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Renewable energy in India

India is world's 3rd largest consumer of electricity and world's 3rd largest renewable energy producer with 40% of energy capacity installed in the year 2022 (160 GW of 400 GW) coming from renewable sources.[1][2] Ernst & Young's (EY) 2021 Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ranked India 3rd behind USA and China.[3][4] In November 2021, India had a renewable energy capacity of 150 GW consisting of solar (48.55 GW), wind (40.03 GW), small hydro power (4.83 GW), bio-mass (10.62 GW), large hydro (46.51 GW), and nuclear (6.78 GW).[5] India has committed for a goal of 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030.[6]

Solar Power Plant Telangana II in state of Telangana, India.
India renewable electricity production by source.

In 2016, Paris Agreement's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions targets, India made commitment of producing 50% of its total electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.[7][8] In 2018, India's Central Electricity Authority set a target of producing 50% of the total electricity from non-fossil fuels sources by 2030.[9] India has also set a target of producing 175 GW by 2022 and 500 GW by 2030 from renewable energy.[10][9][11][12]

As of September 2020, 89.22 GW solar energy is already operational, projects of 48.21 GW are at various stages of implementation and projects of 25.64 GW capacity are under various stages of bidding.[13] In 2020, 3 of the world's top 5 largest solar parks were in India including world's largest 2255 MW Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan and world's second-largest solar park of 2000 MW Pavgada Solar Park Tumkur in Karnataka and 1000 MW Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh.[14] Wind power in India has a strong manufacturing base with 20 manufactures of 53 different wind turbine models of international quality up to 3 MW in size with exports to Europe, United States and other countries.[13]

Solar, wind and run-of-the-river hydroelectricity are environment-friendly cheaper power sources they are used as ""must-run" sources in India to cater for the base load, and the polluting and foreign-import dependent coal-fired power is increasingly being moved from the "must-run base load" power generation to the load following power generation (mid-priced and mid-merit on-demand need-based intermittently-produced electricity) to meet the peaking demand only.[15] Some of the daily peak demand in India is already met with the renewable peaking hydro power capacity. Solar and wind power with 4-hour battery storage systems, as a source of dispatchable generation compared with new coal and new gas plants, is already cost-competitive in India without subsidy.[16]

India initiated the International Solar Alliance (ISA), an alliance of 121 countries. India was world's first country to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in early 1980s) . Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), a public sector undertaking, is responsible for the development of solar energy industry in India. Hydroelectricity is administered separately by the Ministry of Power and not included in MNRE targets.

Global comparison

Global rank

India ranks second in terms of population and accounts for 17% of the world’s population. India is globally ranked 3rd in consumption of energy. In terms of installed capacity and investment in renewable energy, the EY's Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ranking in July 2021 is as follows:[3][4]

Country Score RECAI Rank
USA 70.7 1
China 68.7 2
India 66.2 3

Attractiveness score

The technology-specific RECAI scores (and rank) in 2021 are as follows:[3][4]

Technology India USA China
Solar PV 62.7 (1) 57.6 60.3
Solar CSP power plants 09.2 (4) 46.2 54.3
Hydroelectricity 46.4 (3) 57.6 60.3
Biofuels 47.4 (10) 45.3 52.8
Onshore wind power 54.2 (6) 58.1 55.7
Offshore wind power 28.6 (29) 55.6 60.6
Geothermal power 23.2 (16) 46.0 31.7

Future targets

The installed capacity of renewable power is 119.512 GW as of 30 November 2022.[17] The government has announced that no new coal-based capacity addition is required beyond the 50 GW under different stages of construction likely to come online between 2017 and 2022.[18]

Target year Renewable energy capacity target (GW) Comments
2030 500[10] Includes nuclear and large hydro power.
Set in 2019 at United Nations Climate Change conference,[10] with 15 times solar and 2 times wind power capacity increase compared to April 2016 installed capacity.
2022 175[19] Excludes nuclear and large hydro power.
Includes 100 GW solar, 60 GW wind, 5 small hydro, 10 GW Biomass power, and 0.168 GW Waste-to-Power.[19][11][12]

Present installed capacity

Year-wise renewable energy generation trend

Year wise renewable energy generation in TWh.[20]

Source 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–2020 2020–2021 2021–2022
Large Hydro 129.2 121.4 122.3 126.1 135.0 156.0 150.305 151.695
Small Hydro 8.1 8.4 7.73 5.1 8.7 9.4 10.3 10.4
Solar 4.6 7.5 12.1 25.9 39.3 50.1 60.4 73.5
Wind 28.2 28.6 46.0 52.7 62.0 64.6 60.1 68.6
Bio mass 15.0 16.7 14.2 15.3 16.4 13.9 14.8 16.1
Other 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.6 2.3
Total 191.0 187.2 204.1 228.0 261.8 294.3[21] 297.5 322.6
Total utility power 1,105 1,168 1,236 1,303 1,372 1,385 1,373 1,484
% Renewable power 17.28% 16.02% 16.52% 17.50% 19.1% 21.25% 21.67% 21.73%

Grid-connected total including non-renewable and renewable

The following table shows the breakdown of existing installed capacity in March 2020 from all sources, and includes 141.6 GW from renewable sources.[22][11][12] Since 2019, the hydropower generated by the under Ministry of Power is also counted towards Ministry of New and Renewable Energy's Renewable Energy Purchase Obligation (REPO) targets, under which the DISCOMs (Distribution Companies) of various states have to source a certain percentage of their power from Renewable Energy Sources under two categories, Solar and Non-Solar.

Type Source Installed Capacity (GW) Share
Non-renewable Coal 205.1 56.09%
Gas 25.0 6.84%
Diesel 0.5 0.14%
Subtotal Non-renewable 230.6 63%
Renewable Nuclear 6.7 1.83%
Large hydro 45.7 12.05%
Small hydropower 4.7 1.29%
Solar power 38.8 10.61%
Wind power 38.7 10.59%
Biomass power 0.2 0.05%
Waste-to-Power 0.2 0.05%
Subtotal Renewable 135.0 37%
Total Both non-renewable and renewable 365.6 100.00%

Off-grid renewable energy installed capacity

Off-grid power as of 31 July 2019 (MNRE) capacity:[23]

Source Total Installed Capacity (GW)
SPV Systems 0.94
Biomass Gasifiers 0.17
Waste to Energy 0.19
TOTAL 1.20
Other Renewable Energy Systems
Family Biogas Plants (individual units) 50,28,000
Water mills / micro hydel (Nos.) 2,690/72

Renewable electricity generation

Hydroelectric power

India ranks 5th globally for installed hydroelectric power capacity.[24] As of 31 March 2020, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was 45,699 MW, or 12.35% of its total utility power generation capacity.[22]

Additional smaller hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4,380 MW (1.3% of its total utility power generation capacity) have been installed.[25][22] Small hydropower, defined to be generated at facilities with nameplate capacities up to 25 MW, comes under the ambit of the Ministry of New and Renewable energy (MNRE); while large hydro, defined as above 25 MW, comes under the ambit of the Ministry of Power.[26][27]

India is endowed with vast potential of pumped hydroelectric energy storage which can be used economically for converting the non-dispatchable renewable energy like wind, solar and run of the river hydro power in to base/peak load power supply for its ultimate energy needs.[28][29]

Solar power

 
Global Horizontal Irradiance in India.[30]

India is densely populated and has high solar insolation, an ideal combination for using solar power in India. Announced in November 2009, the Government of India proposed to launch its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change. The program was inaugurated[31] by former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 11 January 2010[32] with a target of 20GW grid capacity by 2022 as well as 2GW off-grid installations, this target was later increased to 100 GW by the same date under the Narendra Modi government in the 2015 Union budget of India.[33] Achieving this National Solar Mission target would establish India in its ambition to be a global leader in solar power generation.[34] The Mission aims to achieve grid parity (electricity delivered at the same cost and quality as that delivered on the grid) by 2022.[32] The National Solar Mission is also promoted and known by its more colloquial name of "Solar India". The earlier objectives of the mission were to install 1,000 MW of power by 2013 and cover 20×10^6 m2 (220×10^6 sq ft) with collectors by the end of the final phase of the mission in 2022.[35]

On 30 November 2015, the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and the President of France Francois Hollande launched the International Solar Alliance. The ISA is an alliance of 121 solar rich countries lying partially or fully between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, several countries outside of this area are also involved with the organization. The ISA aims to promote and develop solar power amongst its members and has the objective of mobilising $1 trillion of investment by 2030.[36] As of August, 2019, the Indian Oil Corporation stated that it wants to invest ₹25,000 crore in renewable energy projects.[37]

Much of the country does not have an electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power was for water pumping, to begin replacing India's forty to fifty lakh diesel powered water pumps, each consuming about 3.5 kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 gigawatts. Solar power in India has been growing at a rate of 113% yoy[38] and now dropped to around 4.34 (5.4¢ US) per kWh, which is around 18% lower than the average price for electricity generated by coal-fired plants.[39][40]

As part of India's ambitious solar programme the central government has set up a US$350 million fund and the Yes Bank will loan US$5 billion to finance solar projects (c. January 2018). The bidding process for the addition of 115 GW to January 2018 renewable energy levels was completed by the end of 2019–2020.[41]

India is also the home to the world's first and only 100% solar-powered airport, located at Cochin, Kerala.[42] India also has a wholly 100% solar-powered railway station in Guwhati, Assam. India's first and the largest floating solar power plant was constructed at Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad, Kerala.[43]

The Indian Solar Loan Programme, supported by the United Nations Environment Programme has won the prestigious Energy Globe World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing program for solar home power systems. Over three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, particularly in rural areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.[44][45]

Launched in 2003, the Indian Solar Loan Programme was a four-year partnership between UNEP, the UNEP Risoe Centre, and two of India's largest banks, the Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank.[45]

Nuclear power

As of November 2020, India had 10 nuclear reactors under-construction with a combined capacity of 8 GW and 23 existing nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants with a total installed capacity of 7.4 GW (3.11% of total power generation in India).[46][47][48] Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, hydroelectricity, solar, wind and gas power.

Bioenergy

Biomass

India is an ideal environment for biomass production given its tropical location, sunshine and rains. The country's vast agricultural potential provides agro-residues which can be used to meet energy needs, both in heat and power applications.[49] According to IREDA "Biomass is capable of supplementing the coal to the tune of about 26 crore (260 million) tonnes", "saving of about 25,0000 crore, every year."[50] It is estimated that the potential for biomass energy in India includes 16,000 MW from biomass energy and a further 3,500 MW from bagasse cogeneration.[50] Biomass materials that can be used for power generation include bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut shells and sawdust.

Various Types of Agro field / Industrial Residues[50]
Number Type of Agro residues Quantity(Million Tonnes / annum)
1 Straws of various pulses & cereals 225.50
2 Bagasse 31.00
3 Rice Husk 10.00
4 Groundnut shell 11.10
5 Stalks 2.00
6 Various Oil Stalks 4.50
7 Others 65.90
Total 350.00
Biogas

In 2018, India has set target to produce 1.5 crore (15 million) tons (62 mmcmd) of biogas/bio-CNG by installing 5,000 large scale commercial type biogas plants which can produce daily 12.5 tons of bio-CNG by each plant.[51][52] The rejected organic solids from biogas plants can be used after Torrefaction in the existing coal fired plants to reduce coal consumption.

The number of small family type biogas plants reached 3.98 million.[13]

Bio protein

Synthetic methane (SNG) generated using electricity from carbon neutral renewable power or Bio CNG can be used to produce protein rich feed for cattle, poultry and fish economically by cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.[53][54][55] The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these bio protein plants can be recycled in the generation of SNG. Similarly, oxygen gas produced as by product from the electrolysis of water and the methanation process can be consumed in the cultivation of bacteria culture. With these integrated plants, the abundant renewable power potential in India can be converted in to high value food products without any water pollution or green house gas (GHG) emissions for achieving food security at a faster pace with lesser people deployment in agriculture / animal husbandry sector.[56]

Waste to energy

Every year, about 5.5 crore (55 million) tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 3,800 crore (38 billion) litres of sewage are generated in the urban areas of India. In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries. Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in the future. As more people migrate to urban areas and as incomes increase, consumption levels are likely to rise, as are rates of waste generation. It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a per capita rate of approximately 1–1.33% annually. This has significant impacts on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal, economic costs of collecting and transporting waste, and the environmental consequences of increased MSW generation levels.[57]

India has had a long involvement with anaerobic digestion and biogas technologies. Waste water treatment plants in the country have been established which produce renewable energy from sewage gas. However, there is still significant untapped potential.[58] Also wastes from the distillery sector are on some sites converted into biogas to run in a gas engine to generate onsite power. Prominent companies in the waste to energy sector include:[59]

Biofuel

Ethanol

India imports 85% of petrol products with import cost of $55 billion in 2020–21, India has set a target of blending 20% ethanol in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution saving of US$4 billion or ₹30,000 crore, and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc.[60] Ethanol market penetration reached its highest figure of a 3.3% blend rate in India in 2016.[61]

Ethanol is produced from sugarcane molasses and partly from grains and can be blended with gasoline. Sugarcane or sugarcane juice may not be used for the production of ethanol in India. Government is also encouraging 2G ethanol commercial production using biomass as feed stock.[62]

Biodiesel

The market for biodiesel remains at an early stage in India with the country achieving a minimal blend rate with diesel of 0.001% in 2016.[61] Initially development was focussed on the jatropha (jatropha curcas) plant as the most suitable inedible oilseed for biodiesel production. Development of biodiesel from jatropha has met a number of agronomic and economic restraints and attention is now moving towards other feedstock technologies which utilize used cooking oils, other unusable oil fractions, animal fat and inedible oils.[61] Biodiesel and also Biopropane are produced from non-edible vegetable oils, used cooking oil, waste animal fats, etc.[63][64]

Wind power

 
The largest wind farm of India in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu.

The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark or US, domestic policy support for wind power has led India to become the country with the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.[65]

As of 30 June 2018 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 34,293 MW,[11] mainly spread across Tamil Nadu (7,269.50 MW), Maharashtra (4,100.40 MW), Gujarat (3,454.30 MW), Rajasthan (2,784.90 MW), Karnataka (2,318.20 MW), Andhra Pradesh (746.20 MW) and Madhya Pradesh (423.40 MW)[66] Wind power accounts for 10% of India's total installed power capacity.[67] India has set an ambitious target to generate 60,000 MW of electricity from wind power by 2022.[68]

The Indian Government's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy announced a new wind-solar hybrid policy in May 2018.[69] This means that the same piece of land will be used to house both wind farms and solar panels.

Largest wind farms in India[70]

Number Wind farm Producer State Current capacity
(GW)
Notes
1 Jaisalmer Wind Park Suzlon Energy Rajasthan 1.6 [71]
2 Muppandal wind farm Muppandal Wind Tamil Nadu 1.5 [72]
3 Brahmanvel windfarm Parakh Agro Industries Maharashtra 0.5 [73]
4 Dhalgaon windfarm Gadre Marine Exports Maharashtra 0.3 [74]
5 Chakala windfarm Suzlon Energy Maharashtra 0.2 [75]
6 Vankusawade Wind Park Suzlon Energy Maharashtra 0.2 [76]
7 Vaspet Windfarm ReNew Power Maharashtra 0.14 [77]

See also

References

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External links

  • India's National Power Portal and Dashboard
  • India's Central Electricity Authority
  • Renewable energy world magazine

  Media related to Renewable energy in India at Wikimedia Commons

renewable, energy, india, india, world, largest, consumer, electricity, world, largest, renewable, energy, producer, with, energy, capacity, installed, year, 2022, coming, from, renewable, sources, ernst, young, 2021, renewable, energy, country, attractiveness. India is world s 3rd largest consumer of electricity and world s 3rd largest renewable energy producer with 40 of energy capacity installed in the year 2022 160 GW of 400 GW coming from renewable sources 1 2 Ernst amp Young s EY 2021 Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index RECAI ranked India 3rd behind USA and China 3 4 In November 2021 India had a renewable energy capacity of 150 GW consisting of solar 48 55 GW wind 40 03 GW small hydro power 4 83 GW bio mass 10 62 GW large hydro 46 51 GW and nuclear 6 78 GW 5 India has committed for a goal of 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030 6 Solar Power Plant Telangana II in state of Telangana India India renewable electricity production by source In 2016 Paris Agreement s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions targets India made commitment of producing 50 of its total electricity from non fossil fuel sources by 2030 7 8 In 2018 India s Central Electricity Authority set a target of producing 50 of the total electricity from non fossil fuels sources by 2030 9 India has also set a target of producing 175 GW by 2022 and 500 GW by 2030 from renewable energy 10 9 11 12 As of September 2020 89 22 GW solar energy is already operational projects of 48 21 GW are at various stages of implementation and projects of 25 64 GW capacity are under various stages of bidding 13 In 2020 3 of the world s top 5 largest solar parks were in India including world s largest 2255 MW Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan and world s second largest solar park of 2000 MW Pavgada Solar Park Tumkur in Karnataka and 1000 MW Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh 14 Wind power in India has a strong manufacturing base with 20 manufactures of 53 different wind turbine models of international quality up to 3 MW in size with exports to Europe United States and other countries 13 Solar wind and run of the river hydroelectricity are environment friendly cheaper power sources they are used as must run sources in India to cater for the base load and the polluting and foreign import dependent coal fired power is increasingly being moved from the must run base load power generation to the load following power generation mid priced and mid merit on demand need based intermittently produced electricity to meet the peaking demand only 15 Some of the daily peak demand in India is already met with the renewable peaking hydro power capacity Solar and wind power with 4 hour battery storage systems as a source of dispatchable generation compared with new coal and new gas plants is already cost competitive in India without subsidy 16 India initiated the International Solar Alliance ISA an alliance of 121 countries India was world s first country to set up a ministry of non conventional energy resources Ministry of New and Renewable Energy MNRE in early 1980s Solar Energy Corporation of India SECI a public sector undertaking is responsible for the development of solar energy industry in India Hydroelectricity is administered separately by the Ministry of Power and not included in MNRE targets Contents 1 Global comparison 1 1 Global rank 1 2 Attractiveness score 2 Future targets 3 Present installed capacity 3 1 Year wise renewable energy generation trend 3 2 Grid connected total including non renewable and renewable 3 3 Off grid renewable energy installed capacity 4 Renewable electricity generation 4 1 Hydroelectric power 4 2 Solar power 4 3 Nuclear power 4 4 Bioenergy 4 4 1 Biomass 4 4 1 1 Biogas 4 4 1 2 Bio protein 4 4 1 3 Waste to energy 4 4 2 Biofuel 4 4 2 1 Ethanol 4 4 2 2 Biodiesel 4 5 Wind power 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksGlobal comparison EditGlobal rank Edit India ranks second in terms of population and accounts for 17 of the world s population India is globally ranked 3rd in consumption of energy In terms of installed capacity and investment in renewable energy the EY s Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index RECAI ranking in July 2021 is as follows 3 4 Country Score RECAI RankUSA 70 7 1China 68 7 2India 66 2 3Attractiveness score Edit The technology specific RECAI scores and rank in 2021 are as follows 3 4 Technology India USA ChinaSolar PV 62 7 1 57 6 60 3Solar CSP power plants 09 2 4 46 2 54 3Hydroelectricity 46 4 3 57 6 60 3Biofuels 47 4 10 45 3 52 8Onshore wind power 54 2 6 58 1 55 7Offshore wind power 28 6 29 55 6 60 6Geothermal power 23 2 16 46 0 31 7Future targets EditThe installed capacity of renewable power is 119 512 GW as of 30 November 2022 17 The government has announced that no new coal based capacity addition is required beyond the 50 GW under different stages of construction likely to come online between 2017 and 2022 18 Target year Renewable energy capacity target GW Comments2030 500 10 Includes nuclear and large hydro power Set in 2019 at United Nations Climate Change conference 10 with 15 times solar and 2 times wind power capacity increase compared to April 2016 installed capacity 2022 175 19 Excludes nuclear and large hydro power Includes 100 GW solar 60 GW wind 5 small hydro 10 GW Biomass power and 0 168 GW Waste to Power 19 11 12 Present installed capacity EditYear wise renewable energy generation trend Edit Year wise renewable energy generation in TWh 20 Source 2014 15 2015 16 2016 17 2017 18 2018 19 2019 2020 2020 2021 2021 2022Large Hydro 129 2 121 4 122 3 126 1 135 0 156 0 150 305 151 695Small Hydro 8 1 8 4 7 73 5 1 8 7 9 4 10 3 10 4Solar 4 6 7 5 12 1 25 9 39 3 50 1 60 4 73 5Wind 28 2 28 6 46 0 52 7 62 0 64 6 60 1 68 6Bio mass 15 0 16 7 14 2 15 3 16 4 13 9 14 8 16 1Other 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 4 0 4 1 6 2 3Total 191 0 187 2 204 1 228 0 261 8 294 3 21 297 5 322 6Total utility power 1 105 1 168 1 236 1 303 1 372 1 385 1 373 1 484 Renewable power 17 28 16 02 16 52 17 50 19 1 21 25 21 67 21 73 Grid connected total including non renewable and renewable Edit The following table shows the breakdown of existing installed capacity in March 2020 from all sources and includes 141 6 GW from renewable sources 22 11 12 Since 2019 the hydropower generated by the under Ministry of Power is also counted towards Ministry of New and Renewable Energy s Renewable Energy Purchase Obligation REPO targets under which the DISCOMs Distribution Companies of various states have to source a certain percentage of their power from Renewable Energy Sources under two categories Solar and Non Solar Type Source Installed Capacity GW ShareNon renewable Coal 205 1 56 09 Gas 25 0 6 84 Diesel 0 5 0 14 Subtotal Non renewable 230 6 63 Renewable Nuclear 6 7 1 83 Large hydro 45 7 12 05 Small hydropower 4 7 1 29 Solar power 38 8 10 61 Wind power 38 7 10 59 Biomass power 0 2 0 05 Waste to Power 0 2 0 05 Subtotal Renewable 135 0 37 Total Both non renewable and renewable 365 6 100 00 Off grid renewable energy installed capacity Edit Off grid power as of 31 July 2019 MNRE capacity 23 Source Total Installed Capacity GW SPV Systems 0 94Biomass Gasifiers 0 17Waste to Energy 0 19TOTAL 1 20Other Renewable Energy SystemsFamily Biogas Plants individual units 50 28 000Water mills micro hydel Nos 2 690 72Renewable electricity generation EditSee also Electricity sector in India Hydroelectric power Edit Main article Hydroelectric power in India India ranks 5th globally for installed hydroelectric power capacity 24 As of 31 March 2020 India s installed utility scale hydroelectric capacity was 45 699 MW or 12 35 of its total utility power generation capacity 22 Additional smaller hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4 380 MW 1 3 of its total utility power generation capacity have been installed 25 22 Small hydropower defined to be generated at facilities with nameplate capacities up to 25 MW comes under the ambit of the Ministry of New and Renewable energy MNRE while large hydro defined as above 25 MW comes under the ambit of the Ministry of Power 26 27 India is endowed with vast potential of pumped hydroelectric energy storage which can be used economically for converting the non dispatchable renewable energy like wind solar and run of the river hydro power in to base peak load power supply for its ultimate energy needs 28 29 Solar power Edit Main article Solar power in India Global Horizontal Irradiance in India 30 India is densely populated and has high solar insolation an ideal combination for using solar power in India Announced in November 2009 the Government of India proposed to launch its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change The program was inaugurated 31 by former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 11 January 2010 32 with a target of 20GW grid capacity by 2022 as well as 2GW off grid installations this target was later increased to 100 GW by the same date under the Narendra Modi government in the 2015 Union budget of India 33 Achieving this National Solar Mission target would establish India in its ambition to be a global leader in solar power generation 34 The Mission aims to achieve grid parity electricity delivered at the same cost and quality as that delivered on the grid by 2022 32 The National Solar Mission is also promoted and known by its more colloquial name of Solar India The earlier objectives of the mission were to install 1 000 MW of power by 2013 and cover 20 10 6 m2 220 10 6 sq ft with collectors by the end of the final phase of the mission in 2022 35 On 30 November 2015 the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and the President of France Francois Hollande launched the International Solar Alliance The ISA is an alliance of 121 solar rich countries lying partially or fully between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn several countries outside of this area are also involved with the organization The ISA aims to promote and develop solar power amongst its members and has the objective of mobilising 1 trillion of investment by 2030 36 As of August 2019 the Indian Oil Corporation stated that it wants to invest 25 000 crore in renewable energy projects 37 Much of the country does not have an electrical grid so one of the first applications of solar power was for water pumping to begin replacing India s forty to fifty lakh diesel powered water pumps each consuming about 3 5 kilowatts and off grid lighting Some large projects have been proposed and a 35 000 km2 14 000 sq mi area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects sufficient to generate 700 to 2 100 gigawatts Solar power in India has been growing at a rate of 113 yoy 38 and now dropped to around 4 34 5 4 US per kWh which is around 18 lower than the average price for electricity generated by coal fired plants 39 40 As part of India s ambitious solar programme the central government has set up a US 350 million fund and the Yes Bank will loan US 5 billion to finance solar projects c January 2018 The bidding process for the addition of 115 GW to January 2018 renewable energy levels was completed by the end of 2019 2020 41 India is also the home to the world s first and only 100 solar powered airport located at Cochin Kerala 42 India also has a wholly 100 solar powered railway station in Guwhati Assam India s first and the largest floating solar power plant was constructed at Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad Kerala 43 The Indian Solar Loan Programme supported by the United Nations Environment Programme has won the prestigious Energy Globe World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing program for solar home power systems Over three years more than 16 000 solar home systems have been financed through 2 000 bank branches particularly in rural areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend 44 45 Launched in 2003 the Indian Solar Loan Programme was a four year partnership between UNEP the UNEP Risoe Centre and two of India s largest banks the Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank 45 Nuclear power Edit See also Nuclear power in India As of November 2020 update India had 10 nuclear reactors under construction with a combined capacity of 8 GW and 23 existing nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants with a total installed capacity of 7 4 GW 3 11 of total power generation in India 46 47 48 Nuclear power is the fifth largest source of electricity in India after coal hydroelectricity solar wind and gas power Bioenergy Edit Biomass Edit See also Biomass electricity in India India is an ideal environment for biomass production given its tropical location sunshine and rains The country s vast agricultural potential provides agro residues which can be used to meet energy needs both in heat and power applications 49 According to IREDA Biomass is capable of supplementing the coal to the tune of about 26 crore 260 million tonnes saving of about 25 0000 crore every year 50 It is estimated that the potential for biomass energy in India includes 16 000 MW from biomass energy and a further 3 500 MW from bagasse cogeneration 50 Biomass materials that can be used for power generation include bagasse rice husk straw cotton stalk coconut shells soya husk de oiled cakes coffee waste jute wastes groundnut shells and sawdust Various Types of Agro field Industrial Residues 50 Number Type of Agro residues Quantity Million Tonnes annum 1 Straws of various pulses amp cereals 225 502 Bagasse 31 003 Rice Husk 10 004 Groundnut shell 11 105 Stalks 2 006 Various Oil Stalks 4 507 Others 65 90Total 350 00Biogas Edit In 2018 India has set target to produce 1 5 crore 15 million tons 62 mmcmd of biogas bio CNG by installing 5 000 large scale commercial type biogas plants which can produce daily 12 5 tons of bio CNG by each plant 51 52 The rejected organic solids from biogas plants can be used after Torrefaction in the existing coal fired plants to reduce coal consumption The number of small family type biogas plants reached 3 98 million 13 Bio protein Edit Main article Power to gas Synthetic methane SNG generated using electricity from carbon neutral renewable power or Bio CNG can be used to produce protein rich feed for cattle poultry and fish economically by cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print 53 54 55 The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these bio protein plants can be recycled in the generation of SNG Similarly oxygen gas produced as by product from the electrolysis of water and the methanation process can be consumed in the cultivation of bacteria culture With these integrated plants the abundant renewable power potential in India can be converted in to high value food products without any water pollution or green house gas GHG emissions for achieving food security at a faster pace with lesser people deployment in agriculture animal husbandry sector 56 Waste to energy Edit Every year about 5 5 crore 55 million tonnes of municipal solid waste MSW and 3 800 crore 38 billion litres of sewage are generated in the urban areas of India In addition large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in the future As more people migrate to urban areas and as incomes increase consumption levels are likely to rise as are rates of waste generation It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a per capita rate of approximately 1 1 33 annually This has significant impacts on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal economic costs of collecting and transporting waste and the environmental consequences of increased MSW generation levels 57 India has had a long involvement with anaerobic digestion and biogas technologies Waste water treatment plants in the country have been established which produce renewable energy from sewage gas However there is still significant untapped potential 58 Also wastes from the distillery sector are on some sites converted into biogas to run in a gas engine to generate onsite power Prominent companies in the waste to energy sector include 59 A2Z Group of companies Hanjer Biotech Energies Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd Arka BRENStech Pvt Ltd Hitachi Zosen India Pvt Limited Clarke Energy ORS Group Punjab Renewable Energy Systems Pvt Ltd Biofuel Edit See also Biofuel in India and Bio fuels energy policy of India Ethanol Edit India imports 85 of petrol products with import cost of 55 billion in 2020 21 India has set a target of blending 20 ethanol in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution saving of US 4 billion or 30 000 crore and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice wheat barley corn sorghum sugarcane sugar beet etc 60 Ethanol market penetration reached its highest figure of a 3 3 blend rate in India in 2016 61 Ethanol is produced from sugarcane molasses and partly from grains and can be blended with gasoline Sugarcane or sugarcane juice may not be used for the production of ethanol in India Government is also encouraging 2G ethanol commercial production using biomass as feed stock 62 Biodiesel Edit The market for biodiesel remains at an early stage in India with the country achieving a minimal blend rate with diesel of 0 001 in 2016 61 Initially development was focussed on the jatropha jatropha curcas plant as the most suitable inedible oilseed for biodiesel production Development of biodiesel from jatropha has met a number of agronomic and economic restraints and attention is now moving towards other feedstock technologies which utilize used cooking oils other unusable oil fractions animal fat and inedible oils 61 Biodiesel and also Biopropane are produced from non edible vegetable oils used cooking oil waste animal fats etc 63 64 Wind power Edit The largest wind farm of India in Muppandal Tamil Nadu Main article Wind power in IndiaThe development of wind power in India began in the 1990s and has significantly increased in the last few years Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark or US domestic policy support for wind power has led India to become the country with the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world 65 As of 30 June 2018 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 34 293 MW 11 mainly spread across Tamil Nadu 7 269 50 MW Maharashtra 4 100 40 MW Gujarat 3 454 30 MW Rajasthan 2 784 90 MW Karnataka 2 318 20 MW Andhra Pradesh 746 20 MW and Madhya Pradesh 423 40 MW 66 Wind power accounts for 10 of India s total installed power capacity 67 India has set an ambitious target to generate 60 000 MW of electricity from wind power by 2022 68 The Indian Government s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy announced a new wind solar hybrid policy in May 2018 69 This means that the same piece of land will be used to house both wind farms and solar panels Largest wind farms in India 70 Number Wind farm Producer State Current capacity GW Notes1 Jaisalmer Wind Park Suzlon Energy Rajasthan 1 6 71 2 Muppandal wind farm Muppandal Wind Tamil Nadu 1 5 72 3 Brahmanvel windfarm Parakh Agro Industries Maharashtra 0 5 73 4 Dhalgaon windfarm Gadre Marine Exports Maharashtra 0 3 74 5 Chakala windfarm Suzlon Energy Maharashtra 0 2 75 6 Vankusawade Wind Park Suzlon Energy Maharashtra 0 2 76 7 Vaspet Windfarm ReNew Power Maharashtra 0 14 77 See also Edit Renewable energy portal India portalElectricity sector in India Hydroelectric power in India International Renewable Energy Agency Renewable energy by country Bureau of Energy Efficiency Renewable energy in Asia Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy debate Fossil fuel phase out World energy resources and consumption Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Ocean thermal energy conversion List of countries by electricity production from renewable sourcesReferences Edit 2021 Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index RECAI www ey com Koundal Aarushi 26 November 2020 India s renewable power capacity is the fourth largest in the world says PM Modi ETEnergyworld Retrieved 16 May 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c 2019 Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index RECAI Ernst amp Young 2021 a b c Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index PDF Retrieved 24 August 2020 Brighter days await renewable energy space investments likely to cross 15 billion in 2022 The Hindu PTI 24 December 2021 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 29 January 2022 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint others link India s 450 GW renewable energy goal by 2030 doable says John Kerry The Hindu PTI 20 October 2021 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 29 January 2022 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint others link Here are India s INDC objectives and how much it will cost The Indian Express 2 October 2015 Retrieved 27 December 2017 INDC submission PDF a b Safi Michael 22 December 2016 India plans nearly 60 of electricity capacity from non fossil fuels by 2027 the Guardian Retrieved 25 April 2018 a b c PM Modi vows to more than double India s non fossil fuel target to 450GW The Times of India 23 September 2019 Retrieved 23 September 2019 a b c d Physical Progress Achievements Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Govt of India Retrieved 18 July 2018 a b c Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Physical Progress Achievements Archived from the original on 3 May 2018 a b c Press Information Bureau pib nic in Retrieved 27 December 2017 With 2245 MW of Commissioned Solar Projects World s Largest Solar Park is Now at Bhadl 19 March 2020 Retrieved 20 March 2020 Infographic Illustrative curve for change in PLF of coal plants Retrieved 12 December 2018 Solar and wind now the cheapest power source says Bloomberg NEF Retrieved 19 November 2018 State wise installed capacity of Renewable Power as on 30 11 2022 PDF Ministry of Power Govt of India Retrieved 16 November 2022 Report on Payment dues of RE Generators up to 31 07 2019 PDF Central Electricity Authority Ministry of Power Govt of India Retrieved 1 October 2019 a b Saluja Nishtha Singh Sarita 5 June 2018 Renewable energy target now 227 GW will need 50 billion more in investments MNRE The Economic Times Summary of All India Provisional Renewable Energy Generation PDF CEA Retrieved 3 May 2019 Renewable energy generation data March 2020 PDF CEA Retrieved 30 April 2020 a b c All India Installed Capacity of Utility Power Stations Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Physical Progress Achievements Archived from the original on 3 May 2018 India overtakes Japan with fifth largest hydropower capacity in the world Retrieved 30 May 2020 Renewable Energy Physical Progress as on 31 03 2016 Ministry of New amp Renewable Energy GoI Retrieved 14 June 2017 Executive Summary Power Sector February 2017 PDF report Central Electricity Authority Ministry of Power Govt of India 28 February 2017 Retrieved 24 April 2017 Small Hydro Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Retrieved 6 April 2019 Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PSS projects in India Retrieved 19 November 2019 Getting to 100 renewables requires cheap energy storage But how cheap 9 August 2019 Retrieved 20 May 2020 Global Solar Atlas Retrieved 4 December 2018 JNNSM Inauguration a b Scheme Documents www mnre gov in Retrieved 19 March 2018 Revision of cumulative targets under National Solar Mission from 20 000 MW by 2021 22 to 1 00 000 MW pib nic in Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Saito Yolanda 8 December 2011 INSIDE STORY Transforming India into a solar power Climate and Development Knowledge Network Centre for International Sustainable Development Law International Development Law Organisation Retrieved 31 July 2013 Sethi Nitin 18 November 2009 India targets 1 000mw solar power in 2013 The Times of India Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 International Solar Alliance ISA s Journey so far PDF Ranganath Ramya 22 August 2019 Indian Oil Corporation Plans to Invest 250 Billion in Renewable Energy Projects Mercom India Retrieved 22 August 2019 Kenning Tom 19 October 2016 India surpasses 1GW rooftop solar with grid parity for most C amp I consumers report PVTECH Retrieved 24 April 2017 Dockrill Peter 20 April 2017 India surpasses 1GW rooftop solar with grid parity for most C amp I consumers report scienceAlert Retrieved 24 April 2017 McGrath Matt 1 June 2017 Five effects of a US pull out from Paris climate deal BBC Retrieved 1 June 2017 Govt to set up 350 million fund to finance solar projects Hindustan Times 18 Jan 2018 Crew Bec 20 August 2015 India Establishes World s First 100 Percent Solar Powered Airport report scienceAlert Retrieved 24 April 2017 India s largest floating solar power plant opens in Kerala Watt a sight The Economic Times Retrieved 14 April 2018 Consumer financing program for solar home systems in southern India a b UNEP wins Energy Globe award Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Kudankulam nuclear plant begins power generation Mumbai Mirror 22 October 2013 Retrieved 29 January 2014 India Installed Capacity PDF Retrieved 5 June 2018 Plants under operation npcil nic in A Government of India Enterprise Department of Atomic Energy The potential for advanced biofuels in India Assessing the availability of feedstocks and deployable technologies PDF Retrieved 16 December 2019 a b c Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd Bio Energy www ireda gov in Retrieved 4 March 2018 Compressed biogas to beat petrol and diesel with 30 higher mileage Retrieved 18 November 2018 Rs 20 000 crore to be invested in Odisha in bio gas sector Retrieved 17 December 2018 BioProtein Production PDF Retrieved 31 January 2018 Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals and us Retrieved 31 January 2018 New venture selects Cargill s Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind Protein Retrieved 31 January 2018 Assessment of environmental impact of FeedKind protein PDF Retrieved 20 June 2017 Emmanual William Energy Alternatives India EAI Retrieved 5 March 2012 Electricity from sewage in India www clarke energy com retrieved 15 August 2014 Emmanual William Energy ALternatives India Energy ALternatives India Retrieved 5 March 2012 Hussain Siraj 1 July 2021 India wants to use food grain stock for ethanol That s a problem in a hungry country ThePrint a b c USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report PDF Cabinet okays ethanol projects funding The Economic Times Retrieved 8 January 2020 47 lakh kg used cooking oil collected since Aug 70 converted into bio diesel Retrieved 29 December 2019 Neste delivers first batch of 100 renewable propane to European market 19 March 2018 Retrieved 3 December 2018 Global statistics Global Wind Energy Council Retrieved 23 May 2016 Energy Statistics 2015 PDF Central Statistics Office Govt of India Retrieved 23 May 2016 Executive summary of Power Sector as on 31 03 2016 PDF Central Electricity authority GoI July 2015 Retrieved 23 May 2016 Physical Progress Achievements PDF Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Retrieved 23 May 2016 Does hybrid energy policy make sense for India Find out Moneycontrol News 22 May 2018 Retrieved 22 May 2018 Wind farm list Retrieved 2 February 2014 Jaisalmer windfarm Retrieved 2 February 2014 Muppandal windfarm Retrieved 2 February 2014 Brahmanvel windfarm India Retrieved 2 February 2014 Dhalgaon windfarm Retrieved 2 February 2014 Chakala windfarm Retrieved 2 February 2014 Vankusawade Wind Park windfarm Retrieved 2 February 2014 Vaspet windfarm Retrieved 13 May 2015 External links EditIndia s National Power Portal and Dashboard India s Central Electricity Authority Renewable energy world magazine Media related to Renewable energy in India at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Renewable energy in India amp oldid 1127762622, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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