fbpx
Wikipedia

Metarhizium

February 16, 2024

Metarhizium[1] is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible. Most turn out to be the asexual forms (anamorphs) of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including Metacordyceps spp.

Metarhizium
Cockroach killed by Metarhizium anisopliae
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Clavicipitaceae
Genus: Metarhizium
Sorokīn, 1879
Type species
Metarhizium anisopliae
(Metchnikoff) Sorokīn

Species edit

Before molecular techniques were introduced at the end of the 20th century, Metarhizium species were identified on morphological (notably conidial) characteristics. The 'original' species included: M. anisopliae (with M.a. var. major), M. brunneum, M. cicadinum, M. cylindrosporum, M. flavoviride, M. taii, M. truncatum, and M. viridicolumnare. In 2009, nine former varieties of the type species M. anisopliae were assigned species status.[2] New species have continued to be identified, with original names sometimes re-instated (notably M. brunneum). The first complete chromosome length genome sequence for any Metarhizium was carried-out for this species at Swansea University in 2021.[3]

The index fungorum currently (2021) lists:[4]

  1. Metarhizium aciculare H. Iwasaki, Tokiwa & Nonaka (2019)
  2. Metarhizium acridum (Driver & Milner) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009) (previously M. anisopliae var. acridum)
  3. Metarhizium alvesii R.B. Lopes, M. Faria, C. Montalva & R.A. Humber (2018)
  4. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn (1883)
  5. Metarhizium argentinense A.C. Gutierrez, A. Leclerque & C.C. Lopez Lastra (2019)
  6. Metarhizium atrovirens (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  7. Metarhizium baoshanense Z.H. Chen, Ling Xu, X.N. Yang, Y.G. Zhang & Y.M. Yang (2018)
  8. Metarhizium bibionidarum O. Nishi & H. Sato (2017)
  9. Metarhizium blattodeae C. Montalva, Humber, K. Collier & C. Luz (2016)
  10. Metarhizium brachyspermum Koh. Yamam., Ohmae & Orihara (2019)
  11. Metarhizium brasiliense Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  12. Metarhizium brittlebankisoides (Zuo Y. Liu, Z.Q. Liang, Whalley, Y.J. Yao & A.Y. Liu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  13. Metarhizium brunneum Petch (1935)
  14. Metarhizium campsosterni (W.M. Zhang & T.H. Li) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  15. Metarhizium carneum (Duché & R. Heim) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  16. Metarhizium chaiyaphumense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)
  17. Metarhizium cicadinum (Höhn.) Petch (1931)
  18. Metarhizium cylindrosporum Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986)
  19. Metarhizium dendrolimatilis Z.Q. Liang, Wan H. Chen, Y.F. Han & X. Zou (2017)
  20. Metarhizium flavoviride W. Gams & Rozsypal (1973)
  21. Metarhizium frigidum J.F. Bisch. & S.A. Rehner (2007)
  22. Metarhizium gaoligongense Z.H. Chen & L. Xu (2018)
  23. Metarhizium globosum J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)
  24. Metarhizium granulomatis (Sigler) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  25. Metarhizium gryllidicola Khons., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard (2020)
  26. Metarhizium guniujiangense (C.R. Li, B. Huang, M.Z. Fan & Z.Z. Li) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  27. Metarhizium humberi C. Luz, L. Rocha & I. Delalibera (2019)
  28. Metarhizium indigoticum (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  29. Metarhizium kalasinense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)
  30. Metarhizium khaoyaiense (Hywel-Jones) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  31. Metarhizium koreanum Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  32. Metarhizium kusanagiense (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  33. Metarhizium lepidiotae (Driver & Milner) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)
  34. Metarhizium lepidopterorum W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang (2019)
  35. Metarhizium majus (J.R. Johnst.) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)
  36. Metarhizium marquandii (Massee) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  37. Metarhizium minus (Rombach, Humber & D.W. Roberts) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  38. Metarhizium novozealandicum (Driver & Milner) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  39. Metarhizium owariense (Kobayasi) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  40. Metarhizium pemphigi (Driver & Milner) Kepler, Humber & S.A. Rehner (2014)
  41. Metarhizium phasmatodeae Khons., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard (2020)
  42. Metarhizium prachinense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)
  43. Metarhizium pseudoatrovirens (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  44. Metarhizium purpureogenum O. Nishi, S. Shimizu & H. Sato (2017)
  45. Metarhizium reniforme (Samson & H.C. Evans) Luangsa-ard, Boucias & Hywel-Jones (2017)
  46. Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  47. Metarhizium robertsii J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)
  48. Metarhizium rongjiangense W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang (2019)
  49. Metarhizium samlanense Luangsa-ard, Thanakitp., Tasan., Mongkols. & Hywel-Jones (2017)
  50. Metarhizium taii Z.Q. Liang & A.Y. Liu (1991)
  51. Metarhizium takense Tasan., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)
  52. Metarhizium truncatum Petch (1931)
  53. Metarhizium viride (Segretain, Fromentin, Destombes, Brygoo & Dodin ex Samson) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
  54. Metarhizium viridicolumnare (Matsush.) Matsush. (1993)
  55. Metarhizium viridulum (Tzean, L.S. Hsieh, J.L. Chen & W.J. Wu) B. Huang & Z.Z. Li (2004)
  56. Metarhizium yongmunense (G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung & Spatafora) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)

Other Reclassified Species Names edit

Teleomorphs edit

The teleomorphs of Metarhizium species appear to be members of the genus Metacordyceps.[7] Metacordyceps taii (as Cordyceps taii) has been described as the teleomorph of Metarhizium taii:[8][9] a name that has now been restored.

Whether the other varieties of M. anisopliae have their own teleomorphs is not yet clear. Some, if not most, strains of M. anisopliae possibly have lost the capability of reproducing sexually.

Natural pesticide edit

The artificially grown fungi's spores are also used as a natural pesticide. Certain strains are advised against use in food-growing fields and in close proximity to water sources due to risk of their contamination.[10][note 1]

Locust control edit

In the 1990s, the LUBILOSA research programme proved that M. acridum in its spore form was effective in killing locusts and other members of the Acrididea families with no deleterious effects found in field trials on any nontarget species except for the domesticated silk worm Bombyx mori.[11] It is currently produced as a biopesticide under the name Novacrid by the company Eléphant Vert in their factory in Meknès, Morocco.[12] The same company recently (2019) obtained the licence to produce and market the original product developed by LUBILOSA, which is called Green Muscle. A third product, Green Guard, is produced by BASF of Australia for the control of Australian plague locusts and wingless grasshoppers.[13]

Notes edit

  1. ^ In this case only Metarhizium anisopliae F52 strain is concerned.

References edit

  1. ^ Sorokīn (1879) Veg. Parasitenk. Mensch Tieren 2: 268.
  2. ^ Bischoff J.F.; Rehner S.A. Humber R.A. (2009). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage". Mycologia. 101 (4): 512–530. doi:10.3852/07-202. PMID 19623931.
  3. ^ Saud, Z.; Kortsinoglou, A.M.; Kouvelis, V.N.; Butt, T.M. (2021). "Telomere length de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes and mitogenome sequencing of the model entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, by means of a novel assembly pipeline". BMC Genomics. 22 (1): 87. doi:10.1186/s12864-021-07390-y. PMC 7842015. PMID 33509090.
  4. ^ Species fungorum search Metarhizium (retrieved 9 April 2021)
  5. ^ Lombard L, Crous PW (2016) in: Lombard, Houbraken, Decock, Samson, Meijer, Réblová, Groenewald & Crous Persoonia 36: 177.
  6. ^ Luangsa-ard, Thanakitpipattana (2017) in: Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana, Khonsanit, Tasanathai, Noisripoom, Humber. Index Fungorum 345: 1.
  7. ^ Sung, G.-H.; Hywel-Jones, N.L.; Sung, J.-M.; Luangsa-ard, J.J.; Shrestha, B. & Spatafora, J.W. (2007). "Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi". Studies in Mycology. 57: 5–59. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01. PMC 2104736. PMID 18490993.
  8. ^ Liang, Z.-Q.; Liu, A.-Y.; Liu, J.-L. (1991). "A new species of the genus Cordyceps and its Metarhizium anamorph". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 10: 257–262.
  9. ^ Huang B.; Li C.; Humber R.A.; Hodge K.T.; Fan M.; Li Z. (2005). "Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae)" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 94: 137–147.
  10. ^ "Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 (029056) Biopesticide Fact Sheet" (PDF). Pennsylvania: Environmental Protection Agency. June 1, 2003.
  11. ^ Lomer, C.J.; Bateman, R.P.; Johnson, D.L.; Langewald, J.; Thomas, M. (2001). "Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers". Annual Review of Entomology. 46: 667–702. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667. PMID 11112183.
  12. ^ Eléphant Vert company website
  13. ^ BASF website

External links edit

  •   Media related to Metarhizium at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Clavicipitaceae at Wikispecies

February 16, 2024
metarhizium, genus, entomopathogenic, fungi, clavicipitaceae, family, with, advent, genetic, profiling, placing, these, fungi, proper, taxa, become, possible, most, turn, asexual, forms, anamorphs, fungi, phylum, ascomycota, including, metacordyceps, cockroach. Metarhizium 1 is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family With the advent of genetic profiling placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible Most turn out to be the asexual forms anamorphs of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota including Metacordyceps spp MetarhiziumCockroach killed by Metarhizium anisopliaeScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass SordariomycetesSubclass HypocreomycetidaeOrder HypocrealesFamily ClavicipitaceaeGenus MetarhiziumSorokin 1879Type speciesMetarhizium anisopliae Metchnikoff Sorokin Contents 1 Species 1 1 Other Reclassified Species Names 1 2 Teleomorphs 2 Natural pesticide 2 1 Locust control 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksSpecies editBefore molecular techniques were introduced at the end of the 20th century Metarhizium species were identified on morphological notably conidial characteristics The original species included M anisopliae with M a var major M brunneum M cicadinum M cylindrosporum M flavoviride M taii M truncatum and M viridicolumnare In 2009 nine former varieties of the type species M anisopliae were assigned species status 2 New species have continued to be identified with original names sometimes re instated notably M brunneum The first complete chromosome length genome sequence for any Metarhizium was carried out for this species at Swansea University in 2021 3 The index fungorum currently 2021 lists 4 Metarhizium aciculare H Iwasaki Tokiwa amp Nonaka 2019 Metarhizium acridum Driver amp Milner J F Bisch S A Rehner amp Humber 2009 previously M anisopliae var acridum Metarhizium alvesii R B Lopes M Faria C Montalva amp R A Humber 2018 Metarhizium anisopliae Metschn Sorokin 1883 Metarhizium argentinense A C Gutierrez A Leclerque amp C C Lopez Lastra 2019 Metarhizium atrovirens Kobayasi amp Shimizu Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium baoshanense Z H Chen Ling Xu X N Yang Y G Zhang amp Y M Yang 2018 Metarhizium bibionidarum O Nishi amp H Sato 2017 Metarhizium blattodeae C Montalva Humber K Collier amp C Luz 2016 Metarhizium brachyspermum Koh Yamam Ohmae amp Orihara 2019 Metarhizium brasiliense Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium brittlebankisoides Zuo Y Liu Z Q Liang Whalley Y J Yao amp A Y Liu Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium brunneum Petch 1935 Metarhizium campsosterni W M Zhang amp T H Li Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium carneum Duche amp R Heim Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium chaiyaphumense Tasan Khons Thanakitp Mongkols amp Luangsa ard 2017 Metarhizium cicadinum Hohn Petch 1931 Metarhizium cylindrosporum Q T Chen amp H L Guo 1986 Metarhizium dendrolimatilis Z Q Liang Wan H Chen Y F Han amp X Zou 2017 Metarhizium flavoviride W Gams amp Rozsypal 1973 Metarhizium frigidum J F Bisch amp S A Rehner 2007 Metarhizium gaoligongense Z H Chen amp L Xu 2018 Metarhizium globosum J F Bisch S A Rehner amp Humber 2009 Metarhizium granulomatis Sigler Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium gryllidicola Khons Thanakitp amp Luangsa ard 2020 Metarhizium guniujiangense C R Li B Huang M Z Fan amp Z Z Li Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium humberi C Luz L Rocha amp I Delalibera 2019 Metarhizium indigoticum Kobayasi amp Shimizu Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium kalasinense Tasan Khons Thanakitp Mongkols amp Luangsa ard 2017 Metarhizium khaoyaiense Hywel Jones Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium koreanum Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium kusanagiense Kobayasi amp Shimizu Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium lepidiotae Driver amp Milner J F Bisch S A Rehner amp Humber 2009 Metarhizium lepidopterorum W H Chen Y F Han J D Liang amp Z Q Liang 2019 Metarhizium majus J R Johnst J F Bisch S A Rehner amp Humber 2009 Metarhizium marquandii Massee Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium minus Rombach Humber amp D W Roberts Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium novozealandicum Driver amp Milner Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium owariense Kobayasi Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium pemphigi Driver amp Milner Kepler Humber amp S A Rehner 2014 Metarhizium phasmatodeae Khons Thanakitp amp Luangsa ard 2020 Metarhizium prachinense Tasan Khons Thanakitp Mongkols amp Luangsa ard 2017 Metarhizium pseudoatrovirens Kobayasi amp Shimizu Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium purpureogenum O Nishi S Shimizu amp H Sato 2017 Metarhizium reniforme Samson amp H C Evans Luangsa ard Boucias amp Hywel Jones 2017 Metarhizium rileyi Farl Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium robertsii J F Bisch S A Rehner amp Humber 2009 Metarhizium rongjiangense W H Chen Y F Han J D Liang amp Z Q Liang 2019 Metarhizium samlanense Luangsa ard Thanakitp Tasan Mongkols amp Hywel Jones 2017 Metarhizium taii Z Q Liang amp A Y Liu 1991 Metarhizium takense Tasan Thanakitp Mongkols amp Luangsa ard 2017 Metarhizium truncatum Petch 1931 Metarhizium viride Segretain Fromentin Destombes Brygoo amp Dodin ex Samson Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Metarhizium viridicolumnare Matsush Matsush 1993 Metarhizium viridulum Tzean L S Hsieh J L Chen amp W J Wu B Huang amp Z Z Li 2004 Metarhizium yongmunense G H Sung J M Sung amp Spatafora Kepler S A Rehner amp Humber 2014 Other Reclassified Species Names edit M album Petch 1931 is now assigned to M anisopliae M glutinosum is now placed in the Stachybotryaceae as Albifimbria Myrothecium verrucaria Alb amp Schwein L Lombard amp Crous 5 M martiale is now placed as Nigelia martiale Speg Luangsa ard amp Thanakitp Clavicipitaceae 6 Teleomorphs edit The teleomorphs of Metarhizium species appear to be members of the genus Metacordyceps 7 Metacordyceps taii as Cordyceps taii has been described as the teleomorph of Metarhizium taii 8 9 a name that has now been restored Whether the other varieties of M anisopliae have their own teleomorphs is not yet clear Some if not most strains of M anisopliae possibly have lost the capability of reproducing sexually Natural pesticide editThe artificially grown fungi s spores are also used as a natural pesticide Certain strains are advised against use in food growing fields and in close proximity to water sources due to risk of their contamination 10 note 1 Locust control edit In the 1990s the LUBILOSA research programme proved that M acridum in its spore form was effective in killing locusts and other members of the Acrididea families with no deleterious effects found in field trials on any nontarget species except for the domesticated silk worm Bombyx mori 11 It is currently produced as a biopesticide under the name Novacrid by the company Elephant Vert in their factory in Meknes Morocco 12 The same company recently 2019 obtained the licence to produce and market the original product developed by LUBILOSA which is called Green Muscle A third product Green Guard is produced by BASF of Australia for the control of Australian plague locusts and wingless grasshoppers 13 Notes edit In this case only Metarhizium anisopliae F52 strain is concerned References edit Sorokin 1879 Veg Parasitenk Mensch Tieren 2 268 Bischoff J F Rehner S A Humber R A 2009 A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage Mycologia 101 4 512 530 doi 10 3852 07 202 PMID 19623931 Saud Z Kortsinoglou A M Kouvelis V N Butt T M 2021 Telomere length de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes and mitogenome sequencing of the model entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum by means of a novel assembly pipeline BMC Genomics 22 1 87 doi 10 1186 s12864 021 07390 y PMC 7842015 PMID 33509090 Species fungorum search Metarhizium retrieved 9 April 2021 Lombard L Crous PW 2016 in Lombard Houbraken Decock Samson Meijer Reblova Groenewald amp Crous Persoonia 36 177 Luangsa ard Thanakitpipattana 2017 in Luangsa ard Mongkolsamrit Thanakitpipattana Khonsanit Tasanathai Noisripoom Humber Index Fungorum 345 1 Sung G H Hywel Jones N L Sung J M Luangsa ard J J Shrestha B amp Spatafora J W 2007 Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi Studies in Mycology 57 5 59 doi 10 3114 sim 2007 57 01 PMC 2104736 PMID 18490993 Liang Z Q Liu A Y Liu J L 1991 A new species of the genus Cordyceps and its Metarhizium anamorph Acta Mycologica Sinica 10 257 262 Huang B Li C Humber R A Hodge K T Fan M Li Z 2005 Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph Cordyceps taii Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae PDF Mycotaxon 94 137 147 Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 029056 Biopesticide Fact Sheet PDF Pennsylvania Environmental Protection Agency June 1 2003 Lomer C J Bateman R P Johnson D L Langewald J Thomas M 2001 Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers Annual Review of Entomology 46 667 702 doi 10 1146 annurev ento 46 1 667 PMID 11112183 Elephant Vert company website BASF websiteExternal links edit nbsp Media related to Metarhizium at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Clavicipitaceae at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Metarhizium amp oldid 1180457606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.