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Environment of India

February 27, 2024

The environment of India comprises some of the world's most biodiverse ecozones. The Deccan Traps, Gangetic Plains and the Himalayas are the major geographical features. The country faces different forms of pollution as its major environmental issue and is more vulnerable to the effects of climate change being a developing nation. India has laws protecting the environment and is one of the countries that signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) treaty. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and each particular state forest departments plan and implement environmental policies throughout the country.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean

Features edit

Biota edit

Main article: Wildlife of India
 
The Bengal tiger. Along with other species, India has the most species of cats than any other country.[1]

India has some of the world's most biodiverse ecozones—desert, high mountains, highlands, tropical and temperate forests, swamplands, plains, grasslands, areas surrounding rivers and an island archipelago. It hosts three biodiverse hotspots: the Western Ghats, the Himalayas and the Indo-Burma region. These hotspots have numerous endemic species.[2]

In 1992, around 7,43,534 km2 of land in the country was under forests and 92 percent of that belonged to the government. Only 22.7 percent was forested compared to the recommended 33 percent by the National Forest Policy Resolution (1952). Majority of it are broad-leaved deciduous trees which comprise one-sixth sal and one-tenth teak. Coniferous types are found in the northern high altitude regions and comprise pines, junipers and deodars.[3]

There are 350 species of mammals, 375 reptiles, 130 amphibians, 20,000 insects, 19000 fish[4] and 1200 species of birds in India. The Asiatic lion, Bengal tiger and leopard are the main predators; the country has the most species of cats than any other.[5] Elephants, the Indian Rhinoceros and eight species of deer are also found.[6]

There are over 17000 species of flowering plants in India, which account for six percent of the total plant species in the world. India comprises seven percent of world's flora. Wide range of climatic conditions in India gave rise to rich variety of flora. India covers more than 45,000 species of flora, out of which several are endemic to the region. India is divided into eight main floristic regions: North-Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Indus plain, Ganga plain, the Deccan, the Malabar and the Andamans.[7]

Geography edit

Main article: Geography of India

India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°4' and 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude. It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi).[8] India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km (9,445 mi) and a coastline of 7,517 km (4,671 mi).

 
The formation of the Himalayas (pictured) during the Early Eocene some 52 mya was a key factor in determining India's modern-day climate; global climate and ocean chemistry may have been impacted too.[9]

The Indian plate and Eurasia collided between 40 and 60 million years ago according to four observations, one being that there is no mammalian fossil record in India from around 50 million years ago.[10] On its way, the Indian plate passed over the Reunion hotspot which led to volcanic activity, thus forming the Deccan Traps. Its collision with the Eurasian plate led to the rise of the Himalayas and the continuous tectonic activity still makes it an earthquake prone area. The Gangetic plains were formed by the deposition of silt by the Ganga and its tributaries into the area between the Himalayas and the Vindhya range.[11] The rock formations can be divided into the Archaean, Proterozoic (Dharwar system), Cuddupah system, Vindhyan system, Gondwana system, The Deccan Traps, Tertiary system, Pleistocene period and recent formations.[12]

The climate comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography, making generalisations difficult. Given the size of India with the Himalayas, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean, there is a great variation in temperature and precipitation distribution in the subcontinent.[13] Based on the Köppen system, where the mean monthly temperature, mean monthly rainfall and mean annual rainfall are considered, India hosts six major climatic subtypes, ranging from arid desert in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates. The Indian Meteorological Department divides the seasons into four: Winter (mid-December to mid-March), Summer (mid-March to May), Rainy (June to September), and Retreating Monsoon (October to mid-December).[13]

Issues edit

Main article: Environmental issues in India
 
Air pollution in India is a major environmental issue. Shown above is the Taj Mahal blanketed by smog.

Pollution is one of the main environmental issues in India.

  • Water pollution is a major concern in the country. The major sources of water pollution are domestic, industrial, agricultural and shipping waste waters.[14] The largest source of water pollution in India is untreated sewage. Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff and unregulated small scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water are polluted.
  • Land pollution: The main causes of soil (or land) pollution is soil erosion, excessive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, accumulation of solid and liquid waste, forest fires, and water-logging. It can be reduced by judicious use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and treatment of effluents before being used for irrigation.[15] Due to increasing population and enhanced food grains consumption, more and more rain fed crop lands are brought under intensive cultivation by ground and surface water irrigation. The irrigated land is losing gradually its fertility by converting into saline alkali soil.
  • Air pollution in the country is another concern. A major source is the matter released by the combustion of fossil fuels. Airborne particles like soot, fumes and dust are potentially harmful depending on the pollutant's chemical and physical structure. They can affect climate and reduce scattering of solar radiation in the atmosphere.[16]
  • Noise pollution: This can be defined as the state of discomfort or stress caused by unwanted high intensity sound. It increases in proportion to urbanisation and industrialisation.[15]

Climate change edit

Further information: Climate change in India and Effects of global warming on South Asia

Being a developing nation, India is more vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to its dependence on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture and forestry.[17] Low per capita incomes and small public budgets also lead to low financial adaptive capacity.[17] The nation is vulnerable to the immediate socio-economic effects of climate change. A 2002 study indicated that the temperature over the country increased at around 0.57° per 100 years.[17]

Inadequate infrastructure also means that people are more exposed, and less resilient, to climate change. For example, as of 2015, only 124 million Indians were connected to a sewer and 297 million to a septic tank.[18] The remainder depend on pit latrines or open defecation, which creates major risks of waterborne disease during floods - which will become more frequent and severe with climate change. These risks are more severe in urban areas, where the higher density of people means that basic infrastructure options might not be adequate. Additionally, many Indian megacities are in floodplains and deltas, and will therefore be very exposed to climate hazards such as sea level rise, storm surges and cyclones.[19]

Although India still has low average incomes per person, the country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions after China and the USA. The central government has pledged to reduce the emission intensity of Gross Domestic Product by 20-25%, relative to 2005 levels, by 2020. India has also made major pledges to expand its renewable energy supply, enhance energy efficiency, build mass transit and other measures to reduce its emissions.[20] There is evidence that many of these climate actions could generate substantial benefits in addition to reducing India's carbon footprint. Many low-carbon measures are economically attractive, including more efficient air conditioners, parking demand management, gasification and vehicle performance standards.[21] Others offer social benefits: for example, Indian cities might see substantial improvements in air quality if the country were to promote renewable energy technologies instead of fossil fuels and walking/cycling/public transport instead of private vehicles.[22]

Conservation edit

Main article: Conservation in India

Protected areas edit

Main article: Protected areas of India

In 2009, around 4.8 percent of the total area of the country were designated as protected areas. That comprised 100 national parks, 514 sanctuaries, 41 conservation reserves and four community reserves.[23]

Policy and law edit

Main article: Environmental policy of the Government of India

In the Directive Principles of State Policy, Article 48 says "the state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country"; Article 51-A states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."[5]

India is one of the parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) treaty. Prior to the CBD, India had different laws to govern the environment. The Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 protected the biodiversity. In addition to this act, the government passed the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act 1992 for control of biodiversity.[23]

Renewable energy edit

See also: Energy policy of India
Main article: Renewable energy in India

Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources, in the early 1980s. Its cumulative grid interactive or grid tied renewable energy capacity (excluding large hydro) has reached 33.8 GW,[24] of which 66% comes from wind, while solar power contributes 4.59% along with biomass and hydro power.[25]

Environmentalism edit

In 1973, the government launched Project Tiger, a conservation program aimed at protecting the national animal, the tiger. Its population reached as low as 2000 in 1970. Human population growth, cultivation of forest land and mainly hunting were the key factors for this decline. Aided by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Indian conservationists were instrumental in getting the government to ban hunting and set aside national parks. Project Tiger further served as a model for protecting endangered species like the Indian elephant and rhinoceros.[26] Around that year, after a protest in a village by the locals against loggers sent by a company, by threatening to hug the trees, similar protests got triggered, collectively known as the Chipko Movement. In the same year, the National Committee for Environmental Protection and Control was formed; in 1980, a department for Environment and finally five years later the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change was formed. The environmentalist movement in India began with these incidents.[26] Historian Ramachandra Guha calls Medha Patkar as "the most celebrated environmental activist in contemporary India".[26] New age India is concerned about the air and water quality, several civil society groups such as Environmentalist Foundation of India have forged a successful community based conservation model to revive lakes across the country.[27]

Organisations edit

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change through its Department of Environment and the particular state forest departments plan and implement environmental policy in each state.[28][29] Some national-level environmental organisations (governmental and non-governmental) include:[30]

There are at least 85 widely diversified environmental organisations involved with Environmental protection and environmental education in Tamil Nadu.[31][32]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Sharma, B. K.; Kulshreshtha, Seema; Rahmani, Asad R. (14 September 2013). Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 482. ISBN 9781461408000.
  2. ^ [1] 9 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Nag, Prithvish; Sengupta, Smita (1 January 1992). Geography of India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 79. ISBN 9788170223849.
  4. ^ Das, Chhanda (1 January 2007). A Treatise on Wildlife Conservation in India. Classique Books. p. 65. ISBN 9788187616221.
  5. ^ a b Singh, Singh & Mohanka 2007, p. 116–118.
  6. ^ Wildlife Of India. Har-Anand Publications. 1 August 2010. pp. 17–22. ISBN 9788124109700.
  7. ^ Majid 2014, p. 5.2.
  8. ^ "India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 July 2012. Total area excludes disputed territories not under Indian control.
  9. ^ Rowley DB (1996). (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 145 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.145....1R. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(96)00201-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  10. ^ Molnar, Peter (1986). (PDF). American Scientist. 74 (2): 151. Bibcode:1986AmSci..74..144M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  11. ^ Sanyal, Sanjeev (15 November 2012). Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography. Penguin UK. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9788184756715.
  12. ^ Majid 2014, p. 2.3.
  13. ^ a b Majid 2014, pp. 4.27, 4.15.
  14. ^ Singh, Singh & Mohanka 2007, pp. 327.
  15. ^ a b Majid 2014, pp. 17.23–17.24.
  16. ^ Singh, Singh & Mohanka 2007, pp. 231–232, 300.
  17. ^ a b c Shukla, P. R. (1 January 2003). Climate Change and India: Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation. Universities Press. pp. 12, 13, 21. ISBN 9788173714719.
  18. ^ WHO and UNICEF (2015). "Joint Monitoring Programme". washdata.org. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  19. ^ Cruz, RV, Harasawa H, Lal M, Wu S, Anokhin Y, Punsalmaa B, Honda Y, Jafari M, Li C, HuuNinh N (2007). . Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: 469–506. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution: Working Towards Climate Justice" (PDF). 2015.
  21. ^ Colenbrander, S (2017). "Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India" (PDF). Environment and Urbanization. 29: 139–158. doi:10.1177/0956247816677775. S2CID 62880332.
  22. ^ Guttikunda, SK (2014). "Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and management in the Indian cities" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 95: 501–510. Bibcode:2014AtmEn..95..501G. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.006. S2CID 98270235.
  23. ^ a b Ganguly, Sunayana (6 November 2015). Deliberating Environmental Policy in India: Participation and the Role of Advocacy. Routledge. pp. 58–59. ISBN 9781317592235.
  24. ^ . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  25. ^ "Indian Renewable Installed Capacity has reached 27.7GW - Renew India Campaign - solar photovoltaic, Indian Solar News, Indian Wind News, Indian Wind Market". www.renewindians.com. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  26. ^ a b c Guha, Ramachandra (1 January 2006). How Much Should a Person Consume?: Environmentalism in India and the United States. University of California Press. pp. 35, 54, 55, 59. ISBN 9780520248038.
  27. ^ "This Organisation Has Restored 39 Lakes in 10 Years. This Year, You Can Help Them Fight Drought!". 6 May 2017.
  28. ^ , Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, archived from the original on 4 October 2009
  29. ^ , Chennai: Government of Tamil Nadu, Department of Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 24 January 2010
  30. ^ Environmental Biology. Rastogi Publications. p. 333. ISBN 9788171337491.
  31. ^ (PDF), Chennai: ENVIS & World Wide Fund for Nature - India/Tamil Nadu State Office, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011, retrieved 7 December 2009
  32. ^ (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2009

References edit

  • Majid, Husain (1 January 2014). Geography of India. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9789351343578.
  • Singh, Mahesh Prasad; Singh, J. K.; Mohanka, Reena (1 January 2007). Forest Environment and Biodiversity. Daya Publishing House. ISBN 9788170354215.

Further reading edit

  • Saravanan, Velayutham. Environmental History of Modern India: Land, Population, Technology and Development (Bloomsbury Publishing India, 2022) online review[
  • (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change : Government of India. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  • Urpelainen, Johannes. Energy and Environment in India: The Politics of a Chronic Crisis (Columbia University Press, 2023) online book review

External links edit

  • Ministry of Environment & Forests

February 27, 2024
environment, india, environment, india, comprises, some, world, most, biodiverse, ecozones, deccan, traps, gangetic, plains, himalayas, major, geographical, features, country, faces, different, forms, pollution, major, environmental, issue, more, vulnerable, e. The environment of India comprises some of the world s most biodiverse ecozones The Deccan Traps Gangetic Plains and the Himalayas are the major geographical features The country faces different forms of pollution as its major environmental issue and is more vulnerable to the effects of climate change being a developing nation India has laws protecting the environment and is one of the countries that signed the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD treaty The Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change and each particular state forest departments plan and implement environmental policies throughout the country Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean Contents 1 Features 1 1 Biota 1 2 Geography 2 Issues 2 1 Climate change 3 Conservation 3 1 Protected areas 3 2 Policy and law 3 3 Renewable energy 4 Environmentalism 5 Organisations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksFeatures editBiota edit Main article Wildlife of India nbsp The Bengal tiger Along with other species India has the most species of cats than any other country 1 India has some of the world s most biodiverse ecozones desert high mountains highlands tropical and temperate forests swamplands plains grasslands areas surrounding rivers and an island archipelago It hosts three biodiverse hotspots the Western Ghats the Himalayas and the Indo Burma region These hotspots have numerous endemic species 2 In 1992 around 7 43 534 km2 of land in the country was under forests and 92 percent of that belonged to the government Only 22 7 percent was forested compared to the recommended 33 percent by the National Forest Policy Resolution 1952 Majority of it are broad leaved deciduous trees which comprise one sixth sal and one tenth teak Coniferous types are found in the northern high altitude regions and comprise pines junipers and deodars 3 There are 350 species of mammals 375 reptiles 130 amphibians 20 000 insects 19000 fish 4 and 1200 species of birds in India The Asiatic lion Bengal tiger and leopard are the main predators the country has the most species of cats than any other 5 Elephants the Indian Rhinoceros and eight species of deer are also found 6 There are over 17000 species of flowering plants in India which account for six percent of the total plant species in the world India comprises seven percent of world s flora Wide range of climatic conditions in India gave rise to rich variety of flora India covers more than 45 000 species of flora out of which several are endemic to the region India is divided into eight main floristic regions North Western Himalayas Eastern Himalayas Assam Indus plain Ganga plain the Deccan the Malabar and the Andamans 7 Geography edit Main article Geography of India India lies on the Indian Plate the northern portion of the Indo Australian Plate whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent The country is situated north of the equator between 8 4 and 37 6 north latitude and 68 7 and 97 25 east longitude It is the seventh largest country in the world with a total area of 3 287 263 square kilometres 1 269 219 sq mi 8 India measures 3 214 km 1 997 mi from north to south and 2 933 km 1 822 mi from east to west It has a land frontier of 15 200 km 9 445 mi and a coastline of 7 517 km 4 671 mi nbsp The formation of the Himalayas pictured during the Early Eocene some 52 mya was a key factor in determining India s modern day climate global climate and ocean chemistry may have been impacted too 9 The Indian plate and Eurasia collided between 40 and 60 million years ago according to four observations one being that there is no mammalian fossil record in India from around 50 million years ago 10 On its way the Indian plate passed over the Reunion hotspot which led to volcanic activity thus forming the Deccan Traps Its collision with the Eurasian plate led to the rise of the Himalayas and the continuous tectonic activity still makes it an earthquake prone area The Gangetic plains were formed by the deposition of silt by the Ganga and its tributaries into the area between the Himalayas and the Vindhya range 11 The rock formations can be divided into the Archaean Proterozoic Dharwar system Cuddupah system Vindhyan system Gondwana system The Deccan Traps Tertiary system Pleistocene period and recent formations 12 The climate comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography making generalisations difficult Given the size of India with the Himalayas Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean there is a great variation in temperature and precipitation distribution in the subcontinent 13 Based on the Koppen system where the mean monthly temperature mean monthly rainfall and mean annual rainfall are considered India hosts six major climatic subtypes ranging from arid desert in the west alpine tundra and glaciers in the north and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories Many regions have starkly different microclimates The Indian Meteorological Department divides the seasons into four Winter mid December to mid March Summer mid March to May Rainy June to September and Retreating Monsoon October to mid December 13 Issues editMain article Environmental issues in India nbsp Air pollution in India is a major environmental issue Shown above is the Taj Mahal blanketed by smog Pollution is one of the main environmental issues in India Water pollution is a major concern in the country The major sources of water pollution are domestic industrial agricultural and shipping waste waters 14 The largest source of water pollution in India is untreated sewage Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff and unregulated small scale industry Most rivers lakes and surface water are polluted Land pollution The main causes of soil or land pollution is soil erosion excessive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides accumulation of solid and liquid waste forest fires and water logging It can be reduced by judicious use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and treatment of effluents before being used for irrigation 15 Due to increasing population and enhanced food grains consumption more and more rain fed crop lands are brought under intensive cultivation by ground and surface water irrigation The irrigated land is losing gradually its fertility by converting into saline alkali soil Air pollution in the country is another concern A major source is the matter released by the combustion of fossil fuels Airborne particles like soot fumes and dust are potentially harmful depending on the pollutant s chemical and physical structure They can affect climate and reduce scattering of solar radiation in the atmosphere 16 Noise pollution This can be defined as the state of discomfort or stress caused by unwanted high intensity sound It increases in proportion to urbanisation and industrialisation 15 Climate change edit Further information Climate change in India and Effects of global warming on South Asia Being a developing nation India is more vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to its dependence on climate sensitive sectors like agriculture and forestry 17 Low per capita incomes and small public budgets also lead to low financial adaptive capacity 17 The nation is vulnerable to the immediate socio economic effects of climate change A 2002 study indicated that the temperature over the country increased at around 0 57 per 100 years 17 Inadequate infrastructure also means that people are more exposed and less resilient to climate change For example as of 2015 only 124 million Indians were connected to a sewer and 297 million to a septic tank 18 The remainder depend on pit latrines or open defecation which creates major risks of waterborne disease during floods which will become more frequent and severe with climate change These risks are more severe in urban areas where the higher density of people means that basic infrastructure options might not be adequate Additionally many Indian megacities are in floodplains and deltas and will therefore be very exposed to climate hazards such as sea level rise storm surges and cyclones 19 Although India still has low average incomes per person the country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions after China and the USA The central government has pledged to reduce the emission intensity of Gross Domestic Product by 20 25 relative to 2005 levels by 2020 India has also made major pledges to expand its renewable energy supply enhance energy efficiency build mass transit and other measures to reduce its emissions 20 There is evidence that many of these climate actions could generate substantial benefits in addition to reducing India s carbon footprint Many low carbon measures are economically attractive including more efficient air conditioners parking demand management gasification and vehicle performance standards 21 Others offer social benefits for example Indian cities might see substantial improvements in air quality if the country were to promote renewable energy technologies instead of fossil fuels and walking cycling public transport instead of private vehicles 22 Conservation editMain article Conservation in India Protected areas edit Main article Protected areas of India In 2009 around 4 8 percent of the total area of the country were designated as protected areas That comprised 100 national parks 514 sanctuaries 41 conservation reserves and four community reserves 23 Policy and law edit Main article Environmental policy of the Government of IndiaIn the Directive Principles of State Policy Article 48 says the state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country Article 51 A states that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests lakes rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures 5 India is one of the parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD treaty Prior to the CBD India had different laws to govern the environment The Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 protected the biodiversity In addition to this act the government passed the Environment Protection Act 1986 and Foreign Trade Development and Regulation Act 1992 for control of biodiversity 23 Renewable energy edit See also Energy policy of India Main article Renewable energy in India Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non conventional energy resources in the early 1980s Its cumulative grid interactive or grid tied renewable energy capacity excluding large hydro has reached 33 8 GW 24 of which 66 comes from wind while solar power contributes 4 59 along with biomass and hydro power 25 Environmentalism editIn 1973 the government launched Project Tiger a conservation program aimed at protecting the national animal the tiger Its population reached as low as 2000 in 1970 Human population growth cultivation of forest land and mainly hunting were the key factors for this decline Aided by the World Wildlife Fund WWF and the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Indian conservationists were instrumental in getting the government to ban hunting and set aside national parks Project Tiger further served as a model for protecting endangered species like the Indian elephant and rhinoceros 26 Around that year after a protest in a village by the locals against loggers sent by a company by threatening to hug the trees similar protests got triggered collectively known as the Chipko Movement In the same year the National Committee for Environmental Protection and Control was formed in 1980 a department for Environment and finally five years later the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change was formed The environmentalist movement in India began with these incidents 26 Historian Ramachandra Guha calls Medha Patkar as the most celebrated environmental activist in contemporary India 26 New age India is concerned about the air and water quality several civil society groups such as Environmentalist Foundation of India have forged a successful community based conservation model to revive lakes across the country 27 Organisations editThe Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change through its Department of Environment and the particular state forest departments plan and implement environmental policy in each state 28 29 Some national level environmental organisations governmental and non governmental include 30 Advisory Board on Energy ABE Bombay Natural History Society BNHS Central Forestry Commission CFC Department of Non Conventional Energy Sources DNES Environmentalist Foundation of India E F I Industrial Toxicology Research Centre ITRC National Environmental Engineering Research Institute NEERI National Dairy Development Board National Natural Resources Management System National Wetland Management Committee State Pollution Control Boards SPCB Tata Energy Research Institute TERI Central Soil Salinity Research InstituteThere are at least 85 widely diversified environmental organisations involved with Environmental protection and environmental education in Tamil Nadu 31 32 See also edit nbsp Environment portal nbsp Earth sciences portal nbsp Ecology portal nbsp India portal nbsp Environment portalIndian Council of Forestry Research and Education List of environmental issues National Green Corps Water resources in IndiaNotes edit Sharma B K Kulshreshtha Seema Rahmani Asad R 14 September 2013 Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan India General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates Springer Science amp Business Media p 482 ISBN 9781461408000 1 Archived 9 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine Nag Prithvish Sengupta Smita 1 January 1992 Geography of India Concept Publishing Company p 79 ISBN 9788170223849 Das Chhanda 1 January 2007 A Treatise on Wildlife Conservation in India Classique Books p 65 ISBN 9788187616221 a b Singh Singh amp Mohanka 2007 p 116 118 Wildlife Of India Har Anand Publications 1 August 2010 pp 17 22 ISBN 9788124109700 Majid 2014 p 5 2 India Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 17 July 2012 Total area excludes disputed territories not under Indian control Rowley DB 1996 Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia A review of stratigraphic data PDF Earth and Planetary Science Letters 145 1 1 13 Bibcode 1996E amp PSL 145 1R doi 10 1016 s0012 821x 96 00201 4 Archived from the original PDF on 28 December 2006 Retrieved 2007 03 31 Molnar Peter 1986 Geological History and Structure of the Himalaya PDF American Scientist 74 2 151 Bibcode 1986AmSci 74 144M Archived from the original PDF on 5 June 2016 Retrieved 22 March 2016 Sanyal Sanjeev 15 November 2012 Land of seven rivers History of India s Geography Penguin UK pp 17 18 ISBN 9788184756715 Majid 2014 p 2 3 a b Majid 2014 pp 4 27 4 15 Singh Singh amp Mohanka 2007 pp 327 a b Majid 2014 pp 17 23 17 24 Singh Singh amp Mohanka 2007 pp 231 232 300 a b c Shukla P R 1 January 2003 Climate Change and India Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Universities Press pp 12 13 21 ISBN 9788173714719 WHO and UNICEF 2015 Joint Monitoring Programme washdata org Retrieved 10 April 2018 Cruz RV Harasawa H Lal M Wu S Anokhin Y Punsalmaa B Honda Y Jafari M Li C HuuNinh N 2007 Asia Climate Change 2007 Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 469 506 Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 Retrieved 10 April 2018 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link India s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Working Towards Climate Justice PDF 2015 Colenbrander S 2017 Can low carbon urban development be pro poor The case of Kolkata India PDF Environment and Urbanization 29 139 158 doi 10 1177 0956247816677775 S2CID 62880332 Guttikunda SK 2014 Nature of air pollution emission sources and management in the Indian cities PDF Atmospheric Environment 95 501 510 Bibcode 2014AtmEn 95 501G doi 10 1016 j atmosenv 2014 07 006 S2CID 98270235 a b Ganguly Sunayana 6 November 2015 Deliberating Environmental Policy in India Participation and the Role of Advocacy Routledge pp 58 59 ISBN 9781317592235 Renewable energy achievements Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 Retrieved 2 February 2014 Indian Renewable Installed Capacity has reached 27 7GW Renew India Campaign solar photovoltaic Indian Solar News Indian Wind News Indian Wind Market www renewindians com Retrieved 30 April 2016 a b c Guha Ramachandra 1 January 2006 How Much Should a Person Consume Environmentalism in India and the United States University of California Press pp 35 54 55 59 ISBN 9780520248038 This Organisation Has Restored 39 Lakes in 10 Years This Year You Can Help Them Fight Drought 6 May 2017 About the Ministry Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change MoEFCC Government of India archived from the original on 4 October 2009 Welcome To Department of Environment Chennai Government of Tamil Nadu Department of Environment 2007 archived from the original on 24 January 2010 Environmental Biology Rastogi Publications p 333 ISBN 9788171337491 Directory of Environmental Resource Persons in Tamil Nadu PDF Chennai ENVIS amp World Wide Fund for Nature India Tamil Nadu State Office 2008 archived from the original PDF on 2 October 2011 retrieved 7 December 2009 2nd source PDF archived from the original PDF on 19 June 2009References editMajid Husain 1 January 2014 Geography of India McGraw Hill Education ISBN 9789351343578 Singh Mahesh Prasad Singh J K Mohanka Reena 1 January 2007 Forest Environment and Biodiversity Daya Publishing House ISBN 9788170354215 Further reading editSaravanan Velayutham Environmental History of Modern India Land Population Technology and Development Bloomsbury Publishing India 2022 online review State of Environment Report India 2009 PDF Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change Government of India 2009 Archived from the original PDF on 23 August 2009 Retrieved 3 October 2009 Urpelainen Johannes Energy and Environment in India The Politics of a Chronic Crisis Columbia University Press 2023 online book reviewExternal links editMinistry of Environment amp Forests Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Environment of India amp oldid 1198962094 Environmentalism, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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