the Infantry Regiment 21, inducted into Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1753.[99] Lieutenant General Hans-Friedrich von Krusemark, 1720–1775. Cavalry, Gens d'armes. Inspector of cavalry. Appointed to Frederick's general staff.[100]
Field Marshal Wichard von Möllendorf, 1724–1816. Cavalry. Fought in all Prussian wars from 1741 to 1806. Wounded and captured at Jena-Auerstedt in 1806, awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honour by Napoleon.[101]

West face edit

The west face includes 14 men who contributed to the Prussian state as diplomats, authors, jurists, architects, painters and poets.[3]

Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg, 1725–1795. Statesman, diplomat, author. Especially notable in the diplomatic expansion of Prussian territories.[102] Samuel Freiherr von Coccji, 1679–1755. Jurist. Chief Justice.[103]
George Wenzeslaus Freiherr von Knobelsdorff, 1699–1753. Painter, architect. Drafted Frederick's drawings of the proposed Sanssouci into architectural plans and directed its construction.[104] Christian Freiherr von Wolff, 1679–1754. Philosopher, known for ontology or philosophia prima, cosmology, rational psychology, and natural theology. Expelled from Prussia by Frederick William I, invited back by Frederick.[105]
Carl Wilhelm Ramler, 1725–1798. Poet. Taught logic at the Prussian Cadet School; wrote Tod der Jesu, which was later adapted to oratoria by several musicians (including J.S. Bach). Director of the Royal Theater.[106] Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, 1709–1803. Poet. Personal secretary to Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt, accompanied the Prussian army on campaigns in the Silesia wars. Friend of Ewald von Kleist, Garve, Ramler; many of his poems were set to music during the Seven Years' War and became popular as marching tunes and camp ballads.[107]
Christian Garve, 1742–1798. Enlightenment philosopher. An empirical philosopher, he translated a portion of Cicero's De Officiis at Frederick's request and is known also for his translations of Adam Smith's works.[108]  (DOW) Ewald Christian von Kleist, 1715–1759. Poet and soldier, killed at the Battle of Kunersdorf.[109]
Johann Friedrich von Domhardt, 1712–1781. State administrator, engineer. Expanded the Angrapa River's flood containment and irrigation systems (1764–1774). Settled 15,000 colonists in East Prussia. Planned the Masurian Canal.[110] Christian Gellert, 1715–1769. Poet and storyteller. Wrote fables, dramatic comedies, and a psychological novel. [111]
Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, 1698–1759. Mathematician. First President of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.[112] Charles-Étienne Jordan, 1700–1745. Literary secretary to Frederick. Author, collector. Descended from Huguenot refugees.[113][114]
Johann Joachim Winckelmann, 1717–1768. A Hellenist art historian and archaeologist, he first articulated the difference between Greek, Greco-Roman and Roman art.[115] Antoine Pesne, 1683–1757. Artist, Court painter. Director of the Berlin Academy of the Arts [116]

East face edit

 
Bronze plaque on the lower east face

The east face bears the names of Frederick the Great, Frederick William III, and Frederick William IV, along with the dates on which the monument was commissioned and completed.

Other statues of Frederick the Great edit

Johann Gottfried Schadow, who was Rauch's teacher and had received many commissions under the previous king, Frederick William II, had expected to carry out this commission. He had already in 1821–22 made a lifesize bronze of Frederick the Great with two greyhounds, which is at Sanssouci.[117][118] He also created a marble statue of Frederick for the city of Stettin, now lost, a bronze reproduction of which is now in the grounds outside the New Wing at Charlottenburg Palace.[119]

In 1865 two students of Rauch's, Aloisio Lazzerini and Carlo Baratta, made an approximately half-size copy in marble of Rauch's equestrian statue, which is in the park at Sanssouci.[120]

Another smaller copy of Rauch's statue was made to commemorate Frederick's overnight stay in the Dehlitz section of Lützen before the Battle of Rossbach in 1757, and stood in a park there from 1858 until World War II, when it was moved for safekeeping to Lützen Castle.[121]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Wolfgang Vomm, Reiterstandbilder des 19. und fruhen 20. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland: zum Verständnis und zur Pflege eines traditionellen herrscherlichen Denkmaltyps im Historismus, dissertation, University of Cologne, 1979, 2 vols. Volume 1 OCLC 256342563, p. 150 (in German); the Berlin city monument page misspells Friebel's name as Carl Triebel.
  2. ^ Denkmal König Friedrichs des Grossen: enthüllt am 31. Mai 1851, Berlin: Decker, 1851 OCLC 249315081 (in German).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Denkmal König Friedrich II. von Preußen" 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, Berlin, revised 10 April 2014 (in German)
  4. ^ "Das Denkmal Friedrichs des Großen", in Das Berliner Schloss und sein Untergang. Ein Bildbericht über die Zerstörung Berliner Kulturdenkmäler, ed. Karl Rodemann, Berlin: Tauber, 1951, OCLC 17159620, pp. 23–24 (in German).
  5. ^ a b Rudolf Hempel, "Der Ritt in die falsche Richtung", interview with Hans Bentzien, Neues Deutschland, 22 November 1997 (in German) (subscription required).
  6. ^ Ingrid Mittenzwei [de], Friedrich II. von Preußen. Eine Biographie. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften / Cologne: Pahl–Rugenstein, 1980, ISBN 3-7609-0512-9 (in German).
  7. ^ T. H. Elkins with B. Hofmeister, Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City, London/New York: Methuen, 1988, ISBN 9780416922202, p. 11 (digital ed. p. 10).
  8. ^ Gottfried Korff [de] (ed.), Preußen – Versuch einer Bilanz, exhibition catalogue, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1981. ISBN 3-499-34001-1 (in German).
  9. ^ Nashenka, "'Der Alte Fritz', Gisela May", Politiek en Cultuur blog, 19 July 2010 (in German).
  10. ^ "Restaurierung des Bronzestandbildes Friedrich II. wurde fachtechnisch einwandfrei ausgeführt", press release, City of Berlin, 14 June 2001 (in German)
  11. ^ SAF, "Alter König frisch gereinigt", Berliner Morgenpost, 19 October 2006, at the Wayback Machine, 10 March 2007 (in German).
  12. ^ Hartwig Schmidt, "Architecture and Urban Planning 1850–1914", Berlin/New York: Like and Unlike: Essays on Architecture and Art from 1870 to the Present, ed. Josef Paul Kleihues and Christina Rathgeber, New York: Rizzoli, 1993, ISBN 9780847816576, pp. 128–44, p. 130.
  13. ^ a b Denkmal König Friedrichs des Großen: Enthüllt am 31. Mai 1851, Berlin: Verlag der Deckerschen Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, 1851, repr. Leipzig, 1987 (in German).
  14. ^ Ernst Graf zur Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Heinrich (Prinz von Preußen)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 11 (1880), pp. 561–68 (in German).
  15. ^ a b Paul Zimmermann,"Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 15 (1882), pp. 272–81 (in German).
  16. ^ Anton Balthasar König, Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen, welche sich in Preußischen Diensten berühmt gemacht haben [Biographical Dictionary of all those heroes and military figures who have earned fame in Prussian service], Berlin: A. Wever, 4 vols., 1788–1791, OCLC 34794450, Vol. 4 (1791), p. 2 (in German).
  17. ^ Bernhard von Poten, "Zieten, Hans Joachim von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 45 (1900), pp. 214–20 (in German).
  18. ^ Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Hülsen, Johann Dietrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 13 (1881), p. 334 (in German).
  19. ^ Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Dieskau, Karl von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 5 (1877), p. 147 (in German).
  20. ^ König, Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen: T. G-L (1789), pp. 157–60 (in German).
  21. ^ Michel Huberty, Alain Giraud, F. and B. Magdelaine, L'Allemagne Dynastique, Volume 2: Anhalt-Lippe-Wurtemberg, Le Perreux-sur-Marne: Laballery, 1979, ISBN 978-2-901138-02-0, pp. 459–60, 474–78, 499–500, (in French).
  22. ^ Poten, "Lestwitz, Hans Sigismund von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 457–58 (in German).
  23. ^ Lippe-Weißenfeld "Belling, Wilhelm Sebastian von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 2 (1875), pp. 312–13 (in German).
  24. ^ Poten, "Prittwitz, Joachim Bernhard von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 26 (1888), pp. 605–06 (in German).
  25. ^ Richard von Meerheimb, "August Wilhelm (Prinz von Preußen)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 1 (1875), pp. 669–71 (in German).
  26. ^ Arnold Dietrich Schaefer "Keith, George Graf", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 15 (1882), pp. 551–55 (in German).
  27. ^ Poten, "Platen, Dubislaw von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 26 (1888), pp. 249–51 (in German).
  28. ^ Ferdinand Siebigk, "Leopold II. (preußischer Generalfeldmarschall", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 352–56 (in German).
  29. ^ Ferdinand Spehr, "Friedrich Franz", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 7 (1878), p. 505 (in German).
  30. ^ Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Geßler, Friedrich Leopold, Graf von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 9 (1879), p. 95 (in German).
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Further information edit

  • Jutta von Simson. Das Berliner Denkmal für Friedrich den Großen. Die Entwürfe als Spiegelung des preußischen Selbstverständnisses. Frankfurt/Berlin: Ullstein/Propyläen, 1976, ISBN 3-549-06619-8 (in German)
  • Bloch, Peter; Grzimek, Waldemar (1978). Die Berliner Bildhauerschule im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Das klassische Berlin (in German). Berlin: Propyläen. ISBN 978-3-549-06631-7.
  • Frank Pieter Hesse and Gesine Sturm (ed.). Ein Denkmal für den König. Das Reiterstandbild für Friedrich II. Unter den Linden in Berlin. Beiträge zur Denkmalpflege in Berlin 17. Berlin: Schelzky & Jeep, 2001, ISBN 978-3-89541-158-8 (German/English picture book)
  • Wieland Giebel (ed.). Das Reiterdenkmal Friedrichs des Großen. Berlin: Story, 2007, ISBN 978-3-929829-69-3 (in German)
  • Majestät reiten wieder 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, video on restoration completed in 2001, Mefisto Video GmbH (Windows Media Player) (in German)

52°31′02″N 13°23′34″E / 52.51722°N 13.39278°E / 52.51722; 13.39278

February 15, 2024
equestrian, statue, frederick, great, equestrian, statue, frederick, great, unter, linden, avenue, berlin, mitte, district, commemorates, king, frederick, prussia, created, from, 1839, 1851, christian, daniel, rauch, masterpiece, berlin, school, sculpture, mar. The equestrian statue of Frederick the Great on Unter den Linden avenue in Berlin s Mitte district commemorates King Frederick II of Prussia Created from 1839 to 1851 by Christian Daniel Rauch it is a masterpiece of the Berlin school of sculpture marking the transition from neoclassicism to realism The bronze statue shows The Old Fritz dressed in military uniform ermine coat and tricorne hat on horseback above the leading generals statesmen artists and scientist of his time Walled in during World War II it was disassembled by East Germany in 1950 reassembled in Sanssouci Park in 1963 and returned to its original location in 1980 Equestrian statue of Frederick the GreatGerman Reiterstandbild Friedrichs des GrossenArtistChristian Daniel RauchYear1851MediumBronzeDimensions13 50 m 44 3 ft LocationUnter den Linden Berlin Germany Contents 1 History 2 Description and location 2 1 Upper band 2 2 Middle band 2 3 Lower band 2 3 1 South face 2 3 2 North face 2 3 3 West face 2 3 4 East face 3 Other statues of Frederick the Great 4 See also 5 References 6 Further informationHistory editPrussian King Frederick William III commissioned the monument from sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch in 1839 It was cast beginning in 1845 by Karl Ludwig Friebel whom Rauch brought from Lauchhammer for the purpose changes to the figures on the base extended work to six years 1 and the monument was unveiled on 31 May 1851 2 It is one of Rauch s best known works and influenced other monuments erected in the late 19th and early 20th centuries 3 The equestrian statue influenced many other monuments and is a registered monument of the City of Berlin Beneath the equestrian statue itself the unusually large plinth includes reliefs of the four cardinal virtues and important scenes from Frederick s life and depictions many in full relief of 74 notable men from his reign bronze plaques beneath the bands of sculpture list military men philosophers mathematicians poets statesmen engineers and others important in Prussia s emergence as a great power in the mid 18th century During World War II the monument was encased in concrete for protection In May 1950 the East German Magistrat decided to remove it to the park at the palace of Sanssouci in Potsdam Metal thieves damaged it after the protective casing was removed and it was dismantled and taken away between 13 and 19 July 4 After being stored in pieces and at one point almost melted down 5 by 1962 the monument had been re erected in the hippodrome at Charlottenhof Palace In the 1980s the East German government changed its politics of memory and especially its position on the Prussian heritage In 1980 Erich Honecker called Frederick the Great in an interview with Robert Maxwell in the same year the historian Ingrid Mittenzwei de published a relatively positive biography of the king 6 The statue was restored and returned to Unter den Linden 7 approximately 6 metres 20 ft east of its old position 5 West Germany saw a similar return of a more positive view on Prussia with the Berlin exhibition Preussen Versuch einer Bilanz Prussia an attempt at a complete picture 8 The preparations to celebrate the 750th anniversary of the founding of Berlin in 1987 led to further reconsideration of the Prussian heritage that year Gisela May performed a song celebrating the statue s return 9 After German reunification the Senate of Berlin had the monument scientifically restored 10 and it was replaced in its original position with the wrought iron fence and 19th century lamp posts recreated After having paint thrown at it during a protest against the Bundeswehr it was restored once more in 2006 and given a coating of wax to protect against graffiti 11 nbsp Unveiling of the memorial 1851 nbsp Looking towards the Brandenburg Gate 1930s nbsp Looking towards the Berlin Palace 1920s nbsp Removal of the casing 1950 nbsp In the hippodrome at Charlottenhof Palace in Potsdam c 1963 nbsp Return to the original location 1980Description and location edit nbsp Equestrian statue of Frederick IIThe monument is 13 5 metres 44 ft tall with the equestrian statue itself standing 5 66 metres 18 6 ft high It depicts Frederick in military uniform and an ermine trimmed cloak wearing his decorations and with his characteristic bicorne hat he holds the reins in his left hand and in his right has a walking stick The statue is mounted on an unusually tall plinth 7 84 metres 25 7 ft high bearing two bands of additional sculpture above a band of inscriptions the upper section shows scenes from the king s life with the four cardinal virtues at the corners while the middle depicts 74 great men of Frederick the Great s time in life size many in full relief 3 The statue stands at the east end of Unter den Linden facing east at the west end of the former Forum Fridericianum now Bebelplatz towards the site of the royal palace 12 It is enclosed by a low wrought iron fence which was recreated when the monument was restored and replaced in its original position 3 Upper band edit The upper sculpted band immediately below the statue of the king shows in bas relief scenes from his life and is garnished at the corners with emblems of the four cardinal virtues in full relief 13 The Virtues nbsp Moderation nbsp Justice nbsp Courage nbsp PrudenceMiddle band edit The middle band depicts 74 men of Frederick the Great s time in life size some such as the figure of his brother August are free standing others are depicted in high relief A few including James Keith are in bas relief As with the upper band four figures in full relief stand at the corners this time on horseback Frederick s brother Prince Henry of Prussia Charles William Ferdinand Duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz and Hans Joachim von Zieten 3 Four mounted figures nbsp Prince Henry of Prussia 1726 1802 Prince of Prussia Frederick s brother 14 nbsp Field Marshal Ferdinand Prince of Brunswick Luneburg 1721 1792 15 nbsp Lieutenant General and Inspector of Cavalry Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz 1721 1783 16 nbsp Lieutenant General and General of Cavalry Hans Joachim von Zieten Zieten aus dem Busch 1699 1786 17 Between the mounted figures stand 25 of the key men of Frederick s career Some of them are full sized free standing figures and several are carved in partial relief 13 The figures represented are predominantly military but also include civilians of note including diplomats the Prime Minister of Prussia jurists poets artists and philosophers 3 indicates that the figure is in bas relief Lieutenant General Johann Dietrich von Hulsen 1693 1767 Infantry A man of legendary profanity Governor of Berlin and commander of armies at Lobositz and Torgau Fought in five Prussian wars 18 Lieutenant General Karl Wilhelm von Dieskau 1701 1777 Artillery General Inspector of Artillery Designed new field guns and organised the training of the horse artillery 19 Lieutenant General Heinrich Sigismund von der Heyde 1703 1765 Grenadier Battalion 4 Maintained the heroic defence at the three Sieges of Kolberg 20 Lieutenant General Frederick II Eugene Duke of Wurttemberg 1732 1797 21 Major General Hans Sigismund von Lestwitz 1718 1788 His timely attack at the Battle of Torgau secured the victory and saved the army 22 Lieutenant General Wilhelm Sebastian von Belling 1719 1779 23 General of Cavalry Joachim Bernhard von Prittwitz Graffron 1726 1793 Cavalry Led the Regiment Gendarmes Saved the king s life at the Battle of Kunersdorf 24 General of Infantry Prince Augustus William of Prussia 1722 1758 father of Frederick William II 25 Field Marshal James Keith 1693 1757 Infantry Close friend and confidante of the king Killed at the Battle of Hochkirch 26 General of Cavalry Dubislav Friedrich von Platen 1714 1787 Cavalry Watched his two sons die at the Battle of Zorndorf Successfully invaded Bamberg taking many captives and gold 27 Field Marshal Leopold II Prince of Anhalt Dessau1700 1751 The Young Dessauer 28 Major General Frederick Francis of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel 1732 1758 Brother of the Queen killed at the Battle of Hochkirch 29 Field Marshal Friedrich Leopold Graf von Gessler 1688 1762 Cavalry During attack of the Bayreuth Dragoons at the Battle of Hohenfriedburg his regiment captured 62 enemy flags 30 DOW Lieutenant General Hans Karl von Winterfeldt 1707 1757 Frederick s trusted advisor founder of Prussian military intelligence unit diplomat 31 Lieutenant General Carl Heinrich von Wedel 1712 1782 Infantry His regiment was so successful at the Battle of Leuthen that 14 members received the Pour le Merite 32 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 1729 1781 Philosopher 33 Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia 1780 1813 brother of the king 34 Count Karl Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein 1714 1800 Diplomat Prime Minister of Prussia 35 Field Marshal Leopold I Prince of Anhalt Dessau 1676 1747 the Old Dessauer Talented drill master who modernised Prussian infantry 36 Ernst Wilhelm von Schlabrendorf 1719 1769 Prussian state minister in Silesia and Pomerania 37 Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin 1684 1757 Infantry A member of the military court that tried Frederick for desertion in 1730 Killed at the Battle of Prague 38 Johann Heinrich von Carmer 1720 1801 Chancellor and First Minister of Justice for Frederick and his nephew Prussian jurist and judicial reformer 39 Major General Frederick William von Kleist 1724 1767 Cavalry Commander of the Green Hussars Commanded an independent corps that participated in the Glorious Raid of 1762 40 Carl Heinrich Graun 1704 1759 Prussian tenor and composer 41 Lieutenant General Karl Christoph von der Goltz 1707 1761 Infantry Charged with defence of Glogau 42 Immanuel Kant 1724 1804 Philosopher 43 44 Hartwig Karl von Wartenberg 1711 1757 Hussar Major General Killed in action at Alt Bunzlau 45 Relief Figures nbsp Mounted left Duke Ferdinand Partial Relief Augustus and Belling Foreground Kleist Dieskau Winterfeldt Mounted right Seydlitz nbsp left to right Joachim Bernhard von Prittwitz Hans Sigismund von Lestwitz Prince Augustus William of Prussia Heinrich Sigismund von der Heyde Johann Dietrich von Hulsen nbsp Mounted to the left Seydlitz Count Finckenstein Schlabrendorf Graun Count von Carmer Lessing Kant Mounted to the right Zeiten nbsp Dessau and Schwerin appear in partial relief Foreground Gessler Wedel the Young Dessauer Wartenberg Freiherr von der Golz Lower band edit The lowest band lists names of additional key figures from Frederick s reign pressed in bronze 3 South face edit The south face displays bronze plaques with the names of 25 generals 3 General of Artillery Christian Nicolaus von Linger 1669 1755 Artillery Son of a master armorer Founded Prussian Artillery 46 Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt 1685 1768 Grenadier Guards Reliable favourite of Frederick he mentored Frederick s up and coming officers 47 Major General Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia 1730 1813 Infantry Brother of Frederick Grandson of George I of Great Britain 34 Lieutenant General Friedrich Rudolf von Rothenburg 1710 1751 Dragoons Friend of the king member of the Round Table of Frederick s closest friends 48 Lieutenant General Nikolaus Andreas von Katzler 1696 1760 Gens d armes Entrepid soldier 49 Field Marshal Wilhelm Dietrich von Buddenbrock 1672 1757 Cavalry Companion of Frederick s father 50 Lieutenant General Friedrich Sebastian Wunibald Truchsess zu Waldburg 1677 1745 Known as Trux Infantry Diplomat Trusted confidant of the king Died at the Battle of Hohenfriedburg 51 Field Marshal Prince Moritz of Anhalt Dessau 1712 1760 Infantry Sixth son of the Old Dessauer Promoted on the field after the Battle of Leuthen 52 DOW Lieutenant General Heinrich Karl Ludwig de Herault 1689 1757 Infantry Died of injuries received at the Battle of Prague Descended from Huguenot refugees 53 Lieutenant General Christoph II von Dohna 1702 1762 Infantry Commanded various infantry regiments Nr 4 Nr 23 Nr 16 54 Field Marshal Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein 1682 1759 Infantry Frederick s tutor also supervisor of the Charite hospital in Berlin 55 Lieutenant General Ernst Christoph von Nassau 1686 1755 Cuirassier Saved the king and his army when they were trapped at Koniggratz in 1745 56 Lieutenant General Charles Frederick Albert Margrave of Brandenburg Schwedt 1705 1752 Infantry Frederick s cousin Grand Master of the Order of St John in Brandenburg 57 Lieutenant General and General of Infantry Heinrich August de la Motte Fouque 1698 1774 Fusiliers Friend of Frederick s one of the few permitted to visit him during his incarceration at Kustrin Grand Master of the Order of Bayard a group of Frederick s friends Descended from Huguenot refugees 58 Major General Christoph Ludwig von Stille 1686 1752 Infantry Educated man who spoke several languages and introduced Frederick to poets and philosophers 59 Field Marshal Joachim Christoph von Jeetze 1672 1753 Infantry Instrumental in the victory at Kesseldorf in 1745 Suffered a fatal stroke while visiting Frederick in Potsdam 60 General of Infantry Peter Ludwig du Moulin 1681 1756 Infantry Quartermaster of Field Armies Descended from Huguenot refugees 61 Lieutenant General Augustus William Duke of Brunswick Bevern 1715 1781 Infantry Conducted the defensive campaign of 1757 1758 with great skill 62 Lieutenant General Georg Ludwig von Schleswig Holstein Gottorf 1719 1763 Infantry Dismissed in 1761 he served briefly in the Russian Army and retired to Holstein to start a faience factory 63 Lieutenant General Kaspar Ernst von Schultze 1691 1757 Life Guards Initially in artillery joined Frederick s own Life Guard regiment in 1732 Killed at the Battle of Breslau 64 Field Marshal Dietrich of Anhalt Dessau 1702 1769 Infantry Third son of the Old Dessauer 65 Lieutenant General Frederick William of Brandenburg Schwedt 1714 1744 Foot Guards Cousin of the king Died at the Siege of Prague after being struck by a cannonball 66 Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm Quirin von Forcade de Biaix 1698 1765 Infantry Succeeded his father as leader of the 23rd Infantry Regiment Twice wounded and left for dead on the battlefield Descended from Huguenot refugees 67 Lieutenant General Kaspar Ludwig von Bredow 1685 1773 Foot Guards Frederick s military mentor Accompanied Frederick on his early campaigns in the Rhineland served as intermediary between Frederick and his estranged father 68 Lieutenant General Franz Karl Ludwig von Wied zu Neuwied 1710 1765 Infantry Led the 41st Infantry Regiment Reliable field commander Retired with broken health 69 North face edit The north face contains the names of 32 key military figures in Frederick s life Thirty two are generals three are men who contributed significantly to various battles but because of early deaths did not reach the highest military rank 3 Lieutenant General August Friedrich von Itzenplitz 1693 1759 Infantry In 1759 led a raid against Bamberg and eluded the Imperial army 70 Lieutenant General Georg Wilhelm von Driesen 1700 1758 Curaissers Instrumental in the Battles of Prague and Leuthen 71 Lieutenant General Wolf Frederick von Retzow 1699 1758 Grenadiers Started a weaver s colony near Potsdam at Frederick s orders Refused a suicide mission preliminary to the Battle of Hochkirch and was removed from command 72 Lieutenant General Otto Magnus von Schwerin 1701 1777 Dragoons Led the Bayreuth Dragoons at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg His opinions often placed him in conflict with the king so he was never raised to comital status 73 DOW Lieutenant General Arnold Christoph von Waldow 1672 1734 Cavalry Commanded left wing at the Battle of Chotusitz 74 Major General Gustav Bogislav von Munchow 1686 1766 Frederick s valet de chambre when he was still Crown Prince Envoy to Vienna in 1740 75 Major General Johann Carl Friedrich zu Carolath Beuthen 1716 1791 Cuirassier Started in Austrian service transferred to Prussian service in 1741 Served as a diplomat in Poland 76 Lieutenant General Kasimir Wedig von Bonin 1691 1752 Cavalry Instrumental in the victory at Hohenfriedburg 77 Lieutenant General Joachim Christian von Tresckow 1698 1762 Infantry Defended the city of Neisse after the Prussian loss at Hochkirch waiting for relief from the main army 78 DOW Lieutenant General Peter von Pennavaire 1690 1759 Cavalry Led Cuirassier Regiment No 11 Nicknamed the Anvil because he was beaten so often Descended from Huguenot refugees 79 Lieutenant General Christoph Friedrich von Lattorf 1696 1762 Infantry Resisted the Austrian siege at Kosel until relieved by General von der Golz 80 Lieutenant General Heinrich von Manteuffel 1696 1778 Infantry At the Battle of Prague in 1757 picked up his fallen regimental colours and led a successful assault on the Austrian lines 81 Lieutenant General Anton von Krockow 1714 1778 Infantry Dragoons Adjutant to Frederick 82 Major General Dubislav Friedrich von Platen 1714 1787 Cavalry Saw two of his sons die at the Battle of Zorndorf participated in the 1759 raid on Bamberg with von Kleist 83 Major General Carl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Braunschweig 1735 1806 Military theoretician 15 Major General Wilhelm Graf v d Lippe Buckeburg1724 1788 Military theoretician 84 Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Gaudi 1725 1788 Frederick s aide de camp Identified French movement at the Battle of Rossbach that allowed Frederick to outflank them Inspector of the Regiments in Westphalia Descended from Scottish refugees 85 Lieutenant General Carl Heinrich von Wedel 1712 1782 Infantry Successful regimental action during the Battle of Leuthen resulted in award of 14 Pour le Merites Badly wounded at Kunersdorf and retired 86 Lieutenant General Moritz Franz Kasimir von Wobersnow 1708 1759 Killed at the Battle of Kay 87 Major General Georg Ludwig von Puttkamer 1715 1759 Hussars Killed at the Battle of Kunersdorf 88 Colonel William Dietrich von Wakenitz 1728 1805 Cuirassier Led the Cuirassier Regiment No 5 Considered by some of his contemporaries to be among the best commanders in the army but his enemies blocked promotions Transferred to Hessian service 89 Major Siegmund Moritz William von Langen 1704 1758 Hero of the Battle of Hochkirch his company held the Hochkirch cemetery long enough for the Prussian army to organise its retreat 90 Colonel Karl Friedrich von Moller 1690 1762 Artillery Brilliant artillery commander instrumental at the Battle of Rossbach 91 Lieutenant General Robert Scipio von Lentulus 1714 1786 Originally in Austrian service recruited by the Old Dessauer to join the Prussian military Served on several diplomatic missions for Frederick Governor of Neuchatel part of Hohenzollern territory 92 Lieutenant General Friedrich Christoph von Saldern 1719 1785 Infantry Codified military training and tactics 93 Lieutenant General and General of Infantry Joachim Friedrich von Stutterheim 1715 1783 Infantry Fought in all of Frederick s wars 94 Lieutenant General Paul von Werner 1707 1785 Hussars Recruited from Habsburg service by Hans Karl von Winterfeldt 95 Lieutenant General Johann Jakob von Wunsch 1717 1788 Infantry Soldier of Fortune Joined Frederick for the Seven Years War Developed Prussian light infantry tactics 96 Lieutenant General Christoph Karl von Bulow 1716 1788 Cavalry Reliable commander of cavalry regiments throughout the Seven Years War In the War of Bavarian Succession commanded the entire right wing 97 Lieutenant General Heinrich Gottlob von Braun 1717 1798 Grenadiers Participated in Frederick s funeral procession 98 Lieutenant General Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow 1693 1753 Infantry Led the Infantry Regiment 21 inducted into Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1753 99 Lieutenant General Hans Friedrich von Krusemark 1720 1775 Cavalry Gens d armes Inspector of cavalry Appointed to Frederick s general staff 100 Field Marshal Wichard von Mollendorf 1724 1816 Cavalry Fought in all Prussian wars from 1741 to 1806 Wounded and captured at Jena Auerstedt in 1806 awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honour by Napoleon 101 West face edit The west face includes 14 men who contributed to the Prussian state as diplomats authors jurists architects painters and poets 3 Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg 1725 1795 Statesman diplomat author Especially notable in the diplomatic expansion of Prussian territories 102 Samuel Freiherr von Coccji 1679 1755 Jurist Chief Justice 103 George Wenzeslaus Freiherr von Knobelsdorff 1699 1753 Painter architect Drafted Frederick s drawings of the proposed Sanssouci into architectural plans and directed its construction 104 Christian Freiherr von Wolff 1679 1754 Philosopher known for ontology or philosophia prima cosmology rational psychology and natural theology Expelled from Prussia by Frederick William I invited back by Frederick 105 Carl Wilhelm Ramler 1725 1798 Poet Taught logic at the Prussian Cadet School wrote Tod der Jesu which was later adapted to oratoria by several musicians including J S Bach Director of the Royal Theater 106 Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim 1709 1803 Poet Personal secretary to Frederick William of Brandenburg Schwedt accompanied the Prussian army on campaigns in the Silesia wars Friend of Ewald von Kleist Garve Ramler many of his poems were set to music during the Seven Years War and became popular as marching tunes and camp ballads 107 Christian Garve 1742 1798 Enlightenment philosopher An empirical philosopher he translated a portion of Cicero s De Officiis at Frederick s request and is known also for his translations of Adam Smith s works 108 DOW Ewald Christian von Kleist 1715 1759 Poet and soldier killed at the Battle of Kunersdorf 109 Johann Friedrich von Domhardt 1712 1781 State administrator engineer Expanded the Angrapa River s flood containment and irrigation systems 1764 1774 Settled 15 000 colonists in East Prussia Planned the Masurian Canal 110 Christian Gellert 1715 1769 Poet and storyteller Wrote fables dramatic comedies and a psychological novel 111 Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis 1698 1759 Mathematician First President of the Prussian Academy of Sciences 112 Charles Etienne Jordan 1700 1745 Literary secretary to Frederick Author collector Descended from Huguenot refugees 113 114 Johann Joachim Winckelmann 1717 1768 A Hellenist art historian and archaeologist he first articulated the difference between Greek Greco Roman and Roman art 115 Antoine Pesne 1683 1757 Artist Court painter Director of the Berlin Academy of the Arts 116 East face edit nbsp Bronze plaque on the lower east faceThe east face bears the names of Frederick the Great Frederick William III and Frederick William IV along with the dates on which the monument was commissioned and completed Other statues of Frederick the Great editJohann Gottfried Schadow who was Rauch s teacher and had received many commissions under the previous king Frederick William II had expected to carry out this commission He had already in 1821 22 made a lifesize bronze of Frederick the Great with two greyhounds which is at Sanssouci 117 118 He also created a marble statue of Frederick for the city of Stettin now lost a bronze reproduction of which is now in the grounds outside the New Wing at Charlottenburg Palace 119 In 1865 two students of Rauch s Aloisio Lazzerini and Carlo Baratta made an approximately half size copy in marble of Rauch s equestrian statue which is in the park at Sanssouci 120 Another smaller copy of Rauch s statue was made to commemorate Frederick s overnight stay in the Dehlitz section of Lutzen before the Battle of Rossbach in 1757 and stood in a park there from 1858 until World War II when it was moved for safekeeping to Lutzen Castle 121 See also edit nbsp Media related to Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great at Wikimedia Commons List of equestrian statues in Germany List of tourist attractions in BerlinReferences edit Wolfgang Vomm Reiterstandbilder des 19 und fruhen 20 Jahrhunderts in Deutschland zum Verstandnis und zur Pflege eines traditionellen herrscherlichen Denkmaltyps im Historismus dissertation University of Cologne 1979 2 vols Volume 1 OCLC 256342563 p 150 in German the Berlin city monument page misspells Friebel s name as Carl Triebel Denkmal Konig Friedrichs des Grossen enthullt am 31 Mai 1851 Berlin Decker 1851 OCLC 249315081 in German a b c d e f g h i Denkmal Konig Friedrich II von Preussen Archived 2015 09 24 at the Wayback Machine Senatsverwaltung fur Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin revised 10 April 2014 in German Das Denkmal Friedrichs des Grossen in Das Berliner Schloss und sein Untergang Ein Bildbericht uber die Zerstorung Berliner Kulturdenkmaler ed Karl Rodemann Berlin Tauber 1951 OCLC 17159620 pp 23 24 in German a b Rudolf Hempel Der Ritt in die falsche Richtung interview with Hans Bentzien Neues Deutschland 22 November 1997 in German subscription required Ingrid Mittenzwei de Friedrich II von Preussen Eine Biographie Berlin Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften Cologne Pahl Rugenstein 1980 ISBN 3 7609 0512 9 in German T H Elkins with B Hofmeister Berlin The Spatial Structure of a Divided City London New York Methuen 1988 ISBN 9780416922202 p 11 digital ed p 10 Gottfried Korff de ed Preussen Versuch einer Bilanz exhibition catalogue Reinbek bei Hamburg Rowohlt 1981 ISBN 3 499 34001 1 in German Nashenka Der Alte Fritz Gisela May Politiek en Cultuur blog 19 July 2010 in German Restaurierung des Bronzestandbildes Friedrich II wurde fachtechnisch einwandfrei ausgefuhrt press release City of Berlin 14 June 2001 in German SAF Alter Konig frisch gereinigt Berliner Morgenpost 19 October 2006 archived at the Wayback Machine 10 March 2007 in German Hartwig Schmidt Architecture and Urban Planning 1850 1914 Berlin New York Like and Unlike Essays on Architecture and Art from 1870 to the Present ed Josef Paul Kleihues and Christina Rathgeber New York Rizzoli 1993 ISBN 9780847816576 pp 128 44 p 130 a b Denkmal Konig Friedrichs des Grossen Enthullt am 31 Mai 1851 Berlin Verlag der Deckerschen Geheimen Ober Hofbuchdruckerei 1851 repr Leipzig 1987 in German Ernst Graf zur Lippe Weissenfeld Heinrich Prinz von Preussen Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 11 1880 pp 561 68 in German a b Paul Zimmermann Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 15 1882 pp 272 81 in German Anton Balthasar Konig Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen welche sich in Preussischen Diensten beruhmt gemacht haben Biographical Dictionary of all those heroes and military figures who have earned fame in Prussian service Berlin A Wever 4 vols 1788 1791 OCLC 34794450 Vol 4 1791 p 2 in German Bernhard von Poten Zieten Hans Joachim von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 45 1900 pp 214 20 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Hulsen Johann Dietrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 13 1881 p 334 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Dieskau Karl von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 5 1877 p 147 in German Konig Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen T G L 1789 pp 157 60 in German Michel Huberty Alain Giraud F and B Magdelaine L Allemagne Dynastique Volume 2 Anhalt Lippe Wurtemberg Le Perreux sur Marne Laballery 1979 ISBN 978 2 901138 02 0 pp 459 60 474 78 499 500 in French Poten Lestwitz Hans Sigismund von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 18 1883 pp 457 58 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Belling Wilhelm Sebastian von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 2 1875 pp 312 13 in German Poten Prittwitz Joachim Bernhard von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 26 1888 pp 605 06 in German Richard von Meerheimb August Wilhelm Prinz von Preussen Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 1 1875 pp 669 71 in German Arnold Dietrich Schaefer Keith George Graf Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 15 1882 pp 551 55 in German Poten Platen Dubislaw von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 26 1888 pp 249 51 in German Ferdinand Siebigk Leopold II preussischer Generalfeldmarschall Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 18 1883 pp 352 56 in German Ferdinand Spehr Friedrich Franz Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 7 1878 p 505 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Gessler Friedrich Leopold Graf von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 9 1879 p 95 in German Poten Winterfeldt Hans Karl von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 43 1898 pp 485 90 in German Poten Wedell Karl Heinrich von Wedel Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 41 1896 pp 410 13 in German Carl Christian Redlich Lessing Gotthold Ephraim Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 19 1884 pp 756 802 a b Lippe Weissenfeld Ferdinand Prinz von Preussen Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 6 1877 p 709 in German Siegfried Isaacsohn Finck von Finckenstein Karl Wilhelm Graf Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 7 1878 pp 22 25 in German Siebigk Leopold I Furst von Anhalt Dessau Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 18 1883 pp 336 52 in German Colmar Grunhagen Schlabrendorff Ernst Wilhelm von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 31 1890 pp 316 19 in German Poten Schwerin Kurd Kurt Christoph Graf von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 33 1891 pp 421 25 in German Georg Friedrich Felix Eberty Carmer Johann Heinrich Casimir Graf von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 4 1876 pp 1 3 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Richard von Meerheimb Kleist Friedrich Wilhelm von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 16 1882 pp 123 24 Moritz Furstenau Graun Carl Heinrich Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 9 1879 pp 607 09 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Goltz Karl Christoph Freiherr von der Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 9 1879 pp 357 58 in German Kant Random House Webster s Unabridged Dictionary retrieved 12 March 2017 Carl von Prantl Kant Immanuel Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 15 1882 pp 81 97 in German Poten Wartenberg Hartwig Karl von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 41 1896 pp 193 94 Poten Linger Christian von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 18 1883 pp 709 10 in German Poten Lehwaldt Hans von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 18 1883 pp 166 67 in German Poten Rothenburg Friedrich Rudolf Graf Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 29 1889 pp 358 59 in German Poten Katzeler Nikolaus Andreas von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 15 1882 pp 457 58 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Buddenbrock Wilhelm Dietrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 3 1876 p 500 in German Poten Truchsess Friedrich Sebastian Wunibald Graf Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 38 1894 pp 678 79 in German Ferdinand Siebigk Moritz preussischer Feldmarschall Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 22 1885 pp 263 68 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Hautcharmoy Heinrich Karl Ludwig de Herault Seigneur de Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 11 1880 p 113 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Dohna Schlodien Christoph Graf von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 5 1877 pp 302 03 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Kalckstein Christoph Wilhelm von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 15 1882 pp 17 18 in German Poten Nassau Christof Ernst Graf von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 23 1886 pp 262 63 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Karl Friedrich Albrecht Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 15 1882 p 263 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Motte Fouque Heinrich August Freiherr de la Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 7 1878 pp 201 02 in German Heinrich Prohle Stille Christoph Ludwig von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 36 1893 pp 240 45 in German Ernst Friedlander Jeetze Joachim Christoph von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 13 1881 pp 751 53 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Du Moulin Peter Ludwig Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 5 1877 p 466 in German Meerheimb August Wilhelm preussischer General Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 1 1875 pp 665 67 in German Also called Brunswick Bevern in English sources Lippe Weissenfeld Georg Ludwig Herzog von Schleswig Holstein Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 8 1878 p 698 in German Konig Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen T M See 1790 pp 441 44 in German Siebigk Dietrich Furst von Anhalt Dessau Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 5 1877 pp 172 75 in German Konig Frederick William of Brandenburg Schwedt Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen Vol 1 1788 pp 211 12 in German Konig Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen Vol 1 1788 p 430 in German Konig Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen Vol 1 1788 p 255 in German Poten Neuwied Karl Graf von Wied zu Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 23 1886 pp 558 59 in German Ernst Friedlander Itzenplitz August Friedrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 14 1881 pp 648 49 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Driesen Georg Wilhelm von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 5 1877 pp 410 11 in German Poten Retzow Wolf Friedrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 28 pp 277 78 in German Poten Schwerin Otto Magnus von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 33 1891 pp 425 26 in German Waldow Arnold Christoph von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 40 1896 pp 720 21 in German Julius Mebes Beitrage zur Geschichte des Brandenburgisch Preussischen Staates 2 vols Berlin Luderitz 1861 1867 OCLC 54684371 Vol 1 p 397 in German Poten Schoenaich Carolath Karl Friedrich Furst von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 32 1891 p 256 in German Gottfried von Bulow Bonin Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 3 1876 pp 127 28 in German Poten Tresckow Joachim Christian von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 38 1894 pp 576 77 in German Poten Pennavaire Peter von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 25 1887 pp 356 57 Poten Lattorf Christoph Friedrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 18 1883 pp 19 20 in German Poten Manteuffel Heinrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 20 1884 pp 259 60 in German Poten Krockow Anton von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 17 1883 pp 174 75 in German Poten Platen Dubislaw von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 26 1888 pp 249 51 in German Rudolf Falkmann Wilhelm Graf von Schaumburg Lippe Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 43 1898 pp 202 03 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Gaudy Friedrich Wilhelm von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 8 1878 pp 419 20 in German Poten Wedell Karl Heinrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 41 1896 pp 410 13 in German Poten Wobersnow Moritz Franz Kasimir von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 43 1898 p 700 in German Poten Puttkamer Georg Ludwig von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 26 1888 pp 777 79 in German Poten Wakenitz Wilhelm Dietrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 40 1896 pp 635 38 in German Knights of Malta Brandenburg Johanniter Ordensblatt Amtliche Monatschrift der Balley Brandenburg Volume 45 issue 52 28 December 1904 p 307 in German Poten Moller Karl Friedrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 22 1885 pp 127 28 Poten Lentulus Rupert Scipio von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 18 1883 pp 267 68 in German Poten Saldern Christoph von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 30 1890 pp 211 13 in German Poten Stutterheim Joachim Friedrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 37 1894 pp 74 75 in German Poten Werner Paul von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 42 1897 pp 63 66 in German Albert Pfister Drei Schwaben in fremden Kriegsdiensten Graf Harsch Herwarth von Bittenfeld Joh Jak Wunsch Wurttembergische Neujahrsblatter 12 1895 pp 33 50 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Bulow Christoph Karl von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 3 1876 pp 514 15 in German Kurt von Priesdorff Soldatisches Fuhrertum Vol 2 Hamburg Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt 1937 OCLC 1070138416 pp 100 01 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Bredow Asmus Ehrenreich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 3 1876 p 282 in German Poten Krusemarck Hans Friedrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 17 1883 p 270 in German Poten Mollendorff Wichard von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 22 1885 pp 120 121 in German Stephan Skalweit Hertzberg Ewald Friedrich Graf preussischer Graf 1786 von Neue Deutsche Biographie Volume 8 1969 pp 715 17 in German Erich Dohring Cocceji Samuel Freiherr von Neue Deutsche Biographie Volume 3 1957 pp 301 02 in German Hans Reuther Knobelsdorff Georg Wenceslaus Neue Deutsche Biographie Volume 12 1979 pp 191 93 in German W Schrader Wolff Christian Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 44 1898 pp 12 28 in German Eberhard Fromm Ramler Karl Wilhelm Neue Deutsche Biographie Volume 21 2003 p 131 in German Wilhelm Creizenach Gleim Ludwig Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 9 1879 pp 228 33 in German Daniel Jacoby Garve Christian Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 8 1878 pp 385 92 in German Rudolf Schwarze Kleist Ewald Christian von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 16 1882 pp 113 21 in German Lippe Weissenfeld Domhardt Johann Friedrich von Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 5 1877 pp 325 26 in German Kurt Wolfel Gellert Christian Furchtegott Neue Deutsche Biographie Volume 6 1964 pp 174 75 in German Reinhold Koser Maupertuis Pierre Louis Moreau de Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 20 1884 pp 691 93 in German Jonathan I Israel Radical Enlightenment Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650 1750 Oxford New York Oxford University 2001 ISBN 9780198206088 p i Theodor Hirsch Jordan Charles Etienne Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 14 1881 pp 504 06 Julius Vogel Winckelmann Johann Joachim Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 43 1898 pp 343 62 in German Franz Weinitz Pesne Antoine Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Volume 25 1887 pp 430 32 in German Georg Sello Potsdam und Sans Souci Forschungen und Quellen zur Geschichte von Burg Stadt und Park Breslau Schottlaender 1888 OCLC 41962704 p 133 in German Gisold Lammel Kunst im Aufbruch Malerei Graphik und Plastik zur Zeit Goethes Stuttgart Metzler 1998 ISBN 9783476015945 p 502 in German Friedrich Benninghoven Helmut Borsch Supan and Iselin Gundermann Friedrich der Grosse Ausstellung des Geheimen Staatsarchivs Preussischer Kulturbesitz anlasslich des 200 Todestages Konig Friedrichs II von Preussen exhibition catalogue Berlin Nicolai 1986 ISBN 9783875841725 p 337 in German Georg Hermann Spaziergang in Potsdam Nachricht aus einer versunkenen Stadt Berlin Christian Bloss 2014 ISBN 9783934378544 p 74 n 44 in German Gutspark Dehlen Ausfluge in Lutzen und Umgebung Town of Lutzen retrieved 28 January 2015 in German Further information editJutta von Simson Das Berliner Denkmal fur Friedrich den Grossen Die Entwurfe als Spiegelung des preussischen Selbstverstandnisses Frankfurt Berlin Ullstein Propylaen 1976 ISBN 3 549 06619 8 in German Bloch Peter Grzimek Waldemar 1978 Die Berliner Bildhauerschule im neunzehnten Jahrhundert Das klassische Berlin in German Berlin Propylaen ISBN 978 3 549 06631 7 Frank Pieter Hesse and Gesine Sturm ed Ein Denkmal fur den Konig Das Reiterstandbild fur Friedrich II Unter den Linden in Berlin Beitrage zur Denkmalpflege in Berlin 17 Berlin Schelzky amp Jeep 2001 ISBN 978 3 89541 158 8 German English picture book Wieland Giebel ed Das Reiterdenkmal Friedrichs des Grossen Berlin Story 2007 ISBN 978 3 929829 69 3 in German Majestat reiten wieder Archived 2016 03 05 at the Wayback Machine video on restoration completed in 2001 Mefisto Video GmbH Windows Media Player in German 52 31 02 N 13 23 34 E 52 51722 N 13 39278 E 52 51722 13 39278 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great amp oldid 1186315550, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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