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Enchele

January 26, 2023

The Enchelei[a] were an ancient people that lived around the region of Lake Shkodra and Lake Ohrid,[4][5][2] in modern-day Albania, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. They are one of the oldest known peoples of the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea.[6] In ancient sources they sometimes appear as an ethnic group distinct from the Illyrians, but they are mostly mentioned as one of the Illyrian tribes.[7]

The name Sesarethii was used by Strabo as an alternative name for the Enchelei in the lakeland area of Ohrid. Mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC, the name Sesarethii/Sesarethioi is also considered a variant of Dassaretii/Dassaretioi,[8] an Illyrian tribe that has been recorded since Roman times and that is attested in coinage and inscriptions found around lake Ohrid. The weakening of the kingdom of the Enchelei presumably led to Enchelei's assimilation and inclusion into a newly established Illyrian realm at the latest in the 6th–5th centuries BC, marking the arising of the Dassaretii, who appear to have replaced the Enchelei in the lakeland area.[9][10] During Classical and Hellenistic antiquity the Enchelei were more a historical memory than a contemporary group.[11]

The region inhabited by the Enchelei was known as Enchele.[12] Their neighbors to the west were the Taulantii, to the north the Autariatae, to the north-east the Dardani, to the south-east the Paeones, and to the south the Dexaroi.[13][14]

Name

The Enchelei are mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC.[15] Their name in Ancient Greek meant "eel-people", from Ancient Greek ἔγχελυς, "eel", cognate to Latin: anguilla. According to E. Hamp, a connection with Albanian ngjalë makes it possible that the name Enchele was derived from the Illyrian term for eels, which may have been anciently related to Greek and simply adjusted to the Greek pronunciation. In Polybius the word is written with a voiceless aspirate kh, Enchelanes, while in Mnaseas it was replaced with a voiced ng, Engelanes, the latter being a typical feature of the Ancient Macedonian and northern Paleo-Balkan languages.[3]

An alternative name for the Enchelei in the lakeland area of Ohrid is recorded by Strabo as Sesarethii. The name Sesarethioi is mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC. Hecataeus reported that the tribe of Chelidonioi (Χελιδόνιοι) lived to the north of the Sesarethioi (Σεσαρήθιοι). Furthermore he reports that Sesarethos (Σεσάρηθος) was a Taulantian city, with Sesarethioi as its ethnicon.[16] The name Sesarethii/Sesarethioi is also considered a variant of Dassaretii/Dassaretioi, an Illyrian tribe that has been recorded since Roman times and that is attested in coinage and inscriptions found around lake Ohrid.[8]

Mythological accounts

A legend widespread in antiquity reports that Cadmus – a Phoenician prince who became king of Thebes, and a Boeotian and Enchelean hero[7][17][18] – with his wife Harmonia arrived among the Enchelei and helped them build many towns on the shores of Lake Ohrid and Lake Shkodra, among them Lychnidus (Ohrid) and Bouthoe (Budva).[19] As the legend says it, at that time the Enchele were at war with neighboring Illyrian tribes and Cadmus after orders from the Oracle became leader of the people and came to their aid. After the victory against the Illyrians, the Enchele chose Cadmus as their king.[20]

A mythological tradition reported by Appian (2nd century AD) tells that the Enchelei were among the South-Illyrian tribes that took their names from the first generation of the descendants of Illyrius, the eponymous ancestor of all the Illyrian peoples.[21][22][23] According to Appian's account the progenitor to the Enchele was Encheleus, a son of Illyrius.[24] [25]

According to a legendary account reported by Polybius, cited by Stephanus of Byzantium, after the disappearance of Amphiaraus during the siege of Thebes, his carioteer Baton settled in Illyria, near the country of the Enchelei.[26]

History

 
Illyrian tribes in the 7th–4th centuries BCE.

In southern Illyria organized states were formed earlier than in other areas of this region. The oldest known state in the region which can be discussed about from ancient sources is that of the Encheli.[27][9] The height of the Enchelean state was from the 8th–7th centuries BC, but the kingdom fell from dominant power around the 6th century BC.[27] It seems that the weakening of the kingdom of Enchelae resulted in their assimilation and inclusion into a newly established Illyrian realm at the latest in the 6th–5th century BC, marking the arising of the Dassareti, who appear to have replaced the Enchelei in the lakeland area (Ohrid and Prespa).[9][10]

The Enchelei were often at war with the northern Greeks. From written sources from Greek writers such as Herodotus, the Enchelean army is even recorded attacking the temple of Delphi.[28] Justin (2nd century AD) reports that at a time when the ruler of Macedonia was the infant Aeropus I (around 6th century BC), the Illyrians attacked successfully Macedonia until the infant ruler was brought to a battle by his Macedonian subjects, benefitting from his presence and avenging their initial defeat against the Illyrians. The name of the specific Illyrian tribe or group of tribes that attacked Macedonia is not reported in Justin's account, but it has been suggested that they would have been either the Enchelei, whose realm was centered at that time in the area of Lake Lychnidus, or the Taulantii, who were based farther west, in the coastal area within and around Epidamnos and Apollonia.[29] The Illyrian raids against the Argeads who were based at Aegae indicate that Illyrian attacks also involved the Upper Macedonian regions of Lynkestis, Orestis and Eordaea, Elimea, and Tymphaea, as they were located between Illyrian territory and Argead lands.[30][dubious – discuss]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Illyria & Illyrians.

Notes

  1. ^ The Enchelei are alternatively known as Encheleans,[1] Enchelii/Encheleioi,[2] Enchelanes/Engelanes,[3] Encheleae.

References

  1. ^ Apollodorus, Library, 3.5.4. "As the Encheleans were being attacked by the Illyrians, the god declared by an oracle that they would get the better of the Illyrians if they had Cadmus and Harmonia as their leaders. They believed him, and made them their leaders against the Illyrians, and got the better of them. And Cadmus reigned over the Illyrians, and a son Illyrius was born to him."
  2. ^ a b Strabo, Geography (ed. H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A.), book 7, chapter 7: "...had established their sway, and Enchelii, who are also called Sesarethii. Then come the Lyncestæ, the territory Deuriopus, Pelagonia-Tripolitis..."
  3. ^ a b Šašel Kos 1993, p. 119.
  4. ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 98–99.
  5. ^ Hammond 1982, p. 265.
  6. ^ Dzino 2014, p. 53.
  7. ^ a b Katičić 1977, p. 5.
  8. ^ a b Theodossiev 1998, p. 348.
  9. ^ a b c Šašel Kos 2004, p. 500.
  10. ^ a b Castiglioni 2010, pp. 93–95.
  11. ^ Hatzopoulos 1997, p. 145: "The Illyrian origins of the Encheleis, too, are debatable, but the question is of rather academic character, since in the Classical and Hellenistic periods, there were rather a historical memory than a contemporary ethnic group."
  12. ^ Robin Hard, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology, Routledge, 2004, p. 643 n. 53.
  13. ^ Hammond 1982, p. 284.
  14. ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 93, 96, 98, 99.
  15. ^ Castiglioni 2007, p. 15.
  16. ^ Eichner 2004, p. 97.
  17. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 98: "This was the territory of the Enchelei, whose rulers claimed descent from the hero Cadmus".
  18. ^ Winnifrith 2002, p. 46: "The Enchelidae, an Illyrian tribe, lived near Lake Ohrid, but a legend associated them and their founder, the Greek hero Cadmus"
  19. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 99.
  20. ^ Cadmus: "After having many children, Cadmus and Harmonia left Thebes in order to defend the Encheleans, a people living in southern Illyria, which is the region north of Epirus, and there defeated the Illyrian intruders..."
  21. ^ Papazoglu 1978, p. 213: "The tribes which took their names from the first generation of Illyrius' descendants belong mostly to the group of the so-called South-Illyrian tribes: the Taulantii, the Parthini, the Enchelei, the Dassaretii".
  22. ^ Šašel Kos 2004, p. 502.
  23. ^ Mesihović & Šačić 2015, pp. 23–24.
  24. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 92.
  25. ^ Grimal & Maxwell-Hyslop 1996, p. 230; Apollodorus & Hard 1999, p. 103 (Book III, 5.4).
  26. ^ Cabanes 2008, pp. 157–158.
  27. ^ a b Stipčević 1989, p. 34.
  28. ^ Šašel Kos 1993, p. 118.
  29. ^ Greenwalt 2011, p. 281.
  30. ^ Greenwalt 2011, pp. 281–282.

Bibliography

  • Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 155–186. ISBN 9789047442448.
  • Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2007). "Genealogical Myth and Political Propaganda in Antiquity: the Re-Use of Greek Myths from Dionysius to Augustus". In Carvalho, Joaquim (ed.). Religion and Power in Europe: Conflict and Convergence. Edizioni Plus. ISBN 978-88-8492-464-3.
  • Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2010). Cadmos-serpent en Illyrie: itinéraire d'un héros civilisateur (in French). Edizioni Plus. ISBN 9788884927422.
  • Eichner, Heiner (2004). "Illyrisch – die unbekannte Sprache". In Eichner, Heiner (ed.). Die Illyrer. Archäologische Funde des 1. Vorchristlichen Jahrtausends aus Albanien (in German). Museum für Urgeschichte Asparn an der Zaya. pp. 92–117. ISBN 3-85460-215-4.
  • Erdkamp, Paul (1998). Hunger and the sword: warfare and food supply in Roman Republican wars (264-30 B.C.). Dutch monographs on ancient history and archaeology. Vol. 20. Gieben. ISBN 978-90-50-63608-7.
  • Greenwalt, William S. (2011). "Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 279–305. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7.
  • Dzino, Danijel (2014). "'Illyrians' in ancient ethnographic discourse". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 40 (2): 45–65. doi:10.3917/dha.402.0045.
  • Hammond, N. G. L. (1982). "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia". In John Boardman; N. G. L. Hammond (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C. Vol. III (part 3) (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521234476.
  • Hatzopoulos, M. B. (1997). "The Borders of Hellenism in Epirus during Antiquity". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.). Ηπειρος: 4000 χρόνια ελληνικής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού. Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 9789602133712.
  • Katičić, Radoslav (1977). "Enhelejci (Die Encheleer)" [The Encheleans]. Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja (15): 5–82.
  • Lippert, Andreas; Matzinger, Joachim (2021). Die Illyrer: Geschichte, Archäologie und Sprache. Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 9783170377103.
  • Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Amsterdam: Hakkert. ISBN 9789025607937.
  • Šašel Kos, Marjeta (1993). "Cadmus and Harmonia in Illyria". Arheološki Vestnik. 44: 113–136.
  • Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2004). "Mythological stories concerning Illyria and its name". In P. Cabanes; J.-L. Lamboley (eds.). L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Epire dans l'Antiquité. Vol. 4. pp. 493–504.
  • Stipčević, Aleksandar (1989). Iliri: povijest, život, kultura [The Illyrians: history and culture] (in Croatian). Školska knjiga. ISBN 9788603991062.
  • Theodossiev, Nikola (1998). "The dead with golden faces: Dasaretian, Pelagonian, Mygdonian and Boeotian funeral masks". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing. 17 (3): 345–367. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00067.
  • Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
  • Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7.

January 26, 2023
enchele, were, ancient, people, that, lived, around, region, lake, shkodra, lake, ohrid, modern, albania, montenegro, north, macedonia, they, oldest, known, peoples, eastern, shore, adriatic, ancient, sources, they, sometimes, appear, ethnic, group, distinct, . The Enchelei a were an ancient people that lived around the region of Lake Shkodra and Lake Ohrid 4 5 2 in modern day Albania Montenegro and North Macedonia They are one of the oldest known peoples of the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea 6 In ancient sources they sometimes appear as an ethnic group distinct from the Illyrians but they are mostly mentioned as one of the Illyrian tribes 7 The name Sesarethii was used by Strabo as an alternative name for the Enchelei in the lakeland area of Ohrid Mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC the name Sesarethii Sesarethioi is also considered a variant of Dassaretii Dassaretioi 8 an Illyrian tribe that has been recorded since Roman times and that is attested in coinage and inscriptions found around lake Ohrid The weakening of the kingdom of the Enchelei presumably led to Enchelei s assimilation and inclusion into a newly established Illyrian realm at the latest in the 6th 5th centuries BC marking the arising of the Dassaretii who appear to have replaced the Enchelei in the lakeland area 9 10 During Classical and Hellenistic antiquity the Enchelei were more a historical memory than a contemporary group 11 The region inhabited by the Enchelei was known as Enchele 12 Their neighbors to the west were the Taulantii to the north the Autariatae to the north east the Dardani to the south east the Paeones and to the south the Dexaroi 13 14 Contents 1 Name 2 Mythological accounts 3 History 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 BibliographyName EditThe Enchelei are mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC 15 Their name in Ancient Greek meant eel people from Ancient Greek ἔgxelys eel cognate to Latin anguilla According to E Hamp a connection with Albanian ngjale makes it possible that the name Enchele was derived from the Illyrian term for eels which may have been anciently related to Greek and simply adjusted to the Greek pronunciation In Polybius the word is written with a voiceless aspirate kh Enchelanes while in Mnaseas it was replaced with a voiced ng Engelanes the latter being a typical feature of the Ancient Macedonian and northern Paleo Balkan languages 3 An alternative name for the Enchelei in the lakeland area of Ohrid is recorded by Strabo as Sesarethii The name Sesarethioi is mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus in the 6th century BC Hecataeus reported that the tribe of Chelidonioi Xelidonioi lived to the north of the Sesarethioi Sesarh8ioi Furthermore he reports that Sesarethos Sesarh8os was a Taulantian city with Sesarethioi as its ethnicon 16 The name Sesarethii Sesarethioi is also considered a variant of Dassaretii Dassaretioi an Illyrian tribe that has been recorded since Roman times and that is attested in coinage and inscriptions found around lake Ohrid 8 Mythological accounts EditA legend widespread in antiquity reports that Cadmus a Phoenician prince who became king of Thebes and a Boeotian and Enchelean hero 7 17 18 with his wife Harmonia arrived among the Enchelei and helped them build many towns on the shores of Lake Ohrid and Lake Shkodra among them Lychnidus Ohrid and Bouthoe Budva 19 As the legend says it at that time the Enchele were at war with neighboring Illyrian tribes and Cadmus after orders from the Oracle became leader of the people and came to their aid After the victory against the Illyrians the Enchele chose Cadmus as their king 20 A mythological tradition reported by Appian 2nd century AD tells that the Enchelei were among the South Illyrian tribes that took their names from the first generation of the descendants of Illyrius the eponymous ancestor of all the Illyrian peoples 21 22 23 According to Appian s account the progenitor to the Enchele was Encheleus a son of Illyrius 24 25 According to a legendary account reported by Polybius cited by Stephanus of Byzantium after the disappearance of Amphiaraus during the siege of Thebes his carioteer Baton settled in Illyria near the country of the Enchelei 26 History Edit Illyrian tribes in the 7th 4th centuries BCE In southern Illyria organized states were formed earlier than in other areas of this region The oldest known state in the region which can be discussed about from ancient sources is that of the Encheli 27 9 The height of the Enchelean state was from the 8th 7th centuries BC but the kingdom fell from dominant power around the 6th century BC 27 It seems that the weakening of the kingdom of Enchelae resulted in their assimilation and inclusion into a newly established Illyrian realm at the latest in the 6th 5th century BC marking the arising of the Dassareti who appear to have replaced the Enchelei in the lakeland area Ohrid and Prespa 9 10 The Enchelei were often at war with the northern Greeks From written sources from Greek writers such as Herodotus the Enchelean army is even recorded attacking the temple of Delphi 28 Justin 2nd century AD reports that at a time when the ruler of Macedonia was the infant Aeropus I around 6th century BC the Illyrians attacked successfully Macedonia until the infant ruler was brought to a battle by his Macedonian subjects benefitting from his presence and avenging their initial defeat against the Illyrians The name of the specific Illyrian tribe or group of tribes that attacked Macedonia is not reported in Justin s account but it has been suggested that they would have been either the Enchelei whose realm was centered at that time in the area of Lake Lychnidus or the Taulantii who were based farther west in the coastal area within and around Epidamnos and Apollonia 29 The Illyrian raids against the Argeads who were based at Aegae indicate that Illyrian attacks also involved the Upper Macedonian regions of Lynkestis Orestis and Eordaea Elimea and Tymphaea as they were located between Illyrian territory and Argead lands 30 dubious discuss See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Illyria amp Illyrians List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes List of ancient tribes in IllyriaNotes Edit The Enchelei are alternatively known as Encheleans 1 Enchelii Encheleioi 2 Enchelanes Engelanes 3 Encheleae References Edit Apollodorus Library 3 5 4 As the Encheleans were being attacked by the Illyrians the god declared by an oracle that they would get the better of the Illyrians if they had Cadmus and Harmonia as their leaders They believed him and made them their leaders against the Illyrians and got the better of them And Cadmus reigned over the Illyrians and a son Illyrius was born to him a b Strabo Geography ed H C Hamilton Esq W Falconer M A book 7 chapter 7 had established their sway and Enchelii who are also called Sesarethii Then come the Lyncestae the territory Deuriopus Pelagonia Tripolitis a b Sasel Kos 1993 p 119 Wilkes 1992 pp 98 99 Hammond 1982 p 265 Dzino 2014 p 53 a b Katicic 1977 p 5 a b Theodossiev 1998 p 348 a b c Sasel Kos 2004 p 500 a b Castiglioni 2010 pp 93 95 Hatzopoulos 1997 p 145 The Illyrian origins of the Encheleis too are debatable but the question is of rather academic character since in the Classical and Hellenistic periods there were rather a historical memory than a contemporary ethnic group Robin Hard The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology Routledge 2004 p 643 n 53 Hammond 1982 p 284 Wilkes 1992 pp 93 96 98 99 Castiglioni 2007 p 15 Eichner 2004 p 97 Wilkes 1992 p 98 This was the territory of the Enchelei whose rulers claimed descent from the hero Cadmus Winnifrith 2002 p 46 The Enchelidae an Illyrian tribe lived near Lake Ohrid but a legend associated them and their founder the Greek hero Cadmus Wilkes 1992 p 99 Cadmus After having many children Cadmus and Harmonia left Thebes in order to defend the Encheleans a people living in southern Illyria which is the region north of Epirus and there defeated the Illyrian intruders Papazoglu 1978 p 213 The tribes which took their names from the first generation of Illyrius descendants belong mostly to the group of the so called South Illyrian tribes the Taulantii the Parthini the Enchelei the Dassaretii Sasel Kos 2004 p 502 Mesihovic amp Sacic 2015 pp 23 24 sfn error no target CITEREFMesihovicSacic2015 help Wilkes 1992 p 92 Grimal amp Maxwell Hyslop 1996 p 230harvnb error no target CITEREFGrimalMaxwell Hyslop1996 help Apollodorus amp Hard 1999 p 103 Book III 5 4 harvnb error no target CITEREFApollodorusHard1999 help Cabanes 2008 pp 157 158 a b Stipcevic 1989 p 34 Sasel Kos 1993 p 118 Greenwalt 2011 p 281 Greenwalt 2011 pp 281 282 Bibliography EditCabanes Pierre 2008 Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic In Tsetskhladze Gocha R ed Greek Colonisation An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas Vol 2 Brill pp 155 186 ISBN 9789047442448 Castiglioni Maria Paola 2007 Genealogical Myth and Political Propaganda in Antiquity the Re Use of Greek Myths from Dionysius to Augustus In Carvalho Joaquim ed Religion and Power in Europe Conflict and Convergence Edizioni Plus ISBN 978 88 8492 464 3 Castiglioni Maria Paola 2010 Cadmos serpent en Illyrie itineraire d un heros civilisateur in French Edizioni Plus ISBN 9788884927422 Eichner Heiner 2004 Illyrisch die unbekannte Sprache In Eichner Heiner ed Die Illyrer Archaologische Funde des 1 Vorchristlichen Jahrtausends aus Albanien in German Museum fur Urgeschichte Asparn an der Zaya pp 92 117 ISBN 3 85460 215 4 Erdkamp Paul 1998 Hunger and the sword warfare and food supply in Roman Republican wars 264 30 B C Dutch monographs on ancient history and archaeology Vol 20 Gieben ISBN 978 90 50 63608 7 Greenwalt William S 2011 Macedonia Illyria and Epirus In Roisman Joseph Worthington Ian eds A Companion to Ancient Macedonia John Wiley amp Sons pp 279 305 ISBN 978 1 4443 5163 7 Dzino Danijel 2014 Illyrians in ancient ethnographic discourse Dialogues d histoire ancienne 40 2 45 65 doi 10 3917 dha 402 0045 Hammond N G L 1982 Illyris Epirus and Macedonia In John Boardman N G L Hammond eds The Cambridge Ancient History The Expansion of the Greek World Eighth to Sixth Centuries B C Vol III part 3 2 ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521234476 Hatzopoulos M B 1997 The Borders of Hellenism in Epirus during Antiquity In M V Sakellariou ed Hpeiros 4000 xronia ellhnikhs istorias kai politismoy Ekdotike Athenon ISBN 9789602133712 Katicic Radoslav 1977 Enhelejci Die Encheleer The Encheleans Godisnjak Centra za balkanoloska ispitivanja 15 5 82 Lippert Andreas Matzinger Joachim 2021 Die Illyrer Geschichte Archaologie und Sprache Kohlhammer Verlag ISBN 9783170377103 Papazoglu Fanula 1978 The Central Balkan Tribes in pre Roman Times Triballi Autariatae Dardanians Scordisci and Moesians Amsterdam Hakkert ISBN 9789025607937 Sasel Kos Marjeta 1993 Cadmus and Harmonia in Illyria Arheoloski Vestnik 44 113 136 Sasel Kos Marjeta 2004 Mythological stories concerning Illyria and its name In P Cabanes J L Lamboley eds L Illyrie meridionale et l Epire dans l Antiquite Vol 4 pp 493 504 Stipcevic Aleksandar 1989 Iliri povijest zivot kultura The Illyrians history and culture in Croatian Skolska knjiga ISBN 9788603991062 Theodossiev Nikola 1998 The dead with golden faces Dasaretian Pelagonian Mygdonian and Boeotian funeral masks Oxford Journal of Archaeology Blackwell Publishing 17 3 345 367 doi 10 1111 1468 0092 00067 Wilkes John J 1992 The Illyrians Oxford United Kingdom Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0 631 19807 5 Winnifrith Tom 2002 Badlands Borderlands A History of Northern Epirus Southern Albania Duckworth ISBN 978 0 7156 3201 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Enchele amp oldid 1112972077, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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