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Halloysite

March 31, 2024

Halloysite is an aluminosilicate clay mineral with the empirical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4. Its main constituents are oxygen (55.78%), silicon (21.76%), aluminium (20.90%), and hydrogen (1.56%). It is a member of the kaolinite group. Halloysite typically forms by hydrothermal alteration of alumino-silicate minerals.[4] It can occur intermixed with dickite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and other clay minerals. X-ray diffraction studies are required for positive identification. It was first described in 1826, and subsequently named after, the Belgian geologist Omalius d'Halloy.

Halloysite
General
CategoryPhyllosilicates
Kaolinite-serpentine group
Formula
(repeating unit)		Al2Si2O5(OH)4
Strunz classification9.ED.10
Crystal systemMonoclinic
Crystal classDomatic (m)
(same H-M symbol)
Space groupCc
Unit cella = 5.14, b = 8.9,
c = 7.214 [Å]; β = 99.7°; Z = 1
Identification
ColorWhite; grey, green, blue, yellow, red from included impurities.
Crystal habitSpherical clusters, massive
CleavageProbable on {001}
FractureConchoidal
Mohs scale hardness2–2.5
LusterPearly, waxy, or dull
DiaphaneitySemitransparent
Specific gravity2–2.65
Optical propertiesBiaxial
Refractive indexnα = 1.553–1.565
nβ = 1.559–1.569
nγ = 1.560–1.570
Birefringenceδ = 0.007
References[1][2][3]

Structure edit

Halloysite naturally occurs as small cylinders (nanotubes) that have a wall thickness of 10–15 atomic aluminosilicate sheets, an outer diameter of 50–60 nm, an inner diameter of 12–15 nm, and a length of 0.5–10 μm.[5] Their outer surface is mostly composed of SiO2 and the inner surface of Al2O3, and hence those surfaces are oppositely charged.[6][7] Two common forms are found. When hydrated, the clay exhibits a 1 nm spacing of the layers, and when dehydrated (meta-halloysite), the spacing is 0.7 nm. The cation exchange capacity depends on the amount of hydration, as 2H2O has 5–10 meq/100 g, while 4H2O has 40–50 meq/100g.[8] Endellite is the alternative name for the Al2Si2O5(OH)4·2(H2O) structure.[8][9]

Owing to the layered structure of the halloysite, it has a large specific surface area, which can reach 117 m2/g.[10]

Formation edit

 
Electron micrograph of halloysite nanotubes[6]
 
Halloysite nanotubes intercalated with ruthenium catalytic nanoparticles[6]

The formation of halloysite is due to hydrothermal alteration, and it is often found near carbonate rocks. For example, halloysite samples found in Wagon Wheel Gap, Colorado, United States are suspected to be the weathering product of rhyolite by downward moving waters.[4] In general the formation of clay minerals is highly favoured in tropical and sub-tropical climates due to the immense amounts of water flow. Halloysite has also been found overlaying basaltic rock, showing no gradual changes from rock to mineral formation.[11] Halloysite occurs primarily in recently exposed volcanic-derived soils, but it also forms from primary minerals in tropical soils or pre-glacially weathered materials.[12] Igneous rocks, especially glassy basaltic rocks are more susceptible to weathering and alteration forming halloysite.

Often as is the case with halloysite found in Juab County, Utah, United States the clay is found in close association with goethite and limonite and often interspersed with alunite. Feldspars are also subject to decomposition by water saturated with carbon dioxide. When feldspar occurs near the surface of lava flows, the CO2 concentration is high, and reaction rates are rapid. With increasing depth, the leaching solutions become saturated with silica, aluminium, sodium, and calcium. Once the solutions are depleted of CO2 they precipitate as secondary minerals. The decomposition is dependent on the flow of water. In the case that halloysite is formed from plagioclase it will not pass through intermediate stages.[4]

Locations edit

A highly refined halloysite is mined, then processed, from a rhyolite occurrence in Matauri Bay, New Zealand.[13][14][15][16] Annual output of this mine is up to 20,000 tonnes per annum.[17]

One of the largest halloysite deposits in the world is Dunino, near Legnica in Poland.[18] It has reserves estimated at 10 million tons of material. This halloysite is characterized by layered-tubular and platy structure.[19]

The Dragon mine, located in the Tintic district, Eureka, Utah, US deposit contains catalytic quality halloysite. The Dragon Mine Deposit is one of the largest in the United States. The total production throughout 1931–1962 resulted in nearly 750,000 metric tons of extracted halloysite. Pure halloysite classified at 10a and 7a are present.[20]

Applications edit

Commercial

Uses of the halloysite produced at the Matauri Bay deposit in New Zealand include porcelain and bone china by manufacturers in various countries, particularly in Asia.[13][14][15][16]

Laboratory studies

  • Halloysite is an efficient adsorbent both for cations and anions. It has also been used as a petroleum cracking catalyst, and Exxon has developed a cracking catalyst based on synthetic halloysite in the 1970s.[21] Owing to its structure, halloysite can be used as filler in either natural or modified forms in nanocomposites. Halloysite nanotube can be intercalated with catalytic metal nanoparticles made of silver, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum or cobalt, thereby serving as a catalyst support.[6]
  • Due to its nanostructure, halloysite is used as the main nanostructured filler in multifunctional mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), opening up new possibilities in the separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures [24] and water purification.[25]
  • Besides supporting nanoparticles, halloysite nanotubes can also be used as a template to produce round well-dispersed nanoparticles (NPs). For example, bismuth and bismuth subcarbonate NPs with controlled size (~7 nm) were synthesized in water. Importantly, when halloysite was not used, large nanoplates instead of round spheres are obtained.[26]
  • Halloysite is also used to purify water, e.g. from two azo dyes were removed from aq. solutions. by adsorption on a Polish halloysite from Dunino deposit.[27]
  • Halloysite have many advantages and reported as a nanocontainer.[28][29]
  • Halloysite can also be used to produce porous silicon nanotubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries through the selective etching of aluminium oxide and thermal reduction.[30]
  • As a nanofiller in nanocomposite e.g. thermoplastic polyurethane acting on the mechanical, physicochemical and biological properties.[31]

Chemistry and mineralogy edit

Typical chemical and mineralogical analyses of two commercial grades of halloysite are:[32]

Product name Premium Yunnan
Country New Zealand China
Area Northland Yunnan
SiO2, % 49.5 42.7
Al2O3, % 35.5 37.0
Fe2O3, % 0.29 0.10
TiO2, % 0.09 <0.05
CaO, % - -
MgO, % - -
K2O, % - <0.05
Na2O, % - <0.05
LOI, % 13.8 19.8
Halloysite, % 92 99.1
Cristobalite, % 4 -
Quartz, % 1 0.1

References edit

  1. ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1995). "Halloysite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. II, 2003 Silica, Silicates. Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0962209710.
  2. ^ "Halloysite: Halloysite mineral information and data". mindat.org.
  3. ^ Barthelmy, Dave. "Halloysite Mineral Data". webmineral.com.
  4. ^ a b c Kerr, Paul F. (1952). "Formation and occurrence of clay minerals". Clays and Clay Minerals. 1 (1): 19–32. Bibcode:1952CCM.....1...19K. doi:10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010104.
  5. ^ Saharudin, Mohd Shahneel; Hasbi, Syafawati; Nazri, Muhammad Naguib Ahmad; Inam, Fawad (2020). "A Review of Recent Developments in Mechanical Properties of Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites". In Emamian, Seyed Sattar; Awang, Mokhtar; Yusof, Farazila (eds.). Advances in Manufacturing Engineering. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Singapore: Springer. pp. 107–129. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-5753-8_11. ISBN 978-981-15-5753-8. S2CID 226833413.
  6. ^ a b c d Vinokurov, Vladimir A.; Stavitskaya, Anna V.; Chudakov, Yaroslav A.; Ivanov, Evgenii V.; Shrestha, Lok Kumar; Ariga, Katsuhiko; Darrat, Yusuf A.; Lvov, Yuri M. (2017). "Formation of metal clusters in halloysite clay nanotubes". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 18 (1): 147–151. Bibcode:2017STAdM..18..147V. doi:10.1080/14686996.2016.1278352. PMC 5402758. PMID 28458738.
  7. ^ Brindley, George W. (1952). "Structural mineralogy of clays". Clays and Clay Minerals. 1 (1): 33–43. Bibcode:1952CCM.....1...33B. doi:10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010105.
  8. ^ a b Carroll, Dorothy (1959). "Ion exchange in clays and other minerals". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 70 (6): 749‐780. Bibcode:1959GSAB...70..749C. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[749:IEICAO]2.0.CO;2.
  9. ^ Endellite. Webminerals
  10. ^ Yang, Y. Zhang; J. Ouyang (2016). "Physicochemical Properties of Halloysite". Nanosized Tubular Clay Minerals - Halloysite and Imogolite. Developments in Clay Science. Vol. 7. pp. 67–91. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100293-3.00004-2. ISBN 9780081002933.
  11. ^ Papke, Keith G. (1971). "Halloysite Deposits in the terraced Hills Washoe County, Nevada". Clays and Clay Minerals. 19 (2): 71–74. Bibcode:1971CCM....19...71P. doi:10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190202. S2CID 98464074.
  12. ^ Wilson M. J. (1999). "The Origin and Formation of Clay Minerals in Soils: Past Present and Future Perspectives". Clay Minerals. 34 (1): 7–25. Bibcode:1999ClMin..34....7W. doi:10.1180/000985599545957. S2CID 140587736.
  13. ^ a b . minerals.co.nz
  14. ^ a b Murray, H. H.; Harvey, C.; Smith, J. M. (1 February 1977). "Mineralogy and geology of the Maungaparerua halloysite deposit in New Zealand". Clays and Clay Minerals. 25 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:1977CCM....25....1M. doi:10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250101. S2CID 129310746.
  15. ^ a b "Common molecules sample 50642". Reciprocal Net.
  16. ^ a b Lyday, Travis Q. (2002) The Mineral Industry of New Zealand. minerals.usgs.gov
  17. ^ 'Global Occurrence, Geology And Characteristics Of Tubular Halloysite Deposits.' I. Wilson and J. Keeling. Clay Minerals, Vol 51, 2016. pg 309-324.
  18. ^ Lutyński, Marcin; Sakiewicz, Piotr; Lutyńska, Sylwia (2019-10-31). "Characterization of Diatomaceous Earth and Halloysite Resources of Poland". Minerals. 9 (11): 670. Bibcode:2019Mine....9..670L. doi:10.3390/min9110670. ISSN 2075-163X.
  19. ^ Sakiewicz, P.; Lutynski, M.; Soltys, J.; Pytlinski, A. (2016). "Purification of Halloysite by Magnetic Separation". Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing. 52 (2): 991–1001. doi:10.5277/ppmp160236.
  20. ^ Patterson, S., & Murray, H. (1984). Kaolin, refractory clay, ball clay, and halloysite in North America, Hawaii, and the Caribbean region. Professional Paper, 44-45. doi:10.3133/pp1306
  21. ^ Robson, Harry E., Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (1976) "Synthetic halloysites as hydrocarbon conversion catalysts" U.S. patent 4,098,676
  22. ^ Lutyński, M.; Sakiewicz, P.; Gonzalez, M. a. G. (2014). "Halloysite as Mineral Adsorbent of CO2 – Kinetics and Adsorption Capacity". Inżynieria Mineralna. R. 15, nr 1. ISSN 1640-4920.
  23. ^ Pajdak, Anna; Skoczylas, Norbert; Szymanek, Arkadiusz; Lutyński, Marcin; Sakiewicz, Piotr (2020-02-19). "Sorption of CO2 and CH4 on Raw and Calcined Halloysite—Structural and Pore Characterization Study". Materials. 13 (4): 917. Bibcode:2020Mate...13..917P. doi:10.3390/ma13040917. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC 7078888. PMID 32092961.
  24. ^ Piotrowski, Krzysztof; Sakiewicz, Piotr; Gołombek, Klaudiusz (2021). "Halloysite as main nanostructural filler in multifunctional mixed matrix membranes – review of applications and new possibilities". Desalination and Water Treatment. 243: 91–106. doi:10.5004/dwt.2021.27873. S2CID 247830004.
  25. ^ Sakiewicz Piotr; Piotrowski Krzysztof; Boryn Dominika; Kruk Milena; Mscichecka Joanna; Korus Irena Barbusinski, Krzysztof (August 2020). "Zastosowanie sorbentu haloizytowego do usuwania syntetycznych barwników azowych Acid Red 27 i Reactive Black 5 z roztworów wodnych". Przemysl Chemiczny. 99 (8): 1142–1148 – via Web of Science.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Ortiz-Quiñonez, J.L.; Vega-Verduga, C; Díaz, D; Zumeta-Dubé, I (June 13, 2018). "Transformation of Bismuth and β‑Bi2O3 Nanoparticles into (BiO)2CO3 and (BiO)4(OH)2CO3 by Capturing CO2: The Role of Halloysite Nanotubes and "Sunlight" on the Crystal Shape and Size". Crystal Growth & Design. 18 (8): 4334−4346. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.8b00177. S2CID 103659223.
  27. ^ Sakiewicz, Piotr (2020-08-17). "Zastosowanie sorbentu haloizytowego do usuwania syntetycznych barwników azowych Acid Red 27 i Reactive Black 5 z roztworów wodnych". Przemysł Chemiczny. 1 (8): 48–54. doi:10.15199/62.2020.8.5. ISSN 0033-2496. S2CID 225354676.
  28. ^ Azmi Zahidah, Khairina (2017-09-19). "Benzimidazole-loaded Halloysite Nanotube as a Smart Coating Application". International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation. 7 (4): 243–254. ISSN 2226-809X.
  29. ^ Azmi Zahidah, Khairina (2017-05-19). "Halloysite Nanotubes as Nanocontainer for Smart Coating Application: A Review". Progress in Organic Coatings. 111 (C): 175–185. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.05.018. ISSN 0300-9440.
  30. ^ Yeom, S. J.; Lee, C. M.; Kang, S.; Wi, T.-W.; Lee, C.; Chae, S.; Cho, J.; Shin, D. O.; Ryu, J.; Lee, H.-W. (2019-11-01). "Native void space for maximum volumetric capacity in silicon-based anodes". Nano Letters. 19 (12): 8793–8800. Bibcode:2019NanoL..19.8793Y. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03583. PMID 31675476. S2CID 207834252.
  31. ^ Mrowka, Maciej; Szymiczek, Malgorzata; Machoczek, Tomasz; Lenza, Joanna; Matusik, Jakub; Sakiewicz, Piotr; Skonieczna, Magdalena (November 2020). "The influence of halloysite on the physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of polyurethane-based nanocomposites". Polimery. 65 (11/12): 784–791. doi:10.14314/polimery.2020.11.5. S2CID 228942877.
  32. ^ 'Positive Outlook For Kaolin In Ceramics' F. Hart, I. Wilson. Industrial Minerals, April 2019. Pg.28

March 31, 2024
halloysite, aluminosilicate, clay, mineral, with, empirical, formula, al2si2o5, main, constituents, oxygen, silicon, aluminium, hydrogen, member, kaolinite, group, typically, forms, hydrothermal, alteration, alumino, silicate, minerals, occur, intermixed, with. Halloysite is an aluminosilicate clay mineral with the empirical formula Al2Si2O5 OH 4 Its main constituents are oxygen 55 78 silicon 21 76 aluminium 20 90 and hydrogen 1 56 It is a member of the kaolinite group Halloysite typically forms by hydrothermal alteration of alumino silicate minerals 4 It can occur intermixed with dickite kaolinite montmorillonite and other clay minerals X ray diffraction studies are required for positive identification It was first described in 1826 and subsequently named after the Belgian geologist Omalius d Halloy HalloysiteGeneralCategoryPhyllosilicates Kaolinite serpentine groupFormula repeating unit Al2Si2O5 OH 4Strunz classification9 ED 10Crystal systemMonoclinicCrystal classDomatic m same H M symbol Space groupCcUnit cella 5 14 b 8 9 c 7 214 A b 99 7 Z 1IdentificationColorWhite grey green blue yellow red from included impurities Crystal habitSpherical clusters massiveCleavageProbable on 001 FractureConchoidalMohs scale hardness2 2 5LusterPearly waxy or dullDiaphaneitySemitransparentSpecific gravity2 2 65Optical propertiesBiaxialRefractive indexna 1 553 1 565nb 1 559 1 569ng 1 560 1 570Birefringenced 0 007References 1 2 3 Contents 1 Structure 2 Formation 3 Locations 4 Applications 5 Chemistry and mineralogy 6 ReferencesStructure editHalloysite naturally occurs as small cylinders nanotubes that have a wall thickness of 10 15 atomic aluminosilicate sheets an outer diameter of 50 60 nm an inner diameter of 12 15 nm and a length of 0 5 10 mm 5 Their outer surface is mostly composed of SiO2 and the inner surface of Al2O3 and hence those surfaces are oppositely charged 6 7 Two common forms are found When hydrated the clay exhibits a 1 nm spacing of the layers and when dehydrated meta halloysite the spacing is 0 7 nm The cation exchange capacity depends on the amount of hydration as 2H2O has 5 10 meq 100 g while 4H2O has 40 50 meq 100g 8 Endellite is the alternative name for the Al2Si2O5 OH 4 2 H2O structure 8 9 Owing to the layered structure of the halloysite it has a large specific surface area which can reach 117 m2 g 10 Formation edit nbsp Electron micrograph of halloysite nanotubes 6 nbsp Halloysite nanotubes intercalated with ruthenium catalytic nanoparticles 6 The formation of halloysite is due to hydrothermal alteration and it is often found near carbonate rocks For example halloysite samples found in Wagon Wheel Gap Colorado United States are suspected to be the weathering product of rhyolite by downward moving waters 4 In general the formation of clay minerals is highly favoured in tropical and sub tropical climates due to the immense amounts of water flow Halloysite has also been found overlaying basaltic rock showing no gradual changes from rock to mineral formation 11 Halloysite occurs primarily in recently exposed volcanic derived soils but it also forms from primary minerals in tropical soils or pre glacially weathered materials 12 Igneous rocks especially glassy basaltic rocks are more susceptible to weathering and alteration forming halloysite Often as is the case with halloysite found in Juab County Utah United States the clay is found in close association with goethite and limonite and often interspersed with alunite Feldspars are also subject to decomposition by water saturated with carbon dioxide When feldspar occurs near the surface of lava flows the CO2 concentration is high and reaction rates are rapid With increasing depth the leaching solutions become saturated with silica aluminium sodium and calcium Once the solutions are depleted of CO2 they precipitate as secondary minerals The decomposition is dependent on the flow of water In the case that halloysite is formed from plagioclase it will not pass through intermediate stages 4 Locations editA highly refined halloysite is mined then processed from a rhyolite occurrence in Matauri Bay New Zealand 13 14 15 16 Annual output of this mine is up to 20 000 tonnes per annum 17 One of the largest halloysite deposits in the world is Dunino near Legnica in Poland 18 It has reserves estimated at 10 million tons of material This halloysite is characterized by layered tubular and platy structure 19 The Dragon mine located in the Tintic district Eureka Utah US deposit contains catalytic quality halloysite The Dragon Mine Deposit is one of the largest in the United States The total production throughout 1931 1962 resulted in nearly 750 000 metric tons of extracted halloysite Pure halloysite classified at 10a and 7a are present 20 Applications editCommercialUses of the halloysite produced at the Matauri Bay deposit in New Zealand include porcelain and bone china by manufacturers in various countries particularly in Asia 13 14 15 16 Laboratory studies Halloysite is an efficient adsorbent both for cations and anions It has also been used as a petroleum cracking catalyst and Exxon has developed a cracking catalyst based on synthetic halloysite in the 1970s 21 Owing to its structure halloysite can be used as filler in either natural or modified forms in nanocomposites Halloysite nanotube can be intercalated with catalytic metal nanoparticles made of silver ruthenium rhodium platinum or cobalt thereby serving as a catalyst support 6 Halloysite has been evaluated for use in the sorption of CO2 22 and CH4 23 Due to its nanostructure halloysite is used as the main nanostructured filler in multifunctional mixed matrix membranes MMMs opening up new possibilities in the separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures 24 and water purification 25 Besides supporting nanoparticles halloysite nanotubes can also be used as a template to produce round well dispersed nanoparticles NPs For example bismuth and bismuth subcarbonate NPs with controlled size 7 nm were synthesized in water Importantly when halloysite was not used large nanoplates instead of round spheres are obtained 26 Halloysite is also used to purify water e g from two azo dyes were removed from aq solutions by adsorption on a Polish halloysite from Dunino deposit 27 Halloysite have many advantages and reported as a nanocontainer 28 29 Halloysite can also be used to produce porous silicon nanotubes as anode materials for Li ion batteries through the selective etching of aluminium oxide and thermal reduction 30 As a nanofiller in nanocomposite e g thermoplastic polyurethane acting on the mechanical physicochemical and biological properties 31 Chemistry and mineralogy editTypical chemical and mineralogical analyses of two commercial grades of halloysite are 32 Product name Premium YunnanCountry New Zealand ChinaArea Northland YunnanSiO2 49 5 42 7Al2O3 35 5 37 0Fe2O3 0 29 0 10TiO2 0 09 lt 0 05CaO MgO K2O lt 0 05Na2O lt 0 05LOI 13 8 19 8Halloysite 92 99 1Cristobalite 4 Quartz 1 0 1References edit Anthony John W Bideaux Richard A Bladh Kenneth W Nichols Monte C eds 1995 Halloysite PDF Handbook of Mineralogy Vol II 2003 Silica Silicates Chantilly VA US Mineralogical Society of America ISBN 978 0962209710 Halloysite Halloysite mineral information and data mindat org Barthelmy Dave Halloysite Mineral Data webmineral com a b c Kerr Paul F 1952 Formation and occurrence of clay minerals Clays and Clay Minerals 1 1 19 32 Bibcode 1952CCM 1 19K doi 10 1346 CCMN 1952 0010104 Saharudin Mohd Shahneel Hasbi Syafawati Nazri Muhammad Naguib Ahmad Inam Fawad 2020 A Review of Recent Developments in Mechanical Properties of Polymer Clay Nanocomposites In Emamian Seyed Sattar Awang Mokhtar Yusof Farazila eds Advances in Manufacturing Engineering Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering Singapore Springer pp 107 129 doi 10 1007 978 981 15 5753 8 11 ISBN 978 981 15 5753 8 S2CID 226833413 a b c d Vinokurov Vladimir A Stavitskaya Anna V Chudakov Yaroslav A Ivanov Evgenii V Shrestha Lok Kumar Ariga Katsuhiko Darrat Yusuf A Lvov Yuri M 2017 Formation of metal clusters in halloysite clay nanotubes Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 18 1 147 151 Bibcode 2017STAdM 18 147V doi 10 1080 14686996 2016 1278352 PMC 5402758 PMID 28458738 Brindley George W 1952 Structural mineralogy of clays Clays and Clay Minerals 1 1 33 43 Bibcode 1952CCM 1 33B doi 10 1346 CCMN 1952 0010105 a b Carroll Dorothy 1959 Ion exchange in clays and other minerals Geological Society of America Bulletin 70 6 749 780 Bibcode 1959GSAB 70 749C doi 10 1130 0016 7606 1959 70 749 IEICAO 2 0 CO 2 Endellite Webminerals Yang Y Zhang J Ouyang 2016 Physicochemical Properties of Halloysite Nanosized Tubular Clay Minerals Halloysite and Imogolite Developments in Clay Science Vol 7 pp 67 91 doi 10 1016 B978 0 08 100293 3 00004 2 ISBN 9780081002933 Papke Keith G 1971 Halloysite Deposits in the terraced Hills Washoe County Nevada Clays and Clay Minerals 19 2 71 74 Bibcode 1971CCM 19 71P doi 10 1346 CCMN 1971 0190202 S2CID 98464074 Wilson M J 1999 The Origin and Formation of Clay Minerals in Soils Past Present and Future Perspectives Clay Minerals 34 1 7 25 Bibcode 1999ClMin 34 7W doi 10 1180 000985599545957 S2CID 140587736 a b CASE STUDY Halloysite Clay minerals co nz a b Murray H H Harvey C Smith J M 1 February 1977 Mineralogy and geology of the Maungaparerua halloysite deposit in New Zealand Clays and Clay Minerals 25 1 1 5 Bibcode 1977CCM 25 1M doi 10 1346 CCMN 1977 0250101 S2CID 129310746 a b Common molecules sample 50642 Reciprocal Net a b Lyday Travis Q 2002 The Mineral Industry of New Zealand minerals usgs gov Global Occurrence Geology And Characteristics Of Tubular Halloysite Deposits I Wilson and J Keeling Clay Minerals Vol 51 2016 pg 309 324 Lutynski Marcin Sakiewicz Piotr Lutynska Sylwia 2019 10 31 Characterization of Diatomaceous Earth and Halloysite Resources of Poland Minerals 9 11 670 Bibcode 2019Mine 9 670L doi 10 3390 min9110670 ISSN 2075 163X Sakiewicz P Lutynski M Soltys J Pytlinski A 2016 Purification of Halloysite by Magnetic Separation Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing 52 2 991 1001 doi 10 5277 ppmp160236 Patterson S amp Murray H 1984 Kaolin refractory clay ball clay and halloysite in North America Hawaii and the Caribbean region Professional Paper 44 45 doi 10 3133 pp1306 Robson Harry E Exxon Research amp Engineering Co 1976 Synthetic halloysites as hydrocarbon conversion catalysts U S patent 4 098 676 Lutynski M Sakiewicz P Gonzalez M a G 2014 Halloysite as Mineral Adsorbent of CO2 Kinetics and Adsorption Capacity Inzynieria Mineralna R 15 nr 1 ISSN 1640 4920 Pajdak Anna Skoczylas Norbert Szymanek Arkadiusz Lutynski Marcin Sakiewicz Piotr 2020 02 19 Sorption of CO2 and CH4 on Raw and Calcined Halloysite Structural and Pore Characterization Study Materials 13 4 917 Bibcode 2020Mate 13 917P doi 10 3390 ma13040917 ISSN 1996 1944 PMC 7078888 PMID 32092961 Piotrowski Krzysztof Sakiewicz Piotr Golombek Klaudiusz 2021 Halloysite as main nanostructural filler in multifunctional mixed matrix membranes review of applications and new possibilities Desalination and Water Treatment 243 91 106 doi 10 5004 dwt 2021 27873 S2CID 247830004 Sakiewicz Piotr Piotrowski Krzysztof Boryn Dominika Kruk Milena Mscichecka Joanna Korus Irena Barbusinski Krzysztof August 2020 Zastosowanie sorbentu haloizytowego do usuwania syntetycznych barwnikow azowych Acid Red 27 i Reactive Black 5 z roztworow wodnych Przemysl Chemiczny 99 8 1142 1148 via Web of Science a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ortiz Quinonez J L Vega Verduga C Diaz D Zumeta Dube I June 13 2018 Transformation of Bismuth and b Bi2O3 Nanoparticles into BiO 2CO3 and BiO 4 OH 2CO3 by Capturing CO2 The Role of Halloysite Nanotubes and Sunlight on the Crystal Shape and Size Crystal Growth amp Design 18 8 4334 4346 doi 10 1021 acs cgd 8b00177 S2CID 103659223 Sakiewicz Piotr 2020 08 17 Zastosowanie sorbentu haloizytowego do usuwania syntetycznych barwnikow azowych Acid Red 27 i Reactive Black 5 z roztworow wodnych Przemysl Chemiczny 1 8 48 54 doi 10 15199 62 2020 8 5 ISSN 0033 2496 S2CID 225354676 Azmi Zahidah Khairina 2017 09 19 Benzimidazole loaded Halloysite Nanotube as a Smart Coating Application International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 7 4 243 254 ISSN 2226 809X Azmi Zahidah Khairina 2017 05 19 Halloysite Nanotubes as Nanocontainer for Smart Coating Application A Review Progress in Organic Coatings 111 C 175 185 doi 10 1016 j porgcoat 2017 05 018 ISSN 0300 9440 Yeom S J Lee C M Kang S Wi T W Lee C Chae S Cho J Shin D O Ryu J Lee H W 2019 11 01 Native void space for maximum volumetric capacity in silicon based anodes Nano Letters 19 12 8793 8800 Bibcode 2019NanoL 19 8793Y doi 10 1021 acs nanolett 9b03583 PMID 31675476 S2CID 207834252 Mrowka Maciej Szymiczek Malgorzata Machoczek Tomasz Lenza Joanna Matusik Jakub Sakiewicz Piotr Skonieczna Magdalena November 2020 The influence of halloysite on the physicochemical mechanical and biological properties of polyurethane based nanocomposites Polimery 65 11 12 784 791 doi 10 14314 polimery 2020 11 5 S2CID 228942877 Positive Outlook For Kaolin In Ceramics F Hart I Wilson Industrial Minerals April 2019 Pg 28 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Halloysite amp oldid 1197274434, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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