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Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, killed by the fungus Pandora neoaphidis (Zygomycota: Entomophthorales) Scale bar = 0.3 mm
These fungi usually attach to the external body surface of insects in the form of microscopic spores (usually asexual, mitosporic spores also called conidia). Under the right conditions of temperature and (usually high) humidity, these spores germinate, grow as hyphae and colonize the insect's cuticle; which they bore through by way of enzymatic hydrolysis, reaching the insects' body cavity (hemocoel).[1] Then, the fungal cells proliferate in the host body cavity, usually as walled hyphae or in the form of wall-less protoplasts (depending on the fungus involved). After some time the insect is usually killed (sometimes by fungal toxins), and new propagules (spores) are formed in or on the insect if environmental conditions are again right. High humidity is usually required for sporulation.
Groups
Cordyceps fungi are parasitoids of various arthropod species. Here is a wasp parasitized by the fungus Cordyceps.
Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, interest in the use of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests has emerged. In particular, the asexual phases of Ascomycota (Beauveria spp., Isaria spp., Lecanicillium spp., Metarhizium spp., Purpureocillium spp., and others) are under scrutiny due to traits favouring their use as biopesticides.[2] The development of entomopathogens as pesticides depends on research into their host specificity, stability, formulation, and methods of application.
Production
Most entomopathogenic fungi can be grown on artificial media. Some require complex media, while others, like Beauveria bassiana and exploitable species in the genus Metarhizium, can be grown on starch-rich substrates such as rice or wheat grains.
Virulence
Entomophthorales are often reported as causing epizootics (outbreaks with many deaths) in nature. These fungi are virulent. The anamorphic Ascomycota (Metarhizium, Beauveria etc.) are reported as causing epizootics less frequently in nature.
Host relationship chemical cues
Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae successfully infect susceptible host populations through conidia.[3][4] The signaling cues between these fungi and their host targets are under investigation. The ability to sense these parasites can increase fitness for the host targets. Evidence suggests that signal recognition occurs within some hosts, but not others. For example, the ectoparasiteCephalonomia tarsalis is susceptible to B. bassiana but it cannot detect the presence of free conidia of this fungus or infected hosts.[5] Because they cannot detect these parasites, either the host or the host's offspring become infected and/or die. In contrast, termites detect and avoid some lethal conidia strains.[6] Other soil-dwelling insects have evolved the ability to detect and avoid certain entomopathogenic fungi.[citation needed]
LUBILOSA and Desert locust for more on use of Metarhizium as a biological insecticide
References
^Fernandes EG, Valério HM, Feltrin T, Van Der Sand ST (2012). "Variability in the production of extracellular enzymes by entomopathogenic fungi grown on different substrates". Braz. J. Microbiol. 43 (2): 827–33. doi:10.1590/S1517-83822012000200049. PMC3768820. PMID 24031896.
^Strasser H, Vey A, Butt TM (28 June 2010). "Are There any Risks in Using Entomopathogenic Fungi for Pest Control, with Particular Reference to the Bioactive Metabolites of Metarhizium, Tolypocladium and Beauveria species?". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 10 (6): 717–735. doi:10.1080/09583150020011690. S2CID 83558063.
^Vandenburg, J.D., Ramos, M. & Altre, J.A. (1998) Dose –response and age- and temperature-related susceptibility of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliaceae). Environmental Entomology, 27, 1017–1021.
^Hughes, W.O.H., Petersen, K.S., Ugelvig, L.V., Pedersen, D., Thomsen, L., Poulsen, M. et al. (2004) Density-dependence and within-host competition in a semelparous parasite of leafcutting ants. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4, 45.
^Lord, J.C. (2001) Response of the wasp Cephalonomia tarsalis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) to Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) as free conidia or infection in its host, the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Biological Control, 21, 300–304.
^Myles, T.G. (2002) Alarm, aggregation, and defense by Reticulitermes flavipes in response to a naturally occurring isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae. Sociobiology, 40, 243–255.
External links
Fungal control of insect and mite pests, from the University of Warwick
Services and History of the ARSEF Collection
ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures (ARSEF)
Entomopathogenic Fungi as Effective Insect Pest Management Tactic: A Review, Hafiza Tahira Gul, Shafqat Saeed, Fawad Zafar Ahmad Khan, Applied Sciences and Business Economics, Volume 1, Issue 1, [10-18] June, 2014.
May 05, 2023
entomopathogenic, fungus, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expandin. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article November 2017 This article is missing information about the term s etymology Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page November 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can kill or seriously disable insects Grasshoppers killed by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana Ascomycota Hypocreales Contents 1 Typical life cycle 2 Groups 3 Pest control 3 1 Production 3 2 Virulence 4 Host relationship chemical cues 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksTypical life cycle Edit Green peach aphid Myzus persicae killed by the fungus Pandora neoaphidis Zygomycota Entomophthorales Scale bar 0 3 mm These fungi usually attach to the external body surface of insects in the form of microscopic spores usually asexual mitosporic spores also called conidia Under the right conditions of temperature and usually high humidity these spores germinate grow as hyphae and colonize the insect s cuticle which they bore through by way of enzymatic hydrolysis reaching the insects body cavity hemocoel 1 Then the fungal cells proliferate in the host body cavity usually as walled hyphae or in the form of wall less protoplasts depending on the fungus involved After some time the insect is usually killed sometimes by fungal toxins and new propagules spores are formed in or on the insect if environmental conditions are again right High humidity is usually required for sporulation Groups Edit Cordyceps fungi are parasitoids of various arthropod species Here is a wasp parasitized by the fungus Cordyceps The entomopathogenic fungi include taxa from several of the main fungal groups and do not form a monophyletic group Many common and or important entomopathogenic fungi are in the order Hypocreales of the Ascomycota the asexual anamorph phases Beauveria Isaria was Paecilomyces Hirsutella Metarhizium Nomuraea and the sexual teleomorph state Cordyceps others Entomophthora Zoophthora Pandora Entomophaga belong in the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota Related fungi which attack and kill other invertebrates e g nematodes Pest control EditSince they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe interest in the use of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests has emerged In particular the asexual phases of Ascomycota Beauveria spp Isaria spp Lecanicillium spp Metarhizium spp Purpureocillium spp and others are under scrutiny due to traits favouring their use as biopesticides 2 The development of entomopathogens as pesticides depends on research into their host specificity stability formulation and methods of application Production Edit Most entomopathogenic fungi can be grown on artificial media Some require complex media while others like Beauveria bassiana and exploitable species in the genus Metarhizium can be grown on starch rich substrates such as rice or wheat grains Virulence Edit Entomophthorales are often reported as causing epizootics outbreaks with many deaths in nature These fungi are virulent The anamorphic Ascomycota Metarhizium Beauveria etc are reported as causing epizootics less frequently in nature Host relationship chemical cues EditEntomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae successfully infect susceptible host populations through conidia 3 4 The signaling cues between these fungi and their host targets are under investigation The ability to sense these parasites can increase fitness for the host targets Evidence suggests that signal recognition occurs within some hosts but not others For example the ectoparasite Cephalonomia tarsalis is susceptible to B bassiana but it cannot detect the presence of free conidia of this fungus or infected hosts 5 Because they cannot detect these parasites either the host or the host s offspring become infected and or die In contrast termites detect and avoid some lethal conidia strains 6 Other soil dwelling insects have evolved the ability to detect and avoid certain entomopathogenic fungi citation needed See also EditBiopesticide Entomopathogenic nematode LUBILOSA and Desert locust for more on use of Metarhizium as a biological insecticideReferences Edit Fernandes EG Valerio HM Feltrin T Van Der Sand ST 2012 Variability in the production of extracellular enzymes by entomopathogenic fungi grown on different substrates Braz J Microbiol 43 2 827 33 doi 10 1590 S1517 83822012000200049 PMC 3768820 PMID 24031896 Strasser H Vey A Butt TM 28 June 2010 Are There any Risks in Using Entomopathogenic Fungi for Pest Control with Particular Reference to the Bioactive Metabolites of Metarhizium Tolypocladium and Beauveria species Biocontrol Science and Technology 10 6 717 735 doi 10 1080 09583150020011690 S2CID 83558063 Vandenburg J D Ramos M amp Altre J A 1998 Dose response and age and temperature related susceptibility of the diamondback moth Lepidoptera Plutellidae to two isolates of Beauveria bassiana Hyphomycetes Moniliaceae Environmental Entomology 27 1017 1021 Hughes W O H Petersen K S Ugelvig L V Pedersen D Thomsen L Poulsen M et al 2004 Density dependence and within host competition in a semelparous parasite of leafcutting ants BMC Evolutionary Biology 4 45 Lord J C 2001 Response of the wasp Cephalonomia tarsalis Hymenoptera Bethylidae to Beauveria bassiana Hyphomycetes Moniliales as free conidia or infection in its host the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis Coleoptera Silvanidae Biological Control 21 300 304 Myles T G 2002 Alarm aggregation and defense by Reticulitermes flavipes in response to a naturally occurring isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae Sociobiology 40 243 255 External links EditFungal control of insect and mite pests from the University of Warwick Services and History of the ARSEF Collection ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures ARSEF Entomopathogenic Fungi as Effective Insect Pest Management Tactic A Review Hafiza Tahira Gul Shafqat Saeed Fawad Zafar Ahmad Khan Applied Sciences and Business Economics Volume 1 Issue 1 10 18 June 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Entomopathogenic fungus amp oldid 1149311770, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
